CSC418/2504 Computer Graphics

Some Slides/Images adapted from Marschner and Shirley

Today: Ray Tracing
Announcements
MarkUs Access

If you don’t have MarkUs access still email the TAs

Subject: CSC418 Access to MarkUs

Assignment 2 is due this Friday

Assignment 3 is available now (due 01/02)

TA Office Hours: Thursday 2:30pm – 3:30pm, BA5287

TA Email Address: csc418tas@cs.toronto.edu

Where to Ask Questions
1. GitHub Issues Pages for Assignments
1. “I think there’s a bug in the starter code”
2. “The CMakeFile is missing”
3. “The code didn’t clone correctly”
2. Discussion board
1. “The lecture wasn’t clear”
2. “This assignment task is ambiguous”
3. TA Email List
1. ”I need an extension”
2. “I’d like to request a remark”
Things you should do before asking for help
1. Google any errors. 99% of the time the solution to your
problem is on the first page of google hits.
2. Look at the file output. Image file doesn’t open ? Write a
small example in ASCII format to disk and open it with a
text editor.
3. Build simple test cases and isolate the function or line of
code that is not working
4. Be aware that we cannot tell you how to implement
something. Only clarify explanations/theory behind the
assignments.
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Any Questions ?
Today: Ray Tracing
Review Ray Casting
Intersection Testing for Groups of Objects
Point and Directional Lights
Shadows
Lambertian Shading Model
Blinn-Phong Shading Model
Reflection
Transparency and Refraction
Ray Casting

for each pixel

objectininthe
theimage
scene{{
for each pixel
Generate a rayin the image {
for each
if (object
objectaffects
in thepixel)
scene{{
if (Intersect ray with object) {
do something
} Set pixel colour
} }
} }
}
Ray Casting

for each pixel

objectininthe
theimage
scene{{
for each pixel
Generate a rayin the image {
for each
if (object
objectaffects
in thepixel)
scene{{
if (Intersect ray with object) {
do something
} Set pixel colour
} }
} }
}
Intersection Tests with Composite Objects
Intersection Tests with Composite Objects

Group 1
Ray Casting

for each pixel

objectininthe
theimage
scene{{
for each pixel
Generate a rayin the image {
for each
if (object
objectaffects
in thepixel)
scene{{
if (Intersect ray with object) {
do something
} Set pixel colour
} }
} }
}
Light and Surfaces
Light and Surfaces
Light and Surfaces

n
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit
Light and Surfaces

n
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit
Light and Surfaces

n
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit
Lights
Two types of lights:
Directional Light:
Direction of light does not depend on the position of
the object. Light is very far away
Point Light
Direction of light depends on position of object relative
to light.
Directional Light

n
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit
n
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit
Point Light

n
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit
n
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

l
l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit
Ray Casting

for each pixel

objectininthe
theimage
scene{{
for each pixel
Generate a rayin the image {
for each
if (object
objectaffects
in thepixel)
scene{{
if (Intersect ray with object) {
do something
} Set pixel colour
} }
} }
}
Shadows

n
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit
WARNING: Numerical Precision

What are valid values t for the shadow ray?

Ray Casting

for each pixel

objectininthe
theimage
scene{{
for each pixel
Generate a rayin the image {
for each
if (object
objectaffects
in thepixel)
scene{{
if (Intersect ray with object) {
do something
} Set pixel colour
} }
} }
}
Light and Surfaces

n
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit
Light and Surfaces

n
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

v<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit
l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit
Lambertian (Diffuse) Shading
 Lambertian (Diffuse) Shading

the amount of energy from a light source that falls on an area of

surface depends on the angle of the surface to the light.

- Lambert (18th century)

 Lambertian (Diffuse) Shading

the amount of energy from a light source that falls on an area of

surface depends on the angle of the surface to the light.

- Lambert (18th century)

T
L = kd max 0, n l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
Self Shadowing

n
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

v
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit
Lambertian (Diffuse) Shading

n
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

✓
v <latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

T
L = kd max 0, n l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
Specular Reflection
 Blinn-Phong Shading Model

“The idea is to produce reflection that is at its brightest when v

and l are symmetrically positioned across the surface normal,
which is when mirror reflection would occur; the reflection
then decreases smoothly as the vectors move away from a
mirror configuration. ”
– Marschner and Shirley
Blinn-Phong Shading

h n
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

v ✓ ✓
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit
The Half Vector

v+l
h=
kv + lk
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
The Half Vector

v+l
h=
kv + lk
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

n
L/
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
✓h
 Measuring the Angle

n
L = ks max (0,
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
(✓h ))
 Measuring the Angle

n
L=
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
ks max (0, cos(✓h ))
 Measuring the Angle

1
p = 1
p = 10
0.8 p = 100
p = 1000
n p
L=
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
ks max (0, cos(✓h )) 0.6

0.4

0.2

0
-2 -1 0 1 2
 Measuring the Angle

1
p = 1
p = 10
0.8 p = 100
p p = 1000
T
L = ks max 0, n h)
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
-2 -1 0 1 2
 Increasing p

Segmentation of Rough Surfaces using | McGunnigle and Chantler

Putting it All Together: The Full Blinn-Phong Model
Light obeys the superposition principle

Total amount of received light is sum of light from all

incoming sources.

L = Lambertian + Specular
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
 Putting it All Together: The Full Blinn-Phong Model
Light obeys the superposition principle

Total amount of received light is sum of light from all

incoming sources.

T n p
L = kd max 0, n l +
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
ks max (0, cos(✓h ))
No Global Effects
Putting it All Together: The Full Blinn-Phong Model
Light obeys the superposition principle

Total amount of received light is sum of light from all

incoming sources.

T n p
L = ka + kd max 0, n l +
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
ks max (0, cos(✓h ))
Ambient Diffuse Specular Final

Wikipedia | Brad Smith

Ray Casting

for each pixel

objectininthe
theimage
scene{{
for each pixel
Generate a rayin the image {
for each
if (object
objectaffects
in thepixel)
scene{{
if (Intersect ray with object) {
do something
} Set pixel colour
} }
} }
}
Ray Traced Image
Ray Traced Image

Mirror Mirror

Mirror
Recursive Ray Tracing
Recursive Ray Tracing
Light and Surfaces

n
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit
Light and Surfaces

n
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

✓r
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
✓i
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit
Light and Surfaces

n
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

?
l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
l
Light and Surfaces

n
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

T
n l
l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
l
Light and Surfaces

n
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

T
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
l + nn l
Light and Surfaces

n
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

T
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
l + 2nn l
Light and Surfaces

n
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

T
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
I + 2nn ( l)
for each
each object
pixel in the scene
image{{
pixeleach
for pixel=inrayTrace(
colour the imageviewRay,
{ 0)
} if (object affects pixel) {
colour rayTrace(Ray, depth) {
for each object in the scene {
if(Intersect ray with object) {
colour = shading model
if(depth < maxDepth)
colour += rayTrace(reflectedRay,depth+1)
}
}
return colour
}
Ray Spawning

https://www.scratchapixel.com/lessons/3d-
basic-rendering/ray-tracing-overview/light-
transport-ray-tracing-whitted
Transparency and Refraction
Transparency and Refraction

n
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit
Transparency and Refraction

n
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

✓l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

t
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

✓t
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
Snell’s Law

n
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

cl sin ✓l = ct sin ✓t
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
✓l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

Indices of Refraction l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

t
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

✓t
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
Computing the Refracted Ray

n
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

t = tk + t?
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
✓l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

|t| = 1 l
tk
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

t
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

t?
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

✓t
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
Computing the Refracted Ray ✓l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

tk = sin ✓t
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

cl
l
tk
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

tk = sin ✓l
ct
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

t
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

t?
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

✓t
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
Computing the Refracted Ray ✓l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

tk = sin ✓t
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

cl
l
tk
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

tk = sin ✓l lk
ct
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

cl
tk =
ct
lk t
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

t?
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

cl
tk = lk ✓t
ct
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
 Computing the Refracted Ray ✓l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

cl
tk = lk
ct l
tk
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

cl T lk
tk = l nn l <latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
ct
cl t
tk = (l cos ✓l n) <latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

t?
ct
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

✓t
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
 Computing the Refracted Ray ✓l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

t = tk + t?
tk =
cl cl
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

l + cos ✓l n + t?
l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

ct ct <latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

t
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

t?
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

✓t
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
 Computing the Refracted Ray ✓l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

t = tk + t?
tk =
cl cl
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

l + cos ✓l n + t?
l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

ct ct <latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

t? = ↵n t
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

q <latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

t?
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

2
t? = 1 sin ✓t n
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

✓t
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
 Computing the Refracted Ray
cl cl
✓l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

tk = l + cos ✓l n + t?
ct ct l
cl cl
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

t= l + cos ✓l n cos ✓t n
ct ct
q
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

2
t? =
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

p
1 sin ✓t n t <latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

t?
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

t? = 2
cos ✓t n
✓
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

t? = <latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
cos ✓t n t <latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
 Computing the Refracted Ray ✓l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

✓ ◆
cl cl
t=
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
ct
l+
ct
cos ✓1 cos ✓t n l
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

t
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
<latexit

t?
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>

✓t
<latexit sha1_base64="(null)">(null)</latexit>
colour rayTrace(Ray, depth) {
for each object in the scene {
if(Intersect ray with object) {
colour = shading model
if(depth < maxDepth) {
colour += rayTrace(reflectedRay,depth+1)
colour += rayTrace(refractedRay,depth+1)
}
}
}
return colour
}
Ray Spawning

https://www.scratchapixel.com/lessons/3d-
basic-rendering/ray-tracing-overview/light-
transport-ray-tracing-whitted
Done for Today
Office hours are now BA5268
Assignment 2 due this Friday
Assignment 3 available now