Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad

Course name: Heat Transfer and Fluid Machines Lab
Course code: MEC 210

Lab manual
of
Fluid Machines Lab PART (any five)

Location: Fluid Machines Lab

List of experiments
Expt Name of experiments Page
No. No.
1. Study of Impact of Jet 1
2. Performance test of Pelton turbine at constant discharge 5
3. Performance test of Pelton turbine at constant speed 9
4. Performance test of Francis turbine 15
5. Performance test of Kaplan turbine 20
6. Performance test of reciprocating air compressor 27
7. Performance test of Centrifugal pump 31

i
 Experiment No-1
Experiment Name: Study of Impact of Jet
Objective: To study the impact of jet on different types blades and to verify the momentum conservation law
Theory:
To produce mechanical work from fluid under pressure is to use this pressure to accelerate the fluid to a high velocity
in a jet. In practical this jet is directed on to cups of the pelton turbines which rotates due to force generated on these
cups due to the change in the momentum of the flowing water as the jet strikes the cups.
The law of momentum conservation states that the summation of all the externally applied force on a given volume is
equal to the rate of change of momentum brought in the direction of forces. In order to calculate the force caused by
impact of jet onto a flat plate, principle of change in momentum is applies, i.e.,

Where ∑Fx is the summation of all the forces acting in X-direction, similar equations also be written in Y and Z
direction.
ρ is the density of water (= 1000 Kg/m3), Q is the volumetric flow rate of fluid, m3/s. (Q=UA) and Mass flow rate
Ṁ =¿ ρ AU (kg/s), Uin is calculated based on the velocity at the nozzle which is determined using the volumetric flow
rate and the diameter of nozzle

Where;
g: the gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2), S: the distance between the jet and the plates.
Uout generally equals Uin cos θ, where θ represents the change in direction of the jet. Since the jet of the fluid turns by
right angle when striking a flat plate For the flat plat θ = 90◦, so that U out=0.0
The predicted values for the force is thus given as

1
Description
The apparatus is a self contained bench where by water pumped by a centrifugal pump is made to pass through a
nozzle, the jet impinging directly on to the vane above it. This forces the vane to move upwards and the lift is balanced
by means of weights provided. The weights plus the weight of the vane is the measure of the force exerted by the jet.
The vanes provided for this unit are:-
a) 900 deg. Flat
b) 1200 deg. Cone
c) 1800 deg. Hemisphere
The water after impinging the vane returns to the sump tank for reciprocation.

Fig. 1.1 Experiment setup

2
 Fig. 1.2 close view of the observation chamber

Observation Table with Sample Data

Density of water (ρ) = 1000 kg/m3
Diameter of nozzle (d) = 10 mm
2
Area (A) =πd12/4 0.000078525 m
Bucket weight = 0.4375 kg/m3

3
 Rate of
delivery of Fact = (wt. Error
Weigh Weight Mass
Weight of the Exit momentum of vane + (%) =
t of the on the flow (emperical
fluid with t (sec) velocity of F=M ̇U (in weights) (Fact-
vane vane rate M ̇ ) Fcal (in N)
bucket, (kg) jet at nozzle N) or (in Fcal) /
(kg) stem (kg) (kg/s)
(U) (m/s) = (kg/s)*(m/s kg)*9.81 Fcal *
Different Cases (M ̇ /ρA) ) 100
90° flat plate (Fcal = 4.56 1.63 1.81 1.63 11.2
3.660 9.00 0.155 0.03 0.36
MU)
90° flat plate 4.082 9.00 0.155 0.10 0.40 5.16 2.09 2.50 2.09 19.8
90° flat plate 4.284 9.00 0.155 0.13 0.43 5.44 2.33 2.80 2.33 20.2
120° curved plate 4.14 1.35 2.29 2.02 13.2
3.689 10.00 0.173 0.06 0.33
(Fcal = 1.5MU)
120° curved plate 3.570 9.00 0.173 0.10 0.35 4.43 1.54 2.68 2.31 15.7
120° curved plate 4.300 9.00 0.173 0.20 0.43 5.47 2.35 3.66 3.52 4.0
180° curved plate 4.04 1.28 2.98 2.56 16.6
3.290 9.00 0.274 0.03 0.32
(Fcal = 2MU)
180° curved plate 3.655 9.00 0.274 0.13 0.36 4.55 1.63 3.96 3.26 21.8
180° curved plate 3.940 9.00 0.274 0.20 0.39 4.96 1.93 4.65 3.86 20.5

Result: Fcal vs Fact for all the plates

Exit velocity of jet to Fact for all the plates

4
 Experiment No-2
Experiment Name: Performance test of Pelton turbine at constant discharge
Objective: To find out the efficiency of Pelton turbine at constant discharge
Theory:
Pelton wheel is an impulse turbine which is used to utilize high heads for generation of electricity. It consists
of a runner mounted on a shaft. To this a brake drum is attached to apply brakes over the speed of the
turbine. A casing is fixed over the runner. All the available head is converted into velocity energy by means
of spear and nozzle arrangement. The spear can be positioned in 8 places that is, 1/8, 2/8, 3/8, 4/8, 5/8 6/8,
7/8 and 8/8 of nozzle opening. The jet of water then strikes the buckets of the Pelton wheel runner. The
buckets are in shape of double cups joined at middle portion. The jet strikes the knife edge of the buckets
with least resistance and shock. The jet is deflected through more than 160 o to 170o. While the specific speed
of Pelton wheel changes from 10 to 100 passing along the buckets, the velocity of water is reduced and
hence the impulsive force is supplied to the cups which in turn are moved and hence the shaft is rotated. The
supply of water is arranged by means of centrifugal pump. The speed of turbine is measured with
tachometer.
Apparatus and components required: Pelton wheel test rigs, Tachometer, weights
Pelton turbine
Rated supply head : 20.0 Meters.
Discharge : 1700 Lpm
Rated speed : 1000 rpm
Power output : 1.5 kw (2HP)
Run way speed : 1700 rpm
Hub diameter : 78 mm
P.C.D guide vanes : 230 mm
Runner outside diameter : 150 mm
No. of buckets : 18
Brake drum diameter : 300 mm
Rope diameter : 15 mm
Supply pumpset
Rated head : 13.5 meters
Discharge : 2000 Lpm.
Normal speed : 1440 rpm
Power required : 7.5 HP (5.625 KW)
Type : High speed, Centrifugal
Inlet cone angle : 21°
Diverging cone angle : 14°
Manometer : Double column differential type

5
 Spring balance

Spear rod (governing

mechanism
Casing

Bucket

Nozzle
Rope break dynamometer Dead weight

Output
shaft

Fig. 2.1 Pelton wheel experiment setup

Experimental and numerical procedure:

1. Keep the nozzle opening at about 3/8 th open position (constant discharge)
2. Prime the pump if necessary
3. Close the deliver gate valve completely and start the pump.
4. Allow water in the turbine, and then the turbine rotates.
6
 5. Adjust the deliver gate valve opening and note the Turbine inlet pressure.
6. Note the venturimeter pressure gauge readings.
7. Load the turbine by putting weights.
8. Note the speed of the turbine.
9. Note weight on hanger, W1 and spring balance weight W2 and weight of hanger W0
10. Repeat the experiment for different loadings.
Observation table and calculation:

Supply head in meters X Discharge in LPM

Input Power = ………………………………………………………………….
Constant

2π NT
Brake Power = ……………………..
Constant

Output
Efficiency ¿−−−−−−−−−¿
Input

** Here N = Turbine speed in RPM. T = Torque in Kg m.

I. To determine discharge: -

Venturimeter line pressure gauge reading =

Venturimeter throat pressure gauge reading =

Pressure Different dH =

Venturimeter equation Q = .
Note:-Venturimeter inlet dia. D = 65 mm
Throat dia. ratio B= 0.6

Discharge
Where, Cd = Venturimeter discharge coefficient = 0.98

A = Inlet area =

II. To determine inlet head of water:

Turbine pressure gauge Reading =
Total Head
7
 III. Input to the Turbine:-
Input =
=
IV. Turbine output:
Brake drum diameter = 0.40 m
Rope diameter = 0.015 m
Equivalent drum diameter = 0.415 m
Hunger Weight T0 = 1 Kg
Weight = T1 Kg
Spring Load = T2 Kg

Resultant Load T =
Speed of Turbine = N rpm

Turbine output =
=
=
V. Turbine Efficiency =

Result: Turbine efficiency vs loading result and graph

Question:
1. Role of splitter in pelton turbine is _____________________________________.
2. Pelton turbine is used for ___________head and ___________ discharge.
3. Role of casing in the pelton turbine is _______________________________.

8
 Experiment No-3
Experiment Name: Performance test of Pelton turbine at constant speed
Objective: To find out the efficiency of Pelton turbine at constant speed
Theory:
Pelton wheel is an impulse turbine which is used to utilize high heads for generation of electricity. It consists
of a runner mounted on a shaft. To this a brake drum is attached to apply brakes over the speed of the
turbine. A casing is fixed over the runner. All the available head is converted into velocity energy by means
of spear and nozzle arrangement. The spear can be positioned in 8 places that is, 1/8, 2/8, 3/8, 4/8, 5/8 6/8,
7/8 and 8/8 of nozzle opening. The jet of water then strikes the buckets of the Pelton wheel runner. The
buckets are in shape of double cups joined at middle portion. The jet strikes the knife edge of the buckets
with least resistance and shock. The jet is deflected through more than 160 o to 170o. While the specific speed
of Pelton wheel changes from 10 to 100 passing along the buckets, the velocity of water is reduced and
hence the impulsive force is supplied to the cups which in turn are moved and hence the shaft is rotated. The
supply of water is arranged by means of centrifugal pump. The speed of turbine is measured with
tachometer. Detailed setup arrangements are shown in fig 3.1.
Apparatus and components required: Pelton wheel test rigs, Tachometer, weights
Pelton turbine
Rated supply head : 20.0 Meters.
Discharge : 1700 Lpm
Rated speed : 1000 rpm
Power output : 1.5 kw (2HP)
Run way speed : 1700 rpm
Hub diameter : 78 mm
P.C.D guide vanes : 230 mm
Runner outside diameter : 150 mm
No. of buckets : 18
Brake drum diameter : 300 mm
Rope diameter : 15 mm
Supply pumpset
Rated head : 13.5 meters
Discharge : 2000 Lpm.
Normal speed : 1440 rpm
Power required : 7.5 HP (5.625 KW)
Type : High speed, Centrifugal
Inlet cone angle : 21°
Diverging cone angle : 14°
Manometer : Double column differential type

9
Fig. 3.1 Pelton turbine test rig for constant speed

10
 Fig. 3.2 Components of Pelton turbine test rig for constant speed

Experimental and numerical procedure:

1. Initially keep the nozzle opening at about 3/8 th open position
2. Prime the pump if necessary
3. Close the deliver gate valve completely and start the pump.
4. Allow water in the turbine, and then the turbine rotates.
5. Adjust the deliver gate valve opening and note the Turbine inlet pressure.
6. Note the venturimeter pressure gauge readings.
7. Load the turbine by putting weights.
8. Note the speed of the turbine.
11
 9. Note weight on hanger, W1 and spring balance weight W2 and weight of hanger W0
10. Now consider the speed of turbine as constant. Vary input discharge by operating nozzle as well as
dead weight in the hanger of the rope break dynamometer. Repeat the experiment for different dead
weight loading and discharge combination (by operating nozzle), by keeping speed constant.
Observation table and calculation:

Supply head in meters X Discharge in LPM

Input Power = ………………………………………………………………….
Constant

2π NT
Brake Power = ……………………..
Constant

Output
Efficiency ¿−−−−−−−−−¿
Input

** Here N = Turbine speed in RPM. T = Torque in Kg m.

Table for this exercise is attached at the end.

A. To determine discharge: -

Venturimeter line pressure gauge reading =

Venturimeter throat pressure gauge reading =

Pressure Different dH =

Venturimeter equation Q = .
Note:-Venturimeter inlet dia. D= 65mm
Throat dia. ratio B= 0.6

Discharge
Where, Cd = Venturimeter discharge coefficient = 0.98

A = Inlet area =

B. To determine inlet head of water:

Turbine pressure gauge Reading =
Total Head

C. Input to the Turbine :-

Input =
12
 =
D. Turbine output :
Brake drum diameter = 0.40 m
Rope diameter = 0.015 m
Equivalent drum diameter = 0.415 m
Hunger Weight T0 = 1 Kg
Weight = T1 Kg
Spring Load = T2 Kg

Resultant Load T =
Speed of Turbine = N rpm

Turbine output =

E. Turbine Efficiency =
Result: (i) Turbine efficiency vs loading result and graph
(ii) Turbine efficiency vs different discharge and graph

Question:
1. Efficiency of the pelton turbine is _________ while using constant speed instead of constant
discharge.
2. Bypass water flow is done in the break drum of the Pelton turbine to __________________.
3. Role of casing in the pelton turbine is _______________________________.

13
 PELTON
(CONSTANT SPEED)

BRAKE DRUM DIAMETER. : 0.4 TURBINE OUTPUT : 0.000215 N T KW.

ROPE DIA. : 0.015 TURBINE INPUT : 9.81 Q H KW.
EQUIVALENT DRUM DIA. : 0.415 DISCHARGE : √ H 1 m3 /sec.
WT. OF HANGER T0 : 1 Kg

Nozzle scale opening : 3.5 / 8th (constant speed) Efficiency :

OBSERVATION TABLE:
S. Pressure Vacuum VENTURIMETER Equivalent Discharge Speed Wt. of Spring Net Turbine Turbine Efficiency
NO Gauge Gauge READING Head Hanger Balance Load Input Output
P V H1 Q N T1 Kg Reading (T1 – T2)
Kg/cm2 mm of M of water M3/sec. rpm T2 Kg KW KW %
Hg
P1 P2 (P1 – P2)

14
 Experiment No-4
Experiment Name: Performance test of Francis turbine
Objective: To find out efficiency of a Francis turbine at constant discharge.
Theory:
Francis turbine consists of runner mounted on a shaft and enclosed in a spiral casing with guide vanes. The
cross section of flow between the guide vanes can be varied, known as gate opening. It can be adjusted ¼, ½,
¾, or full gate opening. A Brake drum is fixed to the turbine shaft. By means of this drum the speed of the
Turbine can be varied. The discharge can be varied by operating a throttle valve on the pipe line. The water
after doing work leaves the turbine through a draft tube and Flows down into the tail race. A Venturimeter is
fitted to the pipe for measuring discharge.

Apparatus and components required: Francis turbine test rig, tachometer and weights

Technical specification

Francis turbine

1. Rated supply head : 20.0 m

2. Discharge : 2000 LPM.
3. Rated speed : 1500 rpm
4. Power output : 3.5 KW (5 HP)
5. Unit speed : 51.5 rpm
6. Specific speed : 95.5 rpm
7. Runway speed : 2250 rpm
8. Runner diameter : 160 mm
9. No. of guide vanes : 10
10. Brake drum diameter :300 mm
11. Rope diameter : 15 mm

Supply pumpset

Rated head : 20.0 m

Discharge : 2000 LPM.
Normal speed : 1440 rpm
Power required : 15 HP (11.2 KW)
Type : High speed, Centrifugal
Impeller Diameter : 280 mm

15
Fig. 4.1 Components of Francis turbine experiment setup
16
Flow Measuring Unit
Size of Orifice meter : 100 mm
Throat diameter for Orificemeter : 64 mm
Meter Constant for Orificemeter :
Important formula:

Supply head in meters X Discharge in LPM

Input Power = ………………………………………………………………….
Constant
2π NT
Brake Power = ……………………..
Constant
Out put
Efficiency ¿−−−−−−−−−¿
Input

** Here N = Turbine speed in RPM.

T = Torque in kg m.
Experimental and numerical Procedure:
1. Start the pump and let water flow through the turbine.
2. At constant discharge orifice meter pressure gauge readings and head pressure gauge reading is
measured.
3. Load is applied on the hanger of rope brake.
4. Speed of turbine is measured for that load
5. Repeat the experiment for different loads.
Observation table and calculation:
1. To determine discharge:-
Orifice meter inlet dia. d1 = 100 mm
Throat dia. d2 = 64 mm
Orifice meter:
pressure gauge reading 1 = P1 m of water
Pressure gauge reading 2 = P2 m of water
Pressure Difference h = P1 – P2 m of water
Note 1 Kg/cm2 = 10 meters of water
Orifice meter Equation, , Where K= 930

Actual discharge
Where Cd = Orifice meter discharge co-efficient = 0.98

a1 = inlet area =
17
 a2 = throat area =
The constant 60,000 is used to convert ‘Q’ value m3 / sec to LPM
2. To determine inlet head of water:
Turbine pressure gauge Reading = H m of water
Turbine Vacuum gauge Reading = Negligible
3. Input to the Turbine :
Input power =
4. Turbine output :
Brake drum diameter D = 0.30 m
Rope diameter t = 0.015 m
Effective Radius of brake drum
Rope & hunger Weight = 1 Kg
Weight = W1 Kg
Spring Load = W2 Kg
Net Load
Torque
Speed of Turbine = N rpm

Output Power =
=
=

5. Turbine Efficiency =
Observation table is placed at the end of this experiment.
Result: Turbine efficiency vs loading result and graph
Question:
1. Efficiency of the francis turbine _________ while load _______________.
2. Bypass water flow is done in the break drum of the francis turbine to __________________.
3. Role of casing in the francis turbine is _______________________________.

18
 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST RIG. (CLOSED CIRCUIT)

Brake drum dia. D= 0.3 m Input Total head H = Pressure gauge reading in Kg/cm2 x 10 m of water
Rope dia. t = 0.015 m Orifice meter head h = Difference in pressure gauge readings = (P1-P2) m of water
Effective Radius of brake drum = Input Power
R = 0.165 m Brake Drum net Wt.

Weight of Rope & hanger = 1 Kg Turbine Output

Guide vane opening = 0.5 Efficiency =
S.No. Pressure (H) Orifice meter head Discharge Speed N Wt. on Spring Net Wt. Output Input Efficiency
gauge hanger balance W Kg power power %
reading m of P1 P2 h W1 Kg W2 Kg (OP) (IP)
water m of water rpm HP HP
1
2
3
4
5
6

19
 Experiment No. 5
Experiment Name: - Performance test of Kaplan turbine
Objective: To determine efficiency of Kaplan turbine under constant discharge and to plot the operating
characteristics.
Theory:
A Kaplan turbine is a type of reaction turbine. It is an axial flow turbine which is suitable for relatively low
heads, and requires a large quantity of water to develop large amount of power. It is a reaction type turbine
and hence it operates entirely in a closed conduit from head race to tail race. The test rig consists of a 1 kW
Kaplan turbine supplied with water from a suitable 5HP pump through pipe lines, a valve and a flow
measuring venturimeter. The turbine consists of a cast iron body with volute casing, an axial flow gunmetal
runner, a ring of adjustable guide vanes and a draft tube. The Runner consists of three aerofoil section. The
guide is vanes can be rotated about their axis by means of hand wheel. A rope brake drum is mounted on the
turbine to absorb the power developed. Suitable dead weight and a hanger arrangement, a spring balance and
cooling water arrangement is provided for the brake drum. Water under pressure from the pump enters
through the volute casing and the guide vanes into the Runner .while passing through the spiral casing and
guide vanes, a portion of the pressure energy (Potential energy) is converted into velocity energy (kinetic
energy) .Water thus enters the runner at high velocity and it passes through the runner vanes, the remaining
potential energy is converted into Kinetic energy. Due to the curvature of the vanes, the kinetic energy is
transformed into the Mechanical i.e. the water head is converted into mechanical energy hence the runner
rotates. The water from the runner is then discharged into the draft tube. The flow through the pipe lines into
the turbine is measured with the venturimeter fitted in the pipeline. Two pressure gauges are provided to
measure the pressure difference across venturimeter. The net pressure difference across the turbine inlet and
exit is measured with a pressure gauge and Vacuum gauge. The turbine output is determined with the rope
brake drum. A tachometer is used to Measure the speed.
Apparatus and components required:
Runner: - Runner is of bronze with four aero foil blades, designed to the latest Hydro- dynamic principles.
All parts coming in contact with water are made either or Bronze or of stainless steel to prevent corrosion.
Guide vane mechanism: - Consists of bronze vanes cast integral with their spindles by suitable external link
mechanism these can be set at different relative position, and two external dummy guide vanes are provided
to indicate the exact position in actual guide vanes working inside the turbine, thus showing the relative
water passes through the guide apparatus for the different position in the guide vanes.
Shaft: -shaft is made of stainless steel and hollow to accommodate the runner blade control mechanism.

20
Draught tube: -Draught tube is made of mild steel fabricated construction and length 500 mm is provided at
the exist of runner.

Fig. 5.1 Kaplan turbine test rig

21
Fig. 5.2 Components of Kaplan turbine experiment setup
22
Kaplan turbine
1. Rated supply head : 20.0 Meters.
2. Discharge : 1700 Lpm
3. Rated speed : 1000 rpm
4. Power output : 1.5 kw (2HP)
5. Run way speed : 1700 rpm
6. Hub diameter : 78 mm
7. P.C.D guide vanes : 230 mm
8. Runner outside diameter : 150 mm
9. No. of guide vanes : 10
10. Brake drum diameter :300 mm
11. Rope diameter : 15 mm

Supply pumpset

Rated head : 13.5 meters

Discharge : 2000 Lpm.
Normal speed : 1440 rpm
Power required : 7.5 HP (5.625 KW)
Type : High speed, Centrifugal

Flow measuring unit

Size of Orifice meter : 150 mm

Throat diameter for Venturimeter : 88.74 mm
Inlet cone angle : 21°
Diverging cone angle : 14°
Manometer : Double column differential type
Experimental and numerical Procedure:
1. Start the pump and let water flow through the turbine.
2. At constant discharge Venturimeter pressure gauge readings and head pressure gauge reading is
measured.
3. Load is applied on the hanger of rope brake.
4. Speed of turbine is measured for that load
5. Repeat the experiment for different loads.

Numerical Formula:
Supply head in meters X Discharge in LPM
Input Power = ………………………………………………………………….
Constant
2π NT
Brake Power = ……………………..

Constant
23
 Out put
Efficiency ¿−−−−−−−−−¿
Input

** Here N = Turbine speed in RPM. T = Torque in Kg m.

Observation Table and Calculation: -

1. To determine discharge: -
Venturimeter inlet dia. d1 = 100 mm
Throat dia. d2 = 88.74 mm
Venturimeter: Pressure gauge reading 1 = P1 m of water
Pressure gauge reading 2 = P2 m of water
Pressure Difference h = P1 – P2 m of water

*Note 1 Kg/cm2 = 10 meters of water

Venturimeter Equation

Actual discharge m3/s

Where Cd = Venturimeter discharge co-efficient = 0.98

a1 = inlet area =

a2 = throat area =
The constant 60,000 is used to convert ‘Q’ value m3 / sec to LPM

2. To determine inlet head of water:

Turbine pressure gauge Reading = H m of water
Turbine Vacuum gauge Reading = Negligible

3. Input to the Turbine :

Input power =

4. Turbine output :
Brake drum diameter D = 0.30 m
Rope diameter t = 0.015 m
Effective Radius of brake drum
Rope & hunger Weight = 1 Kg
Weight = W1 Kg
24
 Spring Load = W2 Kg
Net Load
Torque
Speed of Turbine = N rpm

Output Power =
=
=

5. Turbine Efficiency =

Result: Turbine efficiency vs loading result and graph

Question:
1) How many governing mechanisms are installed in Kaplan turbine?
2) Best turbine under partial load condition is _____________________.

25
 KAPLAN TURBINE TEST RIG. (CLOSED CIRCUIT)

Brake drum dia. D = 0.3 m Input Total head H = Pressure gauge reading in Kg/cm2 X 10 m of water
Rope dia. t = 0.015 m Venturimeter head h = Difference in pressure gauge readings = (P1 - P2) m of water
Effective Radius of brake drum = Input Power
R = 0.165 m Brake Drum net Wt.

Weight of Rope & hanger = 1 Kg Turbine Output

Guide vane opening = 0.5 Efficiency =

S.NO Pressure(H) Orifice meter Discharge Speed N Wt. on Spring Net Output Input Efficiency
. gauge head Qa hanger balance Wt. power power %
reading m of P1 P2 h W1 Kg W2 Kg W Kg (OP) (IP)
water m of water HP HP
1

26
 Experiment No.- 6
Experiment Name: Performance test of reciprocating air compressor

Objective: To find the volumetric and isothermal efficiency of 2-stage reciprocating air compressor
Theory: Reciprocating compressors work on the principle of reciprocating motion of pistons in cylinder for
trapping and compression of air. These are positive displacement compressors. The compression cylinders
are known as stages. There are three types of reciprocating compressors based on stages.

1. Single Stage: The compressor has one discharge per revolution of crankshaft.
2. Double Stage: The compressor has two discharge strokes per revolution of the crankshaft. The double
stage compressors are most heavy-duty compressors.
3. Multi Stage: The multistage compressors have more than two discharge stages. This leads to
increased volumetric efficiency, reduced leaks, better mechanical balance.

Fig. 6.1 Different components of 2 stage reciprocating air compressor

27
 Fig 6.2 p-v diagram of Two-stage reciprocating air compressor

Apparatus and components required: Two-stage reciprocating air compressor

Fig. 6.3 Experiment setup of 2 stage reciprocating air compressor test rig

28
Experimental and numerical procedure: Study 2-stage reciprocating air compressor
Observation table and calculation:

S.No Heig Heig Equivale Volu Volum Theoretic Volumetr Input Inlet Delivery Isotherm Isotherm
. ht of ht of nt air me of e of al intake ic shaft pressu pressure al W.D. al
water water column actual actual volume efficienc powe re P1 at first for First Efficien
Colu Colu Ha (m) air air Vt (m3/s) y% r (bar) compress Comp. cy for
mH mH intake intake (KW or P2 (KW) First
(mm) (m) Va Va ) (bar) Comp.%
(m3/hr (m3/s)
)
1. 5 0.005 3.87596 9.7 0.0026 0.004066 66.26957 1.00 0.36 3 0.20566 20.52
9 94 2 6

29
30
 1. Volumetric Efficiency:

Actual air intake

Equivalent air column (Ha) = (H x ρw)/ρ a m

H=Height of water column in meter

ρw =Density of water (1000 Kg/m3)
ρa =Density of air (1.29 Kg/m3)
2
π∗d
Diameter of orifice (d) = 0.02 m Area of orifice (A) =
4
Coefficient of discharge (Cd) = 0.62

Volume of actual air intake (Va) = Cd.A.√ 2 g H a

Theoretical air intake

Piston diameter (D) = 100 mm, Stroke length (L) = 89 mm, Speed (N) = ______R.P.M.
2
π∗D ∗L∗N
Theoretical intake volume (Vt) =
4∗60

Actual volume
Volumetric efficiency = ∗100 %
Theoretical volume

2. Isothermal Efficiency:

Isothermal work done = KW

Where, P2 = Delivery pressure

P1 = Inlet pressure

Input shaft power = ______ KW

Isothermal efficiency =

Results: Study 2-stage reciprocating air compressor

Question:

1) Benefit of 2-stage reciprocating air compressor is __________________________________.

31
 Experiment No-7
Experiment Name: Performance test of Centrifugal Pump

Objective: To predict the behavior and performance of the centrifugal pump at different flow rate, head, and
speed.
Theory: A centrifugal pump is a mechanical device designed to move a fluid by means of the transfer of
rotational energy from one or more driven rotors, called impellers. Fluid enters the rapidly rotating impeller
along its axis and is cast out by centrifugal force along its circumference through the impeller's vane tips.

Fig. 7.1 Pump components; pumps are connected in series and parallel
Main Characteristics Curves: Main characteristics curves of a centrifugal pump are the variations of
Manometric head, power and discharge with respect to speed.
Operating Characteristics Curves: Operating characteristics curves of a centrifugal pump are the
variations of Manometric head, power and efficiency with respect to discharge by keeping the speed
constant.

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 Figure 7.2 (i) Main Characteristics Curves (ii) Operating Characteristics Curves

Apparatus and components required: Centrifugal Pump test rig

Figure 7.1 Centrifugal pump test rig.

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 Type of Power Direction of flow Valve Valve Discharge Pressure
circuit connection Open Close reading reading
Individual P1 Flow intake individually to V01, V1 Vs21, Fs1 Ps1
Pump P1 P1 through V01 then final Vp21
delivery through V1
Individual P2 Flow intake individually to V02, V2 Vs21, Fs2 Ps2
Pump P2 P2 through V02 then final Vp21
delivery through V2
Parallel P1 & P2 Flow intake individually to Vp21, V2, Vs21 Total Total
P1 and P2, through V01 V01, discharge pressure
and V02, then flow of P2 V02, V1 through through
will accumulate with P1 Fs1, Ps1,
through Vp21, final Individual Individual
delivery through V1 P2 P2
discharge at pressure at
Fs2 Ps2
Series P1 & P2 Flow intake individually to Vs21, V2,Vp21, Total Total
P2, through V02, then V02, V1 V01 discharge pressure
discharge of P2 will enter through through
into P1 as intake, then Fs1, Ps1,
pass through Vs21, final Individual Individual
delivery through V1 P2 P2
discharge at pressure at
Fs2 Ps2

Figure 7.2 Series and Parallel circuit diagram and operation details

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Experimental and numerical procedure:
1. Check that suction and delivery valve is open
2. Priming should be done before starting the pump
3. Start the pump and increase the speed slowly.
4. At a particular speed, close the delivery valve slowly at different positions to get different heads.
5. Change the speed to get different head and discharge.
Observation & Calculation:
For Single
pump:
S. Spee Torq Dischar Delive Dischar Head rotatio Mechani Hydrau Efficien Remar
No d ue ge ry ge Q H (in nal cal lic cy η (in k
3
. (rpm (N- (LPM) Pressu (m /s) m speed Power Power %)
) cm) re water ω Input generat
Gauge Colu (rad/s) (kW) ed
readin m) (kW)
g
(kg/c
m2)
1498 1.50 46.3 0.05 0.0008 0.50 156.84 0.02 0.0038 16.09 Pump
1. .0 1
alone
1506 1.27 46.1 0.05 0.0008 0.50 157.68 0.02 0.0038 18.82 Pump
1&2
is in
2. parall
el
circuit
3.
4.

When Pump 2 is in circuit (series / parallel)

S. Spee Torq Dischar Delive Dischar Head rotatio Mechani Hydrau Efficien Remar
No d ue ge ry ge Q H (in nal cal lic cy η (in k
3
. (rpm (N- (LPM) Pressu (m /s) m speed Power Power %)
) cm) re water ω Input generat
Gauge colu (rad/s) (kW) ed
readin m) (kW)
g
(kg/c
m2)
1.
2.
3.
4.

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Calculation:
Input power = T x ω/ 1000 KW
= T x 2 x3.14xN / 60 x1000 KW
Power output = ρ x g x Q x H/1000 KW

Efficiency
Note - 1 kg/cm2 is equivalent to 10 m of water head
The constant 60,000 is used to convert ‘Q’ value m3 / sec to LPM

Centrifugal pumps are connected in series

Total Head = H1 + H2 (Q1 = Q2)
Centrifugal pumps are connected in parallel
Total Discharge = Q1 + Q2 (H1 = H2)

Results: Performance curves of centrifugal pump

Question:
1) Discharge _____________and head ______ when two centrifugal pumps are connected in parallel.
2) Discharge _____________and head ______ when two centrifugal pumps are connected in series.

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