Compiled by: Ma. Angelica C.

Lozada
EDEN 1-1

LESSON 2: HOW DO I STUDY ART? MAKING ART

ELEMENTS OF ART
INTRODUCTION: Elements of Art are the formal or tangible aspects of art. These are
termed as elements because they are the “medium of language” of visual arts.

LINES CAN BE EXPRESSIVE AND HAVE A QUALITY OF ITS OWN LIKE: SCRIBBLES,
WHIMSICAL LINES, IMPLIED LINES, BLURRED LINES (LINES THAT ARE SMUDGED,
SHADED OR ERASED), AGGRESIVE LINES, AND CALLIGRAPHIC LINES.

Lines can create the illusion of depth and movement! By varying the thickness, direction, and
length of lines, artists can make a flat surface appear three-dimensional or convey a sense of
motion.

1. SHAPES HELP DEFINE OBJECTS IN SPACE, CREATE PATTERNS, AND CONTRIBUTE

TO THE OVERALL COMPOSITION OF AN ARTWORK.

SHAPES HELP DEFINE OBJECTS IN SPACE, CREATE PATTERNS, AND CONTRIBUTE TO

THE OVERALL COMPOSITION OF AN ARTWORK.

2. FORM
THREE-DIMENSIONAL SHAPE. CAN REFER TO THE QUALITY OR LIKENESS OF AN ENTIRE
MASS, LET US SAY, THE FORM OF A WOMAN. IT EMPLOYS SEVERAL TECHNIQUES LIKE
SHADING, PERSPECTIVE, AND LIGHTING.

3. VALUE
4.
5. 4
4. VALUE: THE LIGHTNESS AND DARKNESS OF A HUE OR A COLOR. OFTEN
REPRESENTED IN A TONAL VALUE SCALE, IT HAS TWO PARTS: THE TINTS (LIGHTER
TONES) AND THE SHADES (DARKER TONES). IT IS A GENERAL TERM FOR A CERTAIN
VALUE.

5. COLOR: CAN ALSO BE KNOWN AS HUE. SCIENTIFICALLY, IT IS THE LIGHT THAT

BOUNCES OFF A SURFACE. IN ART, WE USE SUBTRACTRIVE COLOR, i.e., COLORS
THAT ARE FROM PIGMENTS. ADDITIVE COLORS REFER TO A PROPERTY OF LIGHT.

6. TEXTURE: TEXTURE CAN BE USED IN PAINTINGS LIKE IMPASTO, STAMPING,

AND SCRATCHING IN POTTERY, EMBOSSING WHEN MAKING PRINTS, AND MANY
OTHERS. CONTEMPORARY ARTISTS HAVE ALSO USED THE ELEMENT OF TEXTURE
TO CONVEY A CERTAIN EMOTION.
 7. LIGHT: WITHOUT LIGHT, ALL THE PREVIOUS ELEMENTS WILL NOT BE POSSIBLE.
LIGHT CREATES THE ILLUSION THAT COLOR, FORM, AND TEXTURE EXIST. LIGHT CAN
BE IMPLIED, NATURAL, OR ARTIFICIAL (AS WITH A DIGITAL RENDITION). THE
LIGHTNING OF AN ARTWORK HAS A VERY STRONG EFFECT ON ITS OVERALL IMPACT.

8. SPACE: AN AREA WHERE THE OTHER ELEMENTS CAN INTERACT. TWO

TYPES: POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SPACE.
DOUBLE NEGATIVE SPACE REFERS TO A BLANK SPACE USED AS NEGATIVE SPACE BY,
LET US SAY, A FIELD OF COLOR OR PIGMENT.

Quick Facts: Baka isama eh, delikads haha

REPRESENTATIONAL: MIMICS WHAT IS REAL OR WHAT CAN BE SEEN.
ABSTRACT: MODIFIED INTERPRETATION OF SOMETHING THAT EXISTS.
NONREPRESENTATIONAL: PURELY CONCERNED WITH FORMS, SHAPES, COLORS, AND THE
REST OF THE ELEMENTS.
REMEMBER: Elements of Art serve as the foundational building blocks that artists use to create and
structure their works. By understanding and appreciating these elements, we gain deeper insights
into the techniques and intentions behind various artworks, enhancing our overall art appreciation
experience.
TOPIC NO. 2: PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN:
Principles of Design are long held composition techniques which have been proven and used by both
fine and graphic artists to communicate ideas and concepts effectively.
1. CONTRAST: DESIGN PRINCIPLE WHICH USES THE ELEMENT OF VALUE TO CREATE
DEPTH AND DIMENSION.
- LIGHT ALSO PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CREATING GOOD CONTRAST.

2. HARMONY: ELEMENTS ARE RELATED TO EACH OTHER IN TERMS OF FORM, COLOR,

THEME, ETC.
- IT MAKES THE ELEMENTS TO LOOK LIKE THEY’RE DANCING TOGETHER!

3. BALANCE: AESTHETIC QUALITY OF A WORK MARKED BY A SENSIBLE BALANCE

BETWEEN TWO AREAS: RIGHT AND LEFT; TOP AND BOTTOM.

4. RHYTM AND MOVEMENT: CREATING A SENSE OF DIRECTION THROUGH REPETITION

OF ELEMENTS.
- MOVEMENT DIRECT THE VIEWER’S EYE TOWARD SOMETHING!
5. UNITY AND VARIETY
- UNITY – ELEMENTS SHOULD BE SEEN AS A WHOLE.
- VARIETY - SHOULD GIVE A SENSE OF WHOLENESS BUT ELEMENTS DIFFER IN SOME
ASPECTS AND PROVIDE MORE INTEREST TO THE WORK

6. EMPHASIS AND SUBORDINATION: AN AREA OR A SPECIFIC SUBJECT IS GIVEN

FOCUS (EMPHASIS); HENCE OTHER PARTS OF THE PICTURE ARE SUBORDINATED.
 7. SCALE AND PROPORTION:
Scale refers to the size of an object in relation to other objects or its environment.
Proportion is about the relative size of parts within a whole.

8. DEPTH AND PERSPECTIVE:

- Depth creates the illusion of three-dimensional space on a flat surface
- Perspective uses techniques like vanishing points to depict how objects appear smaller as
they recede into the distance.

TOPIC 3: PSYCHOLOGY IN ART

Gestalt theory is a psychological framework that focuses on how people perceive and experience
the world around them. It emphasizes that our perception is not simply a collection of individual
elements, but rather, it is influenced by the way these elements are organized into meaningful
patterns or "Gestalts.

● This strategy tends to “sum up” an idea into one iconic imagery. It often plays with the
negative and positive space and makes use of both.
In the WWF (World Wildlife Foundation) logo, you will notice the panda right away. However,
upon close examination , the image was actually formed using disconnected shapes and lines.
Such is a principle of Gestalt that communicates the whole as the summation of its part.
 2. Color Psychology
+ Color psychology is the study of how colors affect human emotions, behavior, and perceptions.
+ Colors have imbibed certain meanings. Whether it is a social construct or a product of
association, these hues certainly appeal to our understanding of the world based on how they are
used.

Compositional Function of Lines and Shapes: A composition is basically how the elements are
arranged in space with the intention of artistic experssion.
HALF CIRCLE

● often used in domes for some classical paintings and even modern architecture, symbolizes
feminity because of its womb-like shape.

● Since it has no corners, it also resonates eternity.

● Socialism in art has a different connotation for the circle, which states about people’s society.

TRIANGLE

● when used in a composition suggests relationship. In Davinci’s “Madonna of the Rocks” the
triangular arrangement of the figures, with the Madonna at the apex may suggest stability and
inclination towards the central figure.
IMPLIED LINE or LINE MOVEMENT

● in a painting, it may intentionally lead a viewer to a focal point of the subject matter.

QUICK FACTS:
A medium, like in a language, is the tool or the material used in realizing the expression. In visual
arts, this is the term for the materials used in specific types of techniques, let us say, dry media for
drawing. It can include pencil, charcoal, or pastels.
Watercolor is an example of wet medium. Non-conventional types may include mixed media,
computer graphics, and even found objects.
 TOPIC 4: MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES
MATERIALS: Artists have a vast array of materials at their disposal, ranging from traditional
mediums like oil paints, watercolors, and charcoal to modern innovations such as digital media
and mixed materials. Each medium offers unique possibilities and challenges, influencing the
texture, color, and overall impact of the artwork.
Techniques, on the other hand, refer to the methods artists employ to manipulate these
materials. Techniques can vary widely, from the delicate brushstrokes of a watercolor painting to
the bold, expressive lines of a charcoal drawing. They also include sculpting methods, printmaking
processes, and digital art techniques.
QUICK FACTS!
+ 2-DIMENSIONAL: Photography, Drawing, Painting,
Printmaking, etc.
+ 3-DIMENSIONAL: Found Objects, Casting and Molding,
Subtractive and Additive Sculpture
+ EPHEMERAL: Performance Art and Video Art

LESSON 3: HOW DO I STUDY ART: READING ART

INTRODUCTION: How did Art begin?
DEFINITION OF TERMS:

Art Movements - they are usually named with the suffix “-ism” at the end. It suggests a certain attitude
toward painting or any art-making.

Art Period - it is the specific length of time in history with a prominent movement, trend, or creed in artistic
practice. Art Movements- these are the sets of distinguishable styles and artistic tendencies often
characterized by major trend in techniques or approach.
ART HISTORY QUICK MAP
Prehistoric Cave Paintings, Venus figurines which are considered portable sculptures. Greek standard of
beauty: the birth of "Classical" Age.
Romans: the competitor of Greece: created realistic sculptures of human figure. Middle Ages (AKA Medieval
Period)
The "death" of the artistic freedom due to cannonical standards of visual interpretation. The rise of Gothic art
especially in Gothic Churches.
Popular art: Stained glass windows and illuminated manuscripts. Renaissance Revival of artistic genius
Where the term "Renaissance Man" was derived because of man's intellectual achievements in the arts and
science. The time of "Masters."
• Renaissance
The "Masters"
1. Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi is an Italian sculptor. known as "Donatello"
- He used his knowledge to develop an Early Renaissance style of sculpture.
- His work "David" was the first freestanding nude male sculpture since antiquity
2. Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian painter, draftsman, sculptor, architect, and engineer whose skill and
intelligence, perhaps more than that of any other figure. known as "Da Vinci"
 - His "Last Supper" and "Mona Lisa” are among the most widely popular and influential paintings of the
Renaissance.
3. Michaelangelo Michaelangelo was an Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet who exerted
an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.
- The frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel (Vatican) are probably the best known of his works.
Baroque
- Grandiose and omate art
- Artistic innovation: "spotlight effect" called chiaroscuro or extreme usage, it is called tennebrism.
- There are also lots of artists to note during this period. Those are:
1. "Caravaggio" He is an italian artist. Also known as Michelangelo Merisi, who became famous for the
intense and unsettling realism of his large-scale religious works as well as for his violent exploits-he committed
murder—and volatile character. Art: The conversion of st. Paul (2nd version)
2. “Velasquez“ He is a spanish artist. Also known as Diego Rodríguez de Silva Velázquez, famous for
engaging fresco painters to decorate the ceilings of the apartments reintroduce and to fresco painting into
Spain. artwork: Las meninas
3. "Poussin" - He is a french artist and draftsman. Also known as Nicolas Poussin, who founded the French
Classical tradition. He specializes in history paintings-depicting scenes from the Bible, ancient history, and
mythology-that are notable for their narrative clarity and dramatic force. artwork: Adoration of the Golden Calf

19th Century. - Emergence of “isms“

- Neoclassicism: Greek & Roman Classics revived - Romanticism, Realism, Art Nouveau, Impressionism -
Photography comes into the scene –
Post-impressionism, early expressionism, and symbolism. "-ism": art movements
NEOCLASSICISM: emerged as a Western cultural movement in the decorative and visual arts, literature,
theatre, music, and architecture that drew inspiration from the art and culture of classical antiquity. example of
art: Charles Towneley in his sculpture gallery by Johann Zoffanyy. 1782
ROMANTICISM: was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in Europe The purpose of the
movement was to advocate for the importance of subjectivity, imagination, and appreciation of nature in
society. and culture in response to the Age of Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution. example of art
work: Wanderer above the sea of fog by Caspar David Friedrich. 1818
REALISM: was an artistic movement that emerged in France in the 1840s, around the 1848 Revolution.
Realists rejected Romanticism, which had dominated French literature and art since the early 19th century.
example: Nocturne: Blue and Gold_ Old Battersea Bridge by James Abbott McNeill Whistler. 1872
ART NOUVEAU: is an international style of art, architecture, and applied art, especially the decorative arts. It
was often inspired by natural forms such as the sinuous curves of plants and flowers. example of art work: Otto
Eckman by G. Hirth. 1896. IMPRESSIONISM: is a style of painting developed in France during the mid-to-late
19th century, characterizations of the style include small, visible brushstrokes that offer the bare impression of
form, unblended color and an emphasis on the accurate depiction of natural light.
example of art work: Woman with a Parasol Madame Monet and Her Son by Claude Monet. 1875.
POST-IMPRESSIONISM: emerged as a reaction against Impressionists' concern for the naturalistic depiction
of light and colour. Its broad emphasis on abstract qualities or symbolic content means Post-Impressionism.
example of art work: The Century of Independence by Henri Rousseau. 1892.
EARLY EXPRESSIONISM: art during this movement usually has extreme angles, flattened forms, garish
colors, and distorted views distinguish Expressionism, an international movement in art, architecture, literature,
and performance that flourished between 1995 and 1920, especially in Germany, and Austria.
example of art work: The Scream by Edvard Munch. 1893.
SYMBOLISM: was both an artistic and a literary movement that suggested ideas through symbols and
emphasized the meaning behind the forms, lines, shapes, and colors.
example of art work: Still-life with Fruit and Lemons. by Paul Gauguin. 1880.
PHOTOGRAPHY: is the art, application, and practice of creating images by recording light, either
electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as
photographic film.

20th Century Art became more non-representational Garish colors explored in Fauvism. Abstract sculptures
emerged from Cubism, Futurism, Constructivism, Expressionism, Mondrian's purely geometric art.
20th Century:

● Art become more non-representational: This type of art does not attempt to depict an accurate
representation of visual reality and deviates from the real-world representation of objects.

● Garish colors explored in Fauvism: A radical use of unnatural colors that separated color from its
usual representational and realistic role, giving new, emotional meaning to the colors.

● Abstracted sculptures emerged: fully emerged in the early 20th century when a decline in the
appreciation of Realism became more common among Avant-garde artists of the period.

● Cubism, Futurism, Constructivism, Expressionism: different views of subjects were brought

together in the same picture, resulting in paintings that appear fragmented and abstracted.

● Mondrian's purely geometric art: a movement in art, music, and literature begun in Italy about 1909
and marked especially by an effort to give formal expression to the dynamic energy and movement
of mechanical processes.

● Constructivism:

- Constructivist art focused on industrial production.

- Used stripped-down, geometric forms and modest materials.

● Expressionism: an artistic style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather
the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse within a person.

● Mondrian's purely geometric art

Mondrian created a style based on pure geometry. He used only straight lines and rectangles (harmony
and order), and the primary colors - red, blue and yellow (the most basic and pure) - along with three
noncolors - white, black and gray.

Lesson 3: Part 2
Art During wars

● Dadaism: the art movement that defies logic

● Surrealism: stepping into the dreamworld

● American Art Blossoms

● Mobile Sculptures and Color Field

1. DADAISM: The art movement that defies logic

For Dada artists, nonsense was the ultimate political tool to smash existing power structures and
artistic norms. The movement left a massive impact on the art world, having redefined what art
could even be, and remains a testament to the power of political art to this day.
2. Surrealism: stepping into the dreamworld
 Surrealism, a movement in visual art and literature, flourished in Europe between World Wars I
and II. The movement represented a reaction against what its members saw as the destruction
wrought by the “rationalism” that had guided European culture and politics in the past and that
had culminated in the horrors of World War I.
3. American art blossomed during the wars as artists responded to the social upheaval, using
their work to express political messages, national identity, and emotional resilience. This
period saw innovation in styles, such as Abstract Expressionism, reflecting the nation's
complex wartime experiences.
4. Mobile sculptures are kinetic art forms, often suspended in the air, that move or balance
through natural forces like wind or motorized systems. Pioneered by artist Alexander Calder,
mobiles are known for their dynamic, shifting forms that create ever-changing visual
compositions.
5. Color Field painting, exemplified by Mark Rothko, emphasizes large, flat areas of color to
evoke deep emotional responses. Rothko’s work often features soft, rectangular color
blocks, focusing on mood and human emotion.
20th Century to Contemporary

● Highly experimental and radical

● Pop art defines consumer culture; dominated mostly by works of Andy Warhol

● Minimalism: glorifying the simplest art elements

● Birth of conceptual art

● Photography is further developed which paved way to art movement, Photorealism

● Neo-expressionism or new expressionism is characterized by strong subject matter

● Contemporary Art: a very diverse art scene; the rise of appropriation, photography-derived
works, graphic style of art, experimental works, multimedia and multi-modal art.
1. Highly experimental and radical
● 20th-century art broke away from traditional forms, embracing avant-garde techniques and
pushing boundaries in both style and concept
● Avant-Garde - Avant-garde refers to innovative, experimental art that challenges traditional
norms and pushes boundaries in form, style, or subject matter.
2. Pop art defines consumer culture, dominated mostly by
works of Andy Warho.
● It was a movement that embraced consumer culture and mass media, reflecting the growing
influence of advertising, television, and pop culture in everyday life.
3. Minimalism: glorifying the simplest art elements
● Artists in this movement emphasized clean lines, geometric forms, and the use of industrial
materials, often removing personal expression or narrative. Minimalist art highlights the purity
of form and space, encouraging viewers to experience the work's physical presence rather
than search for deeper meanings or symbolism.
4. Birth of conceptual art
● Conceptual art focuses on the idea or concept behind the artwork rather than its aesthetic or
physical form, emphasizing that the creative process and intellectual engagement were more
important than producing a visually appealing object.
5. Photorealism
● Advances in photography led to Photorealism, where artists created hyper-realistic paintings
that mirrored photographic precision.
 6. Neo-expressionism or new expressionism
● Neo-expressionism revived emotional intensity, using bold colors and dramatic forms to
explore raw, often personal, subject matter.
7. Contemporary art
● A diverse and eclectic era, contemporary art features appropriation, digital art, multimedia
works, and experimental forms, reflecting global and cultural shifts.

ART CRITICISM
Artworks are didactic in nature, therefore, they demand a response. However, oftentimes, being
confronted by artworks is quite perplexing. Meaning is sometimes inaccessible to the
commonplace person.
Art Criticism, as mentioned by James Elkins in the essay, What Happened to Art Criticism, is a
discipline of the arts that seems to be both healthy and dying.
If you live in a city where there are art galleries and museums, you will notice that these
institutions produce exhibit notes and pamphlets that not widely practiced in the academe,
especially in terms of General Education.
Methods in Reading Art
What is a method?
Think of methods as filters that help you appreciate aspects of art in different lenses. There are
some “filters” that are more effective than others, especially when we talk about context and
content.
Philosophy has been man’s attempt to make sense of why we do what we do. If we want to
become more diverse in our approach to learning, art methodologies is one of the means and
these are mainly hinged on long-held philosophies. Depending on what the art is talking about and
where it is from, we can read it in a non-biased way through these approaches.
1. FORMALISM and STYLE
- basically gives importance to the formal qualities (art elements, materials, and design
principles) as basis for the meaning of art.
- Roger Fry is a major purveyor of this thinking.
- The form is the content per se and does not take history and context into account.

2. Iconography - focuses on the subject matter primarily over form. When using this method, you
will answer questions like:
Who is this person the artist painted
What does it represent?
Why did the artists choose this image and what for?

3. CONTEXTUAL APPROACHES
From the term itself, context becomes an important factor in criticizing artworks here. We can take
many approaches to contexts like Marxism, Orientalism, Colonialism, Racial Iconography, Feminism,
and Gender.
As you can observe, these are mainly schools of thought and philosophical movements which place
an artwork within a certain parameter. (e.g., Marxism is about art in relation to economics)

4. BIOGRAPHY and AUTOBIOGRAPHY:

Considers the life and context of the artist. This approach is absed on the assumption that the artist’s
life, beliefs, choices, and personality are directly connected to the works that he or she creates.
 5. SEMIOTICS
From the Greek word “sema,” which means sign. Hence, an artwork or art form is assumed to be
composed of a set of signs that may have significant cultural and contextual meanings beyond itself.
6. PSYCHOANALYSIS
- Sigmund Freud is probably a familiar name in the field of psychology and he is one of the basis of
this theory.
- In psychoanalysis, one is concerned about the unconscious mind in relation to the artist, the viewer,
and the cultural context it is involved in.
7. Aesthetics and psychoanalysis:
Individual notion of what is considered acceptable, beautiful, or attractive in works of art are part
influenced by psychological factors. This approach then connects psychology to one’s constructed
philosophy of art.

LESSON 4: WHO IS AN ARTIST?

“... there is an art of the future, and it is going to be so lovely and so young that even if we
give up our youth for it, we must gain serenity by it,” Vincent Van Gogh in his letter to his
brother, Theo. – Vincent van Gogh
Artists then have a certain kind of power. It does not lie in money or politics, but in his or her
capacity to influence. The question now is, for what purpose will that power be used? On the other
hand, behind Van Gogh‘s artistic achievement was a history of struggle over whether his art
would matter later on. He was also human. Van Gogh never saw the pinnacle of his artistic
career in his lifetime, but he had a vision and an artistic mission that we all benefited from.
There are many types of artists, including:
Visual Artists: Painters, sculptors, illustrators, photographers.
Performing Artists: Actors, dancers, musicians, singers.
Literary Artists: Poets, novelists, playwrights.
Digital Artists: Graphic designers, 3D modelers, digital painters.
Conceptual Artists: Those who focus on the idea or concept behind the work rather than its
aesthetic.
THE ARTISTIC PROCESS
+ Unlike the common notions that artists are too spontaneous, laid back, and unsystematic,
individual art practitioners do need to have sets of procedures and disciplines. Even the most
spontaneous ones work with a process, however simple and succinct.
+ Artists are also thinkers and even great inventors and scientists.
+The creative process is also a problem-solving approach involving a lot of systems of knowledge.
Art can cover a lot of subject matters, from science, philosophy, and even practical living. It can
also be applied to such areas of knowledge.
+ As Einstein said, “After a certain high level of technical skill is achieved, science and art tend to
coalesce in aesthetics, plasticity, and form. The greatest scientists are artists as well.”
This diagram does not necessarily precede artistic creation, but it comprises the elements
that tie-up together in the conception of a tangible art form:
 The artistic process refers to the sequence of steps or stages that artists go through to create their
work. While this process can vary greatly depending on the individual and the medium, it generally
includes the following stages:
1. INSPIRATION
Observation and Experience: Artists draw inspiration from the world around them, including nature,
people, events, emotions, and personal experiences.
Research and Exploration: They may study other works of art, historical contexts, or specific
subjects to gather ideas.
2. CONCEPTUALIZATION
Idea Development: Artists brainstorm and develop concepts, often through sketches, notes, or
mental visualization.
Theme and Message: They consider the message or theme they want to convey.
3. PLANNING
Materials and Techniques: Choosing the right materials and techniques is crucial. This includes
deciding on the medium (e.g., oil paint, charcoal, digital software) and tools.
Composition: Artists plan the layout, structure, and arrangement of elements within the artwork.
4. CREATION
Execution: This is the actual process of making the artwork, which can involve drawing, painting,
sculpting, writing, performing, etc.
Iteration: Artists often revise and refine their work as they go, making adjustments based on how the
piece develops.
5. REFLECTION & EVALUATION
Critique: Artists step back to evaluate their work, sometimes seeking feedback from others.
Revisions: Based on reflection or critique, they might make further adjustments.
6. COMPLETION
Final Touches: Adding finishing details and ensuring the artwork is complete.
Presentation: This includes framing, displaying, publishing, or performing the final piece.
7. SHARING
Exhibition or Performance: Artists share their work with an audience, whether through galleries,
online platforms, or live performances.
Feedback and Interaction: Engaging with viewers or listeners can provide valuable insights and
inspiration for future work.
8. ARCHIVING & DOCUMENTATION
Preservation: Artists document their work through photographs, videos, or written records to
preserve it for future reference or exhibition.
A note: Each artist's process is unique, and they might not follow these steps in a strict order.
The artistic process is often cyclical, with inspiration and reflection leading to new creations.

II. Rivalry, Envy, and Artistic Preferences

1. RIVALRY IN ART
Historical Rivalries: Famous rivalries have often driven artists to innovate and refine their
techniques. Examples include:
Picasso vs. Matisse: Their differing approaches to modern art helped shape 20th-century artistic
movements.
Constructive Rivalry: Healthy competition can inspire artists to surpass their limits, experiment with
new methods, and develop unique styles.
Destructive Rivalry: In some cases, rivalry can lead to personal conflicts, stress, and even hinder
creative output.
The issue of rivalry and comparison is not new to the art scene. This may sound negative, but it
can actually yield some positive things. Let us take, for example, the rivalry between

What they were arguing about actually gives us a broader understanding of the arts.

● Leonardo was known for his meticulous preparations and experimental techniques. He often
delayed work due to his perfectionism.

● Michelangelo, on the other hand, was known for his speed and intensity. His work on the
Sistine Chapel ceiling is a testament to his remarkable ability to work fast and with incredible
detail.
Note: We cannot say that one artistic process is better than the other, but we can truly see
that both resulted in major contributions to the development of Visual Arts.
2. ENVY AMONG ARTISTS
Motivation and Drive: Envy can act as a motivator, pushing artists to work harder and achieve
recognition.
Negative Effects: It can also lead to bitterness, copying, or an unhealthy fixation on others’ success,
detracting from one’s creativity.
Emotional Expression: Some artists channel feelings of envy into their work, using art as a means
to explore and process these complex emotions.
Note: In addition, lots of artists can become discouraged by envy, especially if the envied person
seem to be way ahead of his contemporaries.
However, envy can be have a constructive effect if taken in a different way. As a famous adage
says “good artists copy, great artists steal.”
3. ARTISTIC PREFERENCE
Personal Taste: Preferences in art are highly subjective and influenced by cultural, social, and
personal factors. An artist’s preference for a particular style, medium, or subject matter shapes their
work.
Public and Critical Reception: Audiences and critics have their preferences, which can affect an
artist's popularity and the commercial success of their work.
Art Movements and Trends: Artistic preferences can also be collective, leading to the rise of
movements like Impressionism, Cubism, or Abstract Expressionism. Rivalries and envy within these
movements often push boundaries and contribute to their development.
Interconnection of Rivalry, Envy, and Preference
Innovation: Rivalries and envy, driven by differences in artistic preference, often result in innovation.
Artists strive to distinguish themselves by creating unique works that challenge existing norms.
Cultural Impact: These dynamics not only shape individual careers but also influence broader artistic
and cultural landscapes.
Reflection of Human Nature: The interplay of rivalry and envy reflects the human desire for
recognition, achievement, and expression, all of which are central to the creative process.
Note: In essence, rivalry, envy, and artistic preference are natural aspects of the art world,
fueling both personal growth and the evolution of art itself.

Inclusivity of Artists
We came to realize how artists are also subject to human frailties. There is Van Gogh’s mental health
condition, Jacson Pollock’s problem with chronic drinking, which caused his death, and Chuck
Close’d paralysis. Working with art is not always working on a dream job: setting up an easel in a
studio overlooking a breathtaking view. It is the opposite.
It is a daily wrestle between survival and passion. It does not always promise monetary returns;
often, side jobs are needed to survive a life as an artist, especially in a third-world country like ours.
Hence, the pressures of life along with the demands of art-making are the cause of
some psychological and physical stress in the artist’s life.

● Hans Prinzoh, produced a book about the Artistry of the Mentally Ill which is a good
contribution to the vision of dignifying people with mental disabilities or incapacities.
Democratization of culture, which is evident in the 2019 edition of the Cultural Center of the
Philippines (CCP) Encyclopedia, has blurred the line between high and low art.
Hence, we should strive to change our attitude toward those who are considered the elite of the art
scene because of their educational backgrounds and those who were not privileged to obtain a
degree but are prolific in their art-making.

● The craftsmen’s craft and the non-degree holder artists deserve the same value or
valuation as those given to works hanging on the pristine walls of museums and galleries.
● Inclusivity of artists refers to ensuring that people from diverse backgrounds, identities, and
experiences have equitable opportunities to create, share, and be recognized in the art world.
Inclusivity enriches the artistic landscape by incorporating a wide range of perspectives and
stories.
1. Representation and Diversity 2. Barriers to Inclusivity
Cultural Diversity Systemic Inequalities
Gender & Sexual Orientation Economic Barriers
Disability Inclusion Gatekeeping
3. Benefits of Inclusivity 4. Efforts Towards Inclusivity
Richness of Perspective Community and Grassroots Initiatives
Social Impact Institutional Changes
Innovation Technology and Media
5. Inclusive Practices Note: Inclusivity in the arts not only
ensures fairness but also enriches the
Equitable Opportunities
cultural fabric, allowing a broader range of
Representation in Leadership human experiences to be
 Supporting Emerging Artists expressed and appreciated.
Accessibilty

Added Insight: Valuing of Artist’s Process and Work through Money.

We have seen how in the latter part of Van GoghValuing of Artist’s Process and Work through
Money‘s life, which was actually his death, the value of his works shoot up to millions of dollars.
Why do we equate money with the value of art? | Why the need to spend money on art?
When we consume something, it means we either
NEED it or WANT it. | BUT | Have we wondered how we spend our money, and on
what?
More often, we do not see the point in buying art because of our problem with taste.
How is this? For example, If we do not value our health, we will naturally buy whatever we crave.
But if we value our well-being, we buy things that are good for our physical bodies.
Hence, if art reflects our nobility and highest potential, how do we value it in terms of expenditure?