Three-Phase Transformer Connections

various factors for choice of connection .

1. availability of a neutral connection for grounding protection or load connections.
2. insulation to ground and voltage stress.
3.availability of a path for the flow of third harmonics, etc.

There are four possible connections for a 3-phase transformer bank.

1. Δ – Δ (Delta – Delta) Connection
2.Υ – Υ (Star – Star) Connection
3.Δ – Υ (Delta – Star) Connection
4.Υ – Δ (Star – Delta ) Connection

1. Delta-Delta (Δ-Δ) Connection

The secondary winding a1a2 is corresponding to the primary winding A1A2, and they
have the same polarity. The polarity of the terminal a connecting a1 and c2 is same as that
connecting A1 and C2. The figure below shows the phasor diagram for lagging power factor
cosφ.

The magnetizing current and voltage drops in impedances have been neglected. Under the
balanced condition, the line current is √3 mes the phase winding current. In this
The secondary line-to-line voltage is in phase with the primary line-to-line voltage with a
voltage ratio equal to the turns ratio.
If the connection of the phase windings is reversed on either side, the phase difference of
180° is obtained between the primary and the secondary system. Such a connection is
known
as an 180º connection.
The delta-delta connection with 180º phase shift is shown in the figure below. The phasor
diagram of a three phase transformer shown that the secondary voltage is in phase
opposition
with the primary voltage.

The delta-delta transformer has no phase shift associated with it and no problems with
unbalanced loads or harmonics.

Advantages
The delta-delta transformer is satisfactory for a balanced and unbalanced load.
If one transformer fails, the remaining two transformers will continue to supply the
threephase power. This is called an open delta connection.
If third harmonics present, then it circulates in a closed path and therefore does not appear
in the output voltage wave.
The only disadvantage of the delta-delta connection is that there is no neutral. This
connection is useful when neither primary nor secondary requires a neutral and the voltage
are low and moderate.
2. Star-Star (Υ-Υ) Connection
There is a phase separation of 30º between the line and phase voltage. The 180º phase
shift between the primary and secondary of the transformer is shown in the figure above.

Problems -
They are The Y-Y connection is not satisfactory for the unbalance load in the absence of a
neutral connection. If the neutral is not provided, then the phase voltages become severely
unbalance when the load is unbalanced.
The Y-Y connection contains a third harmonics, and in balanced conditions, these harmonics
are equal in magnitude and phase with the magnetising current. Their sum at the neutral of
star connection is not zero, and hence it will distort the flux wave which will produce a
voltage having a harmonics in each of the transformers The unbalanced and third
harmonics problems of Y-Y connection can be solved by using the solid ground of neutral
and by providing tertiary windings.

3. Delta-Star (Δ-Υ) Connection,secondry v lead by 30 degree

The Δ-Y connection of the three winding transformer is shown in the figure below. The
primary line voltage is equal to the secondary phase voltage. The relation between the
secondary voltages is VLS= √3 VPS.
The phasor diagram of the Δ-Y connection of the three phase transformer is shown in the
figure below. It is seen from the phasor diagram that the secondary phase voltage Van
leads the primary phase voltage VAN by 30°. Similarly, Vbn leads VBN by 30º and Vcn leads
VCN by
30º.This connection is also called +30º connection.

By reversing the connection on either side, the secondary system voltage can be made to
lag
the primary system by 30°. Thus, the connection is called -30° connection.

4. Star-Delta (Υ-Δ) Connection,secondry v lag by 30 from primary v

The star-delta connection of three phase transformer is shown in the figure above. The
primary line voltage is √3 mes the primary phase voltage. The secondary line voltage is
equal to the secondary phase voltage.
The phase shows the star-delta connection of transformer for a phase shift of 30° lag. This
connection is called – 30° connection. This connection has no problem with the unbalanced
load and thirds harmonics. The delta connection provided balanced phase on the Y side and
provided a balanced path for the circulation of third harmonics without the use of the
neutral
wire.
5.Open delta or V-V Connection
An open delta connection transformer uses two single-phase transformers to provide a
three-phase supply to the load. An open delta connection system is also called a V-V
system. Open delta connection systems are usually only used in emergency conditions, as
their efficiency is low when compared to delta-delta (closed delta) systems (which are used
during standard operations).
Suppose you have three single-phase transformers of 10 kVA each. They are connected in
(both primary & secondary sides) in a delta connection, then it can be said they are
connected in a closed delta system.
How much 3Ø balanced load can be supplied by this combination?

The answer is, this combination can supply 30 kVA, three-phase balanced load. Load on
each transformer will be 10 kVA, i.e. each transformer is operating at its rated capacity.

Now, let one transformer is damaged and disconnected due to repairing purpose. Now the
remaining system will work as an open delta system (i.e. in the open delta, we have two
single-phase transformers).
Now, how much 3Ø balanced load can be supplied by this combination?
Answer is, now we have two single-phase transformers of 10 kVA, but we are not able to
supply 20 kVA, 3Ø balanced load.

This combination can supply a maximum of 17.32 kVA three-phase balanced load. Load on
each transformer will be 10 kVA, i.e. each transformer is operating at its rated capacity.

The efficiency of this open delta system will be less as compared to the closed delta system.
This is because both transformers are operating at rated capacity (i.e. 10 kVA), so their
losses will be full load losses, but the output is reduced (output is 17.32 kVA instead of 20
KVA).

If the output of open delta system is possible to be 20 kVA, then the efficiency of closed
delta & open delta systems will be same, and in the whole world, to supply three phase
load, instead of three single phase transformers, two single phase transformers may be
sufficient.
So, we are able to continue three phase supply as open delta system but at reduced
efficiency.

Open Delta Transformer Calculations

Let us start with the relevant equations:√

Capacity of open delta system = √3 x rating of one transformer =√3 x 10 kVA= 17.32 kVA.

OR

Capacity of open delta system = 0.577 x rating of closed delta system=0.577 x 30 kVA=
17.32 kVA.

(The total load carried by open delta system is 57.7% of closed delta system)

The In this diagram, a three-phase unity PF load (resistive load) is supplied by two
transformers. Each transformer is rated as 10 kVA (current rating is 10 A and voltage rating
is 1000 V). It can be observed that at point ‘A’ Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL) is satisfied.
phase difference between Line current and Line-Line voltage (phase to phase voltage) is
30°.
three-phase load is consuming power (in kVA) =√3 x1000x10=17320 VA=17.32 kVA
Load on each transformer is 10 kVA (Voltage across each transformer is 1000 V, current
flowing through each transformer is 10 A). Therefore each transformer is operating at 10
kVA, but load supplied is 17.32 kVA (less than 20 kVA).

If you will calculate load in kW (active power) then you will find that Load on both the
transformers will be equal to three phase load (in kW). From the Figure-1, it can be
calculated that load supplied by transformer-1 is:

Load supplied by transformer-2 is:

(In the calculation of transformer-2, Sign of current is minus (it is -10 instead of 10)

So, it can be seen that load on both the transformers is 8660.2 Watt (8.66 kW) and they are
supplying a 3Ø load of 17.32 kW.
One transformer is generating reactive power 5000 VAR (5 kVAR), another is consuming the
same amount of reactive power. Reactive power consumed by the load is zero (as it is
resistive load, power factor is unity). Since there is an exchange of reactive power between
both the transformers, due to this reason total kVA rating of transformers is more than kVA
rating of load.
Suppose the load is not resistive, its power factor is cosø, then power factor of both the
transformers can be calculated to be cos(30+ø) and cos(30-ø).

In the present example, load is resistive, power factor is unity, hence ø=0, therefore active
power (kW power) supplied by transformer is 10 kVAxcos30=8.66 kW.

If the three transformers are connected in delta-delta configuration and are supplying rated
load and if the connection becomes V-V transformer, the current in each phase winding is
increased by √3 mes. The full line current flows in each of the two phase windings of the
transformer. Thus the each transformer in the V-V system is overloaded by 73.2%.
The load should be reduced by √3 mes in case of an open delta connected transformer.
Otherwise, serious overheating and breakdown of the two transformers may take place.

Significance of Vector Group of Transformer

Winding connection designations

 First Symbol: for High Voltage: Always capital letters.

 D=Delta, S=Star, Z=Interconnected star, N=Neutral
 Second Symbol: for Low voltage: Always Small letters.
 d=Delta, s=Star, z=Interconnected star, n=Neutral.
  Third Symbol: Phase displacement expressed as the clock hour number (1,6,11)

Example – Dyn11

Transformer has a delta connected primary winding (D) a star connected secondary (y)
with the star point brought out (n) and a phase shift of 30 deg leading (11).
any power system adopts such a large variety of connections. Some of the commonly used
connections with phase displacement of 0, 330, -180″ and -330° (clock-hour setting 0, 1, 6
and 11).
Symbol for the high voltage winding comes first, followed by the symbols of windings in
diminishing sequence of voltage. For example a 220/66/11 kV Transformer connected
star, star and delta and vectors of 66 and 11 kV windings having phase displacement of 0°
and -330° with the reference (220 kV) vector will be represented As Yy0 – Yd11.

The digits (0, 1, 11 etc) relate to the phase displacement between the HV and LV windings
using a clock face notation. The phasor representing the HV winding is taken as reference
and set at 12 o’clock. Phase rotation is always anti-clockwise. (International adopted).

Use the hour indicator as the indicating phase displacement angle. Because there are 12
hours on a clock, and a circle consists out of 360°, each hour represents 30°.Thus 1 = 30°,
2 = 60°, 3 = 90°, 6 = 180° and 12 = 0° or 360°.

The minute hand is set on 12 o’clock and replaces the line to neutral voltage (sometimes
imaginary) of the HV winding. This position is always the reference point.

Example

 Digit 0 =0° that the LV phasor is in phase with the HV phasor

Digit 1 =30° lagging (LV lags HV with 30°) because rotation is anti-clockwise.
 Digit 11 = 330° lagging or 30° leading (LV leads HV with 30°)
 Digit 5 = 150° lagging (LV lags HV with 150°)
 Digit 6 = 180° lagging (LV lags HV with 180°)
Tertiary Winding of Transformer | Three Winding Transformer

In some high rating transformer, one winding in addition to its primary and secondary
winding is used. This additional winding, apart from primary and secondary windings, is
known as Tertiary winding of transformer. Because of this third winding, the transformer is
called 3 winding transformer.
Advantages of Using Tertiary Winding in Transformer
Tertiary winding is provided in electrical power transformer to meet one or more of the
following requirements-
1. It reduces the unbalancing in the primary due to unbalancing in three phase load.
2. It redistributes the flow of fault current.
3. Sometime it is required to supply an auxiliary load in different voltage level in
addition to its main secondary load. This secondary load can be taken from tertiary
winding of three winding transformer.
4. As the tertiary winding is connected in delta formation in 3 winding transformer, it
assists in limitation of fault current in the event of a short circuit from line to neutral.
Stabilization by Tertiary Winding of Transformer
In star-star transformer comprising three single units or a single unit with 5 limb core offers
high impedance to the flow of unbalanced load between the line and neutral. This is
because, in both of these transformers, there is very low reluctance return path of
unbalanced flux.