Determination of standard data in operations

of machining
4. Determination of standard data in machining operations

4.1 Purpose of the standard data

Standard data: these are the standard elemental times taken from time studies.
That is to say, standard data are tabulated standards of elements, graphs or
diagrams, monograms, and tables that were collected to be able to take the measure of a
specific work.
It is necessary to carry out several independent time studies in each of the
operations, to ensure that the ideal conditions have been determined and that the
the resulting time standard is representative of the time needed by the operator
normal needs to carry out the work.
Types of standards:
For indirect labor: in office tasks, maintenance and making of
tools.
For indirect work: time studies, movement time standards
predetermined, standard data. Time formulas and work sampling.
(The same measurement techniques are used for the 2 types of standards)
Factors that affect the Standards for indirect and general work:
Direct Work: the segment of the operation that significantly advances the work.
Transport: work done in motion during the course of work operations.
The transfer can occur horizontally or vertically.
Indirect Work: use and care of tools, application and disposal of materials
determination of plans.
Unnecessary Work and Delays: unnecessary work and delays represent the part of
cycle that must be eliminated through planning and method improvement.

4.2 Obtaining statistical data

EXAMPLE 1.
Element a could be 'taking a small cast piece'; element b, 'placing it in the
template
position"; the e, "advance the spindle", and so on. These could be timed.
elements in group, as follows:
a + b + c = element No.1 = 0.070 min = A
b + c + d = element No.3 = 0.067 min = B
c + d + e = element No.5 = 0.073 min = C
d + e + a = element No.2 = 0.061 min = D
e + a + b = element No.4 = 0.068 min = E
Adding these five equations:
3a + 3b + 3c + 3d + 3e = A + B + C + D + E
Then we have
A+B+C+D+E=T
3a + 3b + 3c + 3d + 3e = T = 0.339 min
Y
a + b + c + d + e = 0.339 / 3 = 0.113 min
Consequently:
A + d + e = 0.113 min
So then
d + e = 0.113 min - 0.07 min = 0.043 min
how
c + d + e = 0.073 min
It turns out that
c = 0.073 min -0.043 = 0.03 min
In the same way
d + e + a = 0.061
And so,
a = 0.061 - 0.043 = 0.018 min
Substituting into equation (1):
b = 0.070 - (0.03 + 0.018) = 0.022
Substituting into equation (2):
d = 0.067 - (0.022 + 0.03) = 0.015 min
And finally, substituting into equation (3):
e = 0.073 - (0.015 + 0.03) = 0.028 min.

4.3 CUT TIME CALCULATION

Cutting time calculation on the lathe.

Calculation of cutting times in milling (also valid for grinding).
Calculation of cutting times on a drill press. (Machine threading)
Calculation of cutting times on the lathe
The speed at which the workpiece rotates on the lathe is an important factor and can
influence the production volume and the lifespan of the cutting tool.
The cutting speed for work on a lathe can be defined as the speed with which
which point on the circumference of the workpiece passes by the tool?
cut in one minute. Cutting speed is expressed in feet or meters per minute.

CALCULATION OF SPEED (r/min).

In order to calculate the speeds per minute (r/min) at which it should be adjusted
To turn, it is necessary to know the diameter of the piece and the cutting speed of the material.
Calculate the required RPM for the finishing turning of a machine steel part.
2 inches in diameter (The cutting speed of machine steel is 100):

In order to calculate the time required to machine any workpiece, it is necessary to

consider factors such as speed, feed, and cutting depth. The time
required can be easily calculated with the following formula:
 Calculate the time required to make a rough cut, with a feed rate of 0.015 inch.
in a machine steel piece 18 inches long by 2 inches in diameter
DRILLING WORKS
Drilling is a machining operation used to create round holes in
a piece of work
This is generally done with a cylindrical tool called a drill which has 2
sharp edges at their ends.
The drill advances into the stationary workpiece to form a hole.
whose diameter is determined by the diameter of the drill.
The cutting speed in a drilling operation is the surface speed at
the outer diameter of the drill.

In the drill, the feed rate f is specified in (mm/rev).

The feed rates are proportional to the size of the drill.
N
where:
advancing speed mm/min
The machining time to drill a hole can be determined:
Tm = t + A / fr
Where:
Tm = machining time
t = thickness of the work
advance speed
A = tolerance of approximation that takes into account the angle of the drill
For a blind spot:
Tm = d/fr
d = The distance between the surface of the hole and the tip of the hole
Operations related to the drill.
SCARED
INTERIOR RACKING
rounded
Hazelnut
CENTERED
RE-FRAMING

MILLING
It is a machining operation in which a workpiece is passed in front of a
cylindrical rotary tool with multiple edges or cutting edges.
Milling data
The orientation and direction of advancement is the characteristic that distinguishes milling from
drilling
Due to the variety of possible shapes and their high production speeds, it is one of
the most versatile and widely used machining operations.
Interrupted cutting operation
Types of milling operations
There are two basic types of milling:
 Peripheral milling
Front milling
Peripheral milling
The tool axis is parallel to the surface being machined and the operation is
carry out along the cut edges on the outer perimeter of the cut
Plate milling
Basic form of peripheral milling in which the width of the cutter extends beyond the
workpiece on both sides
Grooved milling
In which the width of the cutter is less than the width of the workpiece; creating a
slot at work.
Side milling
In which the milling machine works on the side of a workpiece.
Simultaneous parallel milling.
It is the same as natural milling, except that the cutting takes place on both sides of
work.
Rotation in peripheral milling
In peripheral milling, there are two opposite directions of rotation that the cutter can have.
respect for work
Uplifted milling
Descendant milling
Front Milling
In this, the spindle of the milling machine is perpendicular to the work surface and the machining is
execute by cutting the edges, both at the end and outside the perimeter of the strawberry
Conventional front milling
In which the diameter of the cutter exceeds the width of the workpiece on both sides.
Partial frontal milling
In which the strawberry exceeds the workpiece only from one side.
Terminal milling
In which the diameter of the cutter is smaller than the width of the work, so it cuts a
slot inside the piece
Milling of profiles
It is a form of end milling in which a flat piece is cut from the periphery.
Cavity milling
It is a type of end milling used to mill shallow cavities in parts.
plan
Profile surface milling
In which a ballpoint tip is moved forward and backward, and from side to
another from work, along a curved trajectory at small intervals to create
a three-dimensional surface.
Milling machines
Horizontal milling machine - they have a horizontal spindle, and this design is suitable for
perform peripheral milling
Vertical milling machine - it has a vertical spindle, and this orientation is suitable for milling.
frontal.
Knee and spine
 Type of bank
Type brush
Tracer strawberries
CNC milling machines
4.3.4. Planer work
Machine that passes a workpiece under a fixed single-edged tool
to remove the metal from the flat surface of the piece.
Important procedure to achieve flat and curved surfaces
The chips are stripped from the piece in the form of ribbons due to the rectilinear movement.
principal.
Short planing machine (mortising). Works with pieces up to 800mm in length,
cause of its horizontal rectilinear motion.
Necessary movements for
to remove shavings
Main movement: performed by the planing tool. It is distinguished between work stroke
and operation in reverse. The chip is removed during the working stroke.
Advancement movement: gives rise to the thickness of the chip. In vertical planing, it is the tool that
that moves against the piece.
Adjustment movement: it is used to set the thickness of the chip. Horizontal planing
useful movement in height. Vertical brushing by lateral movement of the piece that
mechanize
Parts of the short grinding or planing machine
The frame of the machine supports the table, the carriage, and also the mechanisms for the
main movements and progress.
Calculation of main time in brushing
L = length of the race; L = I + Ia+Iu
VR = rebound speed in m/min
VA = cutting speed in m/m
B = brushing width width plaza
S= advance for each double stroke in mm
Z = number of necessary double races
main time
TD = double time race
Time = distance/speed
TA = L/VA TR=L/VR TD= TA+TR
B = b + previous and subsequent lateral routes B = b + 2 * (mm)
Z=B/S TP = Z * TD
For example: it is about giving a rough brushing to a plate and wanting to find out the time.
principal.
Data:
Length of the plate I= 260 mm
30 mm
VR= 20m/min feed 1mm/double stroke
Previous and subsequent travels = 5mm each width 90mm
L = 260mm + 30mm + 10mm = 300mm
TA = (.3m)/(10m/mm) = .03m
 (0.3m)/(20m/min) = 0.015m
TD = 0.03m + 0.015m = 0.045m
B = 90mm + 10mm = 10mm
Z = (100mm) / (1mm/double stroke)
100 double races
TP = (100 double races)(0.045 min/double race) = 4.5 minutes
4.3.5. Band saw work
A band saw consists of a frame generally shaped like a swan's neck.
supporting two balanced rotors overlaid in the same vertical plane and on
which a continuous saw blade called tape is wound.
The lower flywheel receives the engine power, while the upper flywheel is dragged.
through the tape.
The operating area of the blade is the downward stroke; this stroke is subject to
dynamically to a voltage higher than that of the ascending path also called
floating, due to the fact that the flywheel is the lower one.
The sheet is guided above and below the table by wooden or metal guides.
The triscado aims to facilitate free cutting, that is, for the tips of the teeth
they must open a path wider than the thickness of the sheet so that it does not settle
friction between the surface of the leaf and the walls of the cut, thereby avoiding this
the possible risk of the piece being launched due to blade jamming.
Use of standard dice
Example: the work measurement analyst at the Dorben Company wants to develop a
precise equation to estimate the cutting of various configurations on a metal sheet
with the vertical or band saw.
The data from eight studies for real cutting element.
What would be the relationship between the cutting length and the standard time?
Use the least squares technique.
a= .34404
b= .01054