LIST OF THE POPES OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH

Source of Information: Pontifical Yearbook.

1
Peter 4
Saint Peter: Simon Bar Jonah Clement
Until 29/06/67 San Clemente
First Pontiff. Nature of Bethsaida, 88 to 97
Galilee; was crucified with his head towards Natural of Rome. Martyr. Exiled by the
below June 29, 1967 emperor Trajan y martyred
He received from Christ the task of forming it by throwing it into the sea with an anchor around his neck.
Church and the power to transmit it to its Reimplant the Confirmation and the use of
successors. Established the prayer of the Father Amen.
Our.
5
2 Evaristo
Lino Saint Evaristus
Saint Linus 97 to 105
67/ on 23/09/76 Native of Greece. He was the creator of the
Native of Tuscany. I ordered the fifteen Parishes.
first Bishops. During his papacy,
the evangelists were martyred Mark 6
y Lucas.Alejandro I
He was buried near San Pedro. Saint Alexander
105 to 115
3 Native of Rome. He was a disciple of
Cleto Plutarch. He instituted the rite of holy water
Saint Anacletus and the preparation of the host with unleavened bread.
76 to 78
Born in Rome. He was martyred in 7.
Year 88. Established the regulations for Sixto I
consecration of the Bishops and the habits of San Sixto
ecclesiastics. In the Vatican, I built from 115 to 125
oratory, near the tomb of Saint Peter, native of Rome. Buried in Frosinone
to give burial to the martyrs. at the Acropolis of Alatri. It established that the
sacred chalice only touched by the 11
priests. Aniceto
Saint Anicetus
8 155 to 166
Telephorus He was born in Syria. He was martyred. He promulgated
Saint Telesphorus a decree that prevented the clergy from leaving
125 to 136 grow hair.
Born in Greece. Composed the anthem
Glory to God in the Highest and instituted fasting 12
during the seven weeks before Easter. Sotero
Saint Soter
9 166 to 175
Higinio Born in Fondi. Martyr. Known as the
Saint Hyginus Father of Charity. Established the
136 to 140 marriage sacrament, demanding that
136 to 140 blessed by a Priest. He opposed
Born in Athens. Martyr. He defined the current known as mountaineering,
various attributions of the clergy and defined them as the promoter was an enlightened Turk
grades of the ecclesiastical hierarchy. Instituted called Montano.
the godfather and the godmother at the baptism of
newborns, to guide them in life 13
Christian and decreed that the churches be Eleutherios.
consecrated. Saint Eleutherius
175 to 189
10 He was born in Nicopolis in Epirus. Martyr. Start
Pius I the conversion of the Bretons, for that
Saint Pio He sent Fugacio and Damián to convert to
140 to 155 the Bretons.
140 to 155 He abolished the Hebrew customs regarding the
Native of Aquileia. Martyr. He established the purity and impurity of food.
Easter celebration on Sunday which Christians greatly gave
after the full moon of March. importance.
He fought against the heretic Marcion.
14 17
Victor I Urban I
Saint Victor Saint Urban
189 to 199 222 to 230
Born in Africa. Martyr. He allowed that in Born in Rome. Martyr. In the year 230
in case of urgency, she could be employed to convert Saint Cecilia to Christianity.
any water and imposed the Roman rite of
the Passover, in contrast to the Hebrew rite used in 18
Asia and Africa. Saint Pontian
Saint Pontian
15 21/07/230 to 28/09/235
Ceferino He was born in Rome. He established the singing of the
Saint Ceferino Psalms and the use of the greeting Dominus
199-217 He was deported to work in the
He was born in Rome. Martyr. He imposed the mines in Sardinia, where he died due to
communion for young people upon turning 14 the sufferings.
years and the use of the paten and the chalice
of crystal. During his papacy, 19
they held hard theological discussions. Antero
He excommunicated Tertullian. San Antero
21/11/235 to 3/01/236
16 He was born in Greece. He was martyred by
Calixto order of Emperor Maximus.
Calixtus I
217 to 222 20
He was born in Rome. During his pontificate, Fabian
they built the famous Catacombs of San Fabián
Appian Way, where 46 are buried 10/01/236 to 20701/236
fathers and about 200,000 martyrs. He was born in Rome. Martyr. At the time of
martyred, beaten to death and his choice, a...
thrown into a well, where today the dove stands, which was considered as the
Church of Santa Maria in Trastevere. assistance of the Holy Spirit. The
the persecutions
a Christians
they increased and an exodus of
Rome, which gave rise to the birth of the
hermits and the eremitic life.
21 of Saints Peter and Paul. During the
Cornelio the martyrdom of Cyprian began a
Saint Cornelius to exclaim Deo Gratias.
03/251 to 07/253
Born in Rome. Martyr. It occurs on the 25th.
first schism, with the election of the antipope Saint Dionysius
Navaciano. In Civitavecchia, wasDionisio
martyred for making sacrifices from 22/07/259 to 26/12/268
pagan gods. He was born in Turio. The persecutions against the
Christians were very intense and the chair.
22 the pontifical was unoccupied for a year. The
Lucio barbarians were beginning to approach the
Saint Lucius gates of the Roman Empire.
06/253 to 5/03/254
He was born in Rome. Martyr. Prohibited the 26
cohabitation between men and women that Felix I
they were not consanguineous. He prohibited the San Felix
clergymen living with deaconesses. 5/01/269 to 30/12/274
He was born in Rome. He affirmed the Divinity and
23 Humanity of Jesus Christ and the two
Esteban distinct natures in one person.
Saint Stephen He was chased by Aureliano.
12/05/254 to 2/08/257
He was born in Rome. He suffered the struggles.
schismatic followers of the antipope Eutychian
Navaciano. He died decapitated in the chair of Saint Eutychian.
pontifical, while celebrating ceremony 4/01/275 to 7/12/283
religious in the catacombs. He was born in Luni. He established the 'Dalmatic'.
to cover the bodies of the martyrs.
24 With very few variations, they use it
Sixtus II deacons in solemn ceremonies.
Saint Sixtus
30/08/257 to 6/08/258
He was born in Greece. Kind and good
negotiator, resolved the disputes
theological questions that had been raised in the
previous pontificates. I transfer the remains
28 32
Cayo Melquíades
Saint Cayus Saint Melchiades
17/12/283 to 22/04/296 11/07/311 to 11/01/314
Born in Salona (Dalmatia). Martyr. Born in Africa. Lived the splendor of the
He established the ecclesiastical degrees. Christianity, endorsed by the Emperor
Constantine, due to the vision "in hoc
29 signo vices" que le condujo al triunfo. Poco
Marcelino after Theodosius proclamation the
Saint Marcellinus Christianity, the "official state religion."
30/07/296 to 25/10/304 It began to use the blessed bread. He built
He was born in Rome. Martyr. His papacy the Basilica of St. John.
coincided with the fierce persecution launched
by Emperor Diocletian. Victims 33
from this persecution were: St. Lucia, St. San Silvestre I
Inés, Saint Bibiana, Saint Sebastian, Saint Sylvester
Luciano. 31/01/314 to 31/12/335
He was born in Rome. He was the first Pope who
30 I hold the Tiara. During his Pontificate, he
Marcelo I celebrated the first Ecumenical Council of
Marcelo I Nicea, which formulated the "Creed".
308 to 26/01/309 He created the "Iron Crown" with a nail from the
He was born in Rome. Martyr. After being crucified. He converted the Lateran Palace into
the papal seat vacant for 4 years, Saint John Lateran, becoming the
He reached the papacy. He established the first Cathedral of Rome.
Councils could not be held without their
authorization. 34
Marcos
31 San Marcos
Eusebio January 18, 336 to September 7, 336

Saint Eusebius He was born in Rome. He established that the Pope

April 18, 309 to August 17, 309 he was to be consecrated by the Bishops.
He was born in Casano, Greece. He managed to avoid the institution of the 'palio.' He created the first one.
a Schism, due to the numerous calendar of religious holidays.
apostates. He was martyred in Sicily.
35 39
Julio I Anastasio
July Saint Anastasius
6/02/337 to 12/04/352 November 27, 399 to December 19, 401

He was born in Rome. He set Christmas on December 25. Born in Rome. A means to avoid the
December. Background of the file of the Holy Schism between Rome and the Church of
Headquarters. Antioquia.

36 40
Liberio Saint Innocent I
Liberio Innocent I
17/05/352 to 24/09/366 22/12/401 to 12/03/417
He was born in Rome. His papacy was He was born in Albano. His papacy was
marked by the controversies with the Arians, marked by the sack of Rome, by the
They chose antipope Felix II. He initiated the Gothic wars of Alaric. He manages to
construction of the Basilica of Santa María prohibits fights between Gladiators in the
Mayor. Circus. Established the monastic rules.

37 41
Dámaso I Zosimus
Saint Damasus Saint Zosimus
September 1, 366 to December 11, 384 18/03/417 to 26/12/418
He was born in Spain. During his papacy, he was born in Masuraca Greece.
they were translated from Hebrew the Sacred Temperamental and moralist, prohibited that
Scriptures. The 2nd Council proclaimed that illegitimate children be ordained.
Ecumenical. priests.

38 42
Siricius I Boniface I
Saint Siricius Saint Boniface
15/12/384 to 26/11/399 28/12/418 to 22/09/422
He was born in Rome. He adopted the designation Born in Rome. His choice was
of the Pope. He imposed celibacy for the marked, due to the intervention of Carlos of
priests and deacons. Ravenna, being consecrated Pope, seven
months after the election, due to
appearance of the antipope Eulalius.
43 47
Celestine I Simplicio
Saint Celestine St. Simplicius
10/09/422 to 27/07/432 3/03/468 to 10/03/483
Born in Rome. Convened the 3rd Council Born in Tivoli. His Pontificate was
Ecumenical, in which they were condemned marked by two relevant facts: the
the followers of Nestorius. He sent to Saint after the fall of the Western Roman Empire
Patricio to Ireland. and the schism of the churches of Armenia,
Syria, Egypt (Coptic).
44 I legislate on the distribution of the
Sixtus III alms to the pilgrims and to the new ones
Saint Sixtus churches.
31/07/432 to 19/08/440
He was born in Rome. He expanded the basilica of 48.
Saint Mary Major and Saint Lawrence. Félix III
Saint Felix
45 March 13, 483 to March 1, 492
Saint Leo I the Great He was born in Rome. He tried to establish peace.
Saint Leon in the East. Several children are known to him, so
29/0)/440 to 10/11/461 as he was the grandfather of Saint Gregory the Great.
He was born in the Italian Tuscany. He proclaimed on the 4th He was mistakenly considered Felix II a
and 5 Ecumenical council, defining the holy martyr.
mystery of the Incarnation. At the gates
from Rome, alone and defenseless, made 49 retreat
Atilla the 'scourge of God'. Gelasio I
Saint Gelasius
46 1st March 492 to 21st November 496

Saint Hilary He was born in Rome. He was called the Father

Hilario of the Poor. I reclaim the supremacy of
19/11/461 to 29/02/468 the Church before the King.
He was born in Caller. He established rules about the
succession of the Pontiffs and Bishops.
He established a Vicarage in Spain. Anastasius II
Anastasio
24/11/496
He was born in Rome. During his Papacy, he
produced the conversion of Clovis, king of
the Francos. He was weak with the schismatics and 54
he was accused of heresy. Dante Alighieri it Felix IV (III)
put in Hell. San Félix
12/07/526 to 22/09/530
51 He was born in Benevento. He was appointed by
Simacus Theodoric, but showed loyalty to the
San Simaco Church, what caused him the exile.
22/11/498 to 19/07/514
He was born in Sardinia. He obtained the freedom of 55
all those who remained as slaves. Boniface II
He established that ecclesiastical property belonged to Boniface.
the usufruct of the clerics. Started on 22/09/530 to 17/09/532
construction of the Vatican Palace. He was born in Rome. He was considered a barbarian and
foreigner and chose an antipope
52 call Dioscorus. I build the
Hormisdas Monastery of Montecassino.
Saint Hormisdas: Frosinone
20/07/514 to 6/08/523 56
He was born in Frosinone. During his Juan II
pontificate, St. Benedict founded the order John
of the Benedictines. 2/01/533 to 8/05/535
He was born in Rome. He was the first Pope, who
53 he changed his name. His first name was
John I Mercury. He was recognized as Chief of
Saint John all the Bishops of the World, for a
August 13, 523 to April 18, 526 decree of King Atalarico.
He was born in Populonia, Italy. He crowned the
Emperor Justinian. He was sent by 57
Theodorico in Constantinople, for Agapitus I
interceded for the eastern Goths, before Saint Agapitus
the lack of success in the mission, Theodoric, from 05/13/535 to 04/22/536
he was imprisoned in Ravenna, where he was born in Rome. The King of the Goths
died of hunger. sent to Constantinople, to curb the
desires of Justinian to invade Italy.
He died poisoned.
58 61
Silverio John III
Saint Silverius Juan
1/06/536 to 11/11/537 17/06/561 to 13/07/574
He was born in Frosinone. Martyr. Rome is He was born in Rome. He took the lead of the
taken by the Emperor's troops resistance against the invasion of the
Justinian, at the forefront of which are the Lombards.
Belisario. The Pope is forced to resign and
he is exiled on the island of Ponza, where he was 62
murdered. Benedict I
Benedict
59 2/06/575 to 30/07/579
Virgil He was born in Rome. His Papacy was seen
Virgil affected by alterations caused by
March 29, 537 to June 7, 555 the invasions of the Barbarians.
He did not yield to the pressures to condemn the
Eutychian theory and was arrested, although 63
he was able to escape. Justinian, public the Pelagius II
Pragmatic sanction that limited Pelagius
authority of the Pope over faith. Proclaimed from 12/26/579 to 02/07/590
5 Ecumenical Council. He was born in Rome. I request help to
Constantinople, to lift the siege of
60 Rome by the Lombards. Died, victim
Pelagius I of an epidemic.
Pelagio
16/04/556 to 4/04/561 64
He was born in Rome. He remained faithful to St. Gregory (the Great)
Principles of Catholic orthodoxy. Ordered by Gregory
build the church of the SS. Apostles from 3/09/590 to 12/05/604
Rome. He was born in Rome. I affirm the Authority of
Dad. During the plague, he had a vision of
the appearance of an angel on a rock.
He instituted Gregorian chant.
65 69
Sabinian Boniface V
Sabinian Bonifacio
13/09/604 to 22/02/606 23/11/619 to 25/09/625
He was born in Blera. Elected after being born in Naples. The struggles for the crown.
the papal chair was vacant for six months. Italian, they delayed the start of their
I normalize the use of bells and have been pontificating for eleven months. Established the
they see the Churches.
persecuted and sought refuge in the Church.
66 His papacy coincides with the birth
Bonifacio III of Islam, for Muhammad begins his
Bonifacio first preachings.
19/02/607 to 12/11/607
He was born in Rome. He established that the Pope was 70.
the Bishop of Rome and his universal character, Honorius I
as well as rules for the election of the Pope. Honorio
27/10/625 to 12/10/638
67 He was born in Capua. I enhanced the missions.
Boniface IV I settle the differences with the Church in
Saint Boniface Orient, and the schism of Aquileia. Established
25/08/608 to 8/05/615 the feast of the 'Exaltation of the Holy Cross'
He was born in Abruzzo. He consecrated the different ones on September 14.
Churches and established the Feast of All
Saints. 71
Severino
68 Severino
Diosdado I 28/05/640 to 2/08/640
Saint Diosdado (Adeodato) He was born in Rome. He faced the Emperor.
10/10/615 to 8/11/618 Byzantine Heraclius, to defend the
He was born in Rome. He is attributed with the healing of monotheism, as a revenge of Heraclius.
from lepers and outcasts. The church of St. John and the Palace instituted the looting.
papal seal, which is kept in Lateran.
Vatican.
72 75
John IV Eugene I
Juan IV Saint Eugene
24/12/640 to 12/10/642 10/08/654 to 2/06/657
He was born in Dalmatia. He sought the unity of the Nation in Rome. His election was anticipated.
Church of Egypt. Transfer to Lateran in the year after the death of Martin I. Imposed the
bodies of the martyrs Venancio, chastity to the priests.
Anastasio and Mauro.
76
73 Vitaliano
Theodore I San Vitaliano
Theodore 30/07/657 to 27/01/672
24/11/642 to 14/05/649 He was born in Segni. He sent Nuncios to Galilee,
e England. Converted to
He was born in Jerusalem. He added the title of Spain.
Sovereign to the Pontiff. I revisited Christianity to the Lombards in the year
internal jurisdiction of the Clergy. It maintained 671.
discrepancies with Emperor Constantius
and the Church of the East. It is suspected that 77
he died poisoned. Adeodatus II
Adeodato
74 11/04/672
Martin I He was born in Rome. He developed an important
Saint Martin missionary labor, especially in Syria and
07/649 to 16/09/655 Armenia, converting to Christianity the
Born in Todi. Martyr. Condemned the Moronites.
Eastern bishops protected by the
Byzantine emperor. Imprisoned and78
exiled died of suffering on the island of Dono
Cherso. The Dono festival is celebrated for the first time.
of the "Immaculate Virgin," on March 25. 2/11/676 to 11/04/678
He was born in Rome. He achieved reunification.
which had occurred due to the Schism of
Ravenna. I support the Treviri Schools in
Galilee and Cambridge in England.
79 83
Agathon Conon
Saint Agathon Conón
June 27, 678 to January 10, 681 21/09/686 to 21/09/687
He was born in Palermo. They called him Born in Thrace. He lived a very pontificate.
Miracle worker for the miracles that were agitated by the pressures exerted by the
attributes. He maintained an intense relationship with the Byzantine Empire and it is suspected that he died.
the Irish and English Churches. During its poisoned.
The Pontificate celebrated the 6th Council.
Ecumenical. 84
Sergio I
80 Saint Sergio
Leo II December 15, 687 to September 8, 701

Saint Leon He was born in Antioch. He was elected to

17/08/682 to 3/07/683 close the schism caused by the
He was born in Sicily. He gives religious festivals the proclamation of two Antipope. He introduced
of great solemnity, including the rite of the singing of the 'Agnus Dei'.
holy water.
85
81 John VI
Benedict II Juan
Saint Benedict 30/10/701 to 11/01/705
26/06/684 to 8/05/685 He was born in Ephesus. He lived a moment of
He was born in Rome. He reinforced the growth immunity of Islam and the rejection of
I separate the power of the Church from Christianity in Byzantium, just as the
State, introduced by the expansion of Islam through the Peninsula
Emperor Justinian. Iberian.

82 86
Juan V John VII
Juan Juan
23/07/685 to 2/08/686 1/03/705 to 18/10/707
Born in Antioch (Syria). He was born in Rossano in Calabria. Did not access.
Corsica and Sicily, the privileges granted to the proposals of Emperor Justinian
to name Bishops. He was elected by the II, which led to the massacres.
pressures of the Byzantine Empire. indiscriminate of the Latin peoples,
until their separation from the Empire in 90
East. Gregory III
Saint Gregory
87 18/03/731 to 28/11/741
Sisinio He was born in Syria. I request the king's support.
Sisinnius Franco Carlos Martel, to expel the
January 15, 708 to February 4, 708 Lombards. For the help received they were
He was born in Syria. His papacy lasted less, granting the Frankish kings the title of
of 1 month. I start the reconstruction of the 'Christianity'.
walls of Rome, battered by the siege
of Lombards and Saracens. 91
Zacarias
88 Saint Zacharias
Constantine 10/12/741 to 22/03/752
Constantine He was born in Calabria. He carried out the first
25/03/708 to 9/04/715 the investiture of a Pontiff to a King, in the
He was born in Syria. He was forcibly taken to the person of King Charles the Bald.
Byzantium, to sign the peace between the Church opposed the occupation of Italy by the
and the Empire. I support the Reconquista Duke of Friuli.
Spanish against the Muslim invaders.
I institutionalize the "kiss of the feet". 92
Esteban II and Esteban III
89 Esteban
Gregory II 23/03/752 y 26/03/752 a 26/04/757
Saint Gregory Stephen II was only Pope for 1 day. Stephen
19/05/715 to 11/02/731 III, his choice was received with great
Born in Rome. The Edict of Enthusiasm.
Constantinople prohibited the worship of the
images and the destruction of 93 was ordered
the same, this led to the uprising of Paul I
the Italians against the army of Leon III. Saint Paul
The sect of the iconoclasts was expelled. 29/04/757 to 28/06/767
He was born in Rome. He attempted reunification.
with the Greek Church. He carried out a work
pastoral, rescuing those who were suffering pains
of prison. He is credited with the discovery
from the remains of Saint Petronilla, which is believed to be 97
who was the daughter of Saint Peter. Esteban IV (V)
Esteban
94 22/06/816 to 24/01/817
Esteban III (IV) He was born in Rome. I normalized the oath to
Esteban III (IV) emperor, under the reservation of faith to the Pope.
1/08/768 to 24/01/772 Emperor crowned Ludovico king of the
He was born in Sicily. Solving the problems of Francis and his wife Ermengarda in Reims.
created by the election of two Antipope.
He exerted a great influence over King 98
FrancoCarlomagno. Helped thePascal I
Christians of Palestine. Saint Paschal I
25/01/817 to 11/02/824
95 He was born in Rome. Ludovico II, King of the
Adrian I Franco granted him Corsica and Sardinia.
Adrian He unearthed and moved more than 2300
1/02/772 to 25/12/795 corpses what they were restingin the
He was born in Rome. During his Papacy, he helped the Christians of the catacombs.
I celebrate the 7th Ecumenical Council. It took place in Palestine and Spain in their struggle against the
the repair of the walls of Rome and Muslims.
aqueducts. .

96 99
Saint Leo III Eugene II
Saint Leon Eugene II
26/12/795 to 12/06/816 11/05/824 to 27/08/827
He was born in Rome. On Christmas of the year He was born in Rome. He was the creator of the
800, Corona Charlemagne in the Basilica seminars and the strict commission
from San Pedro, which meant the birth of censors monitoring the canons and
of the Holy Roman Empire. He established the laws, which over time gave rise to the
Palatine School, the embryo of the current Roman Curia.
University of Paris.
100 the walls around the hill
Valentine Vatican.
Valentine
01/09/827 to 16/09/827 104
He was born in Rome. His election was a Benedict III
enormous joy and great manifestations Benedict
of joy, due to his kind character and 29/09/855 to 17/04/858
to his noble spirit. He was born in Rome. His pontificate was
marked by the intrusions of
101 Emperor and the antipope Anastasius. Lucho
Gregory IV to unify all the sects and bring them together in
Gregorio the fight against the Saracens.
20/09/827 to 11/01/844
He was born in Rome. Before the invasion
Muslim of Italy, that had Nicolas I (the Great)
disembarked y conquering San Nicolás
Civitavecchia, Ostia, which was considered a 24/04/858 to 13/11/867
threat to Rome, organized a Nation in Rome. He maintained disputes with the
powerful army, at the forefront of which Emperor Ludovico II placed, that finally
to the Duke of Tuscany, who defeated by organizing jointly
various occasions to the Muslims. an expedition against the Saracens.
It established the feast of the Assumption on the 15th of
102 August.
Sergio II
Sergio II 106
01/844 to 27/01/847 Adrian II
He was born in Rome. During his papacy, Adrian II.
produced the Saracen siege of Rome from 12/14/867 to 12/14/872
he looted several churches, including that of San Nació in Rome. Crowned the King in Rome
Pablo. of England of Alfred the Great King of
England. Convened the 8th Council
103 Ecumenical. Interceded for peace among the
Leo IV Catholic kingdoms.
Saint Leon
10/04/847 to 17/07/855
He was born in Rome. He implemented the use of the
date on official documents. I raise
107 He prohibited the trial by fire and water in
John VIII the trials.
John VIII
December 14, 872 to December 16, 882 111
He was born in Rome. He defended Rome from the Formoso.
Saracens, defeating them in Terracina. Formoso: Portus
Crowned Carlos the Thick, who promised 6/10/891 to 4/04/896
his support, to defeat the Saracens, was born in Ostia. As Cardinal, he crowned the
breaking the promise, which led King of Italy to Arnolfo, who later was
the defeat of the Pope's troops against the Emperor of Germany. This fact
Saracens. it was assumed that Pope John VIII, it
he will excommunicate. He was the architect of the

108 conversion of the Bulgarians.

Marino I
Marino I 112
16/12/882 to 15/04/884 Boniface VI
He was born in Galese (Rome). He pressed on Boniface.
Emperor Basil of the East to avoid 04/896 to 04/896
the Schism. There are well-founded suspicions that he was born in Rome. Supported by the great
was poisoned. feudal lords and the opponents of the Pope
Formoso managed to reach the papal throne,
109 but 15 days after the election he
Adrian III death came.
San Adrián III
May 17, 884 to September 885 113
He was born in Rome. He attempted to restore Stephen VI (VII)
relations with Emperor Fazio. Stephen died.
during the trip to France, where it had been 05/896 to 08/897
invited by Carlos the Thick. He was born in Rome. His papacy is
characterized by the resentful and abominable
110 fact of exhuming the Pope's corpse
Esteban V (VI) Beautiful and threw it into the Tiber River. It was

Esteban arrested for a popular uprising and

09/885 to 14/09/891 he died strangled in prison.
He was born in Rome. He was elected against his will.

will and brought to Rome as Pontiff.

114 Leo V
Welsh León V
Welsh 07/903 to 09/903
08/897 to 11/897 He was born in Ardea. His papacy was
He was born in Galese (Rome). He rehabilitated the marked by a time of disorder, which
memory of Pope Formosus, shortly after reaching the
profusion of his predecessor. He died during the Pontificate that led him to jail, where he was
poisoned. murdered after a few days of his
the papacy was imprisoned and assassinated,
115 burning your body and throwing the
Theodore II ashes to the Tiber river.
Theodore
12/897 to 12/897 119
He was born in Rome. I carried the corpse of Pope Sergius III.
Beautiful at the Vatican. He had a short Sergio.
Papal reign of 20 days and it is suspected that from 29/01/2004 to 14/04/911.
died poisoned. He was born in Rome. His choice is due to
Theofilacto, who deposed and imprisoned the
116 antipope Christopher and then he did it
John IX strangling alongside Pope Leo V. He defended
Juan the rights of the Church, in the face of the
01/898 to 01/900 intrusions of the feudal lords.
He was born in Tivoli. He allowed interference During his Papacy the Order was created
imperial in the election of the Popes and Cluny, thanks to the donation of a villa
I reaffirm the dominion of the Church over those carried out by Duke William I of
territories of Rome. Aquitaine. I reconstruct the Basilica of Saint
Juan in Laterano, destroyed by a
117 fire. During his Pontificate, it began
Benedict IV the period known as 'pornocracy'
Benedict IV due to the influence that in decisions
February 1, 900 to July 903 papal, they were going to play with the lovers of the
He was born in Rome. He consecrated pontiffs as Emperor. He was excommunicated by John IX and
Ludovico of Burgundy. His pontificate was in exile until Pope Leo V,
was affected by corruption and hatred, revoked the excommunication and was able to return to
I try and fight to uphold justice. Rome in 903. He was the lover of Theodora,
the wife of Teofilacto and his daughter
118
Marozia, with whom he had a son, who is 123
would become future Pope John XI Leo VI
Lion
120 05/928 to 12/928
Anastasius III He was born in Rome. His election prevailed by
Anastasio the pressures of Marozia. She succeeded
04/911 to 06/913 calm the struggles of the Roman state to
He was born in Rome. He was elected thanks to focusing on the fight against the Saracens.
support from Theophilact, his wife Theodora, and the Hungarians. His Pontificate, it
the daughter of both, Marozia, being a puppet characterized by the flourishing of the
in the hands of these. He had a papacy, arts, commerce, and industry.
dominated by internal struggles and the
pressures of Berengario. He died124
poisoned, suspected to be by the order of Esteban VII (VIII)
Theophilus. He was the second pope of Stephen.
period known as "pornocracy". 12/928 to 02/931
He was born in Rome. He was a Pope, imposed.
121 due to the pressures of the Tuscolo.
Landon
Landon (Landus) 125
07/913 to 02/914 John XI
He was born in Sabina. His election was the result of Juan XI.
the pressure of various sects, achieving 03/931 to 12/935
restore peace. Died poisoned. He was born in Rome. He was imposed by the
will and influences of her family.
122 He fought against libertinism.
Juan X
Juan 126
03/914 to 05/928 Leo VII
He was born in Tossignano. His armies Lion VII
they fought against the Saracens 3/01/936 to 13/07/939
defeating them in Garillano. He was born in Rome. He fought against witches,
The appointment was due to pressures and fortune tellers and witches.
dark and was imprisoned and murdered without
wanting to participate in these plots
dishonest.
127
Esteban VIII (IX) 131
Esteban Leo VIII
14/07/939 to 09/10/942 Lion
Born in Rome. Collaborated with Louis IV from 12/6/963 to 1/93/965.
Oltremare, to suppress the insurrection of Born in Rome. Elected as antipope
the Frankish subjects. He was pressured by Otto I after several disputes with
the impositions of Alberico II. Expanded the predecessor and with the successor Benedict
the message of the Gospel through the East and V. He prohibited the laity from entering it
West. presbytery during solemn functions.

128 132
Marino II Benedict V
Marino II Benedict
30/10/942 to 05/946 May 22, 964 to July 4, 966
Born in Rome. Modified the rules of the Born in Rome. Was exiled in
Ecclesiastical Orders. He managed to make Hamburg by Otto I until his death.
Rome, the scepter of the Arts and Letters. Leo VIII. Upon the death of the antipope, Oton
I, under pressure from the Franks and Romans
129 he recognizes the investiture. He died in
Agapito II Hamburg, known for its holiness.
Agapito II
10705/946 to 12/955 133
He was born in Rome. Helped by John XIII.
Emperor Otto I of Germany pacified Giovanni Crescenci
In part Italy and converted to Christianity from 1/10/965 to 6/09/972
King of Denmark Harold. Imposed rules. Born in Rome. Imprisoned for
to modify the morality of the Clergy. supporters of a diverse current for
almost 10 months, he was released with the
130 help from Otto I. Spread Christianity
John XII in Poland and in Bohemia. Introduced the use
Juan to bless and give a name to the
16/12/955 to 14/05/964 bells. I crown Oton II at 12 years old,
He was born in Rome. He crowned Otto I, son of Otto I, and married him to Theophano.
Germany as Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, niece of the Byzantine Emperor John I
Roman Empire, who years later Tzimisces.
would deposit.
134 Antipope Boniface VII, I take the opportunity to
Benedict VI return and when Juan XIV, was coming back to
Benedict Rome, Francone arrested him by imprisoning him
19/01/973 to 06/974 in the Castle of S. Angel, until he died
He was born in Rome. During his Pontificate, he starved.
Hungary converted to Christianity. Dead
the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, 137
Otto I, the anti-German faction, led by John XV
by Crescencio, he overthrew Benedict VI and John
names the antipope Boniface VII, who served from 08/985 to 03/996.
I imprison him and subsequently order that he was born in Rome. Antipope Boniface VII,
they would strangle, to eliminate the possibility he remained almost a year in the papal headquarters:
of release by the representative of the elapsed 15 days after the death of
German Emperor. Boniface VII was elected John XV, by
imposition of Crescencio II. He had to
135 to face all kinds of intrigues and
Benedict VII conspiracies, having to take refuge in
Benedict Tuscany. He managed to settle the disputes
09/974 to 10/07/983 existing with the church of Reims.
He was born in Rome. He was imposed by the Canonization of Saint Ulderico.
Count Sicco of Spoleto, representative of
Emperor Otto II, who deposed the 138
antipope Boniface VII and later Gregory V
excommunicate. He repressed the abuses that Bruno of Carinthia committed.
they committed, mainly of simony and from 3/05/996 to 18/02/999
he fought the ignorance that reigned in the Born in Saxony. He was a cousin of the
Christian world, giving a great boost to Emperor Otto III and was imposed by him.
agriculture. The Roman people did not accept it, and
when Oton III went to Germany, he was
136 overthrown by Crescencio II, taking refuge
John XIV in Pavia, the Antipope John was replaced
Peter Dog of Panova XVI, by the imposition of Crescencio II. In
12/983 to 20/08/984 998, Otto III, returned to Italy and restored it.
He was born in Pavia. Imposed by him again in the Holy See, beheading.
German Emperor Otto II. His election to Crescentius II and mutilating and imprisoning
was preceded by intrigues and plots. In a monastery to Juan XVI. Instituted the
a few days after the death of Oton II, the celebration of the Day of the Dead.
139 142
Sylvester II Sergio IV
Gerbert of Aurillac Pietro Matino Buccapoci
February 4, 999 to December 5, 1003 31/07/1009 to 12/05/1012
He was born in Auvergne (France). The Pope was born in Rome. He was imposed by
Millennium. A promoter of the Path of Crescencio III. He maintained good relations.
Santiago. He was in a Catalan convent and with the Emperors of the East and
I familiarize myself with Arab advancements, the West. During his papacy, he
what led him to implement the numbering produces the destruction of the church of
Arab. For his knowledge of the Holy Sepulcher, by order of the Caliph.
astronomy and physics, he was served by the Fatimid A-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.
consideration of sorcerer. It had to germinate for the proclamation of the
to endure the stampede and disorder that Crusades.
it was expected that the year 1000 would
it was that of the Last Judgment: A thousand and no more. 143
Benedict VIII
140 Theophylactus
John XVII 18/05/1012
Siccone Secchi He was born in Rome. He was elected by
6/1003 to 6/11/1003 imposition of the Counts of Tusculum,
He was born in Rome. The persistent disorder being expelled by the family of the
due to the effect of the change of Millennium, thus Crescencio recovers the Papacy year and
as through the power vacuum left after the meantime later with the support of Enrique
death of Oton III of Germany. II, in exchange for help, I crown him
Emperor. Issued orders against the
141 simony, mourning, and prohibited marriage
John XVIII of the clerics. He decreed the Truce of God,
Juan Fasano that prohibited battles on Saturday
1/1004 to 7/1009 in the evening and Monday morning.
He was born in Rome. He was elected by
imposition of Crescencio III. Crowned 144
as emperor of the Holy Empire to King John XIX
from Italy Henry II the Saint. He obtained Romanus
unify the Greek and Latin Church. 5/1024 to 10/1032
He expanded Christianity in the territories. He was born in Rome. He was the brother of Benedict.
of the Barbarians VIII. He crowned Corrado II in Rome
Germany as Emperor. Had 147
confrontations with the court of Byzantium and Benedict IX (2nd period)
recognition of the Patriarch of Constantinople to Theophylact
exchange of a significant amount of money, 04/10/1045 to 05/01/1045
agreement that was rejected by the entire Chosen for the second time on 10/04/1045,
Church y he had to revoke the resignation on 1/05/1045, that is to say he occupied the
recognition. Papal chair for the second time, for 20
days and sold the Papacy for 1500 pounds
145 of gold to the Archpriest Juan Graciano, who
Benedict IX (1st term) he accessed as Gregory VI.
Theophylactus
1032 to 1044 148
He was born in Rome. He was elected Pope 3 times. Gregory VI
Elected Pope for the first time, at 12 years old Juan Gracian
in 1032 and deposed in 1044, from 05/05/1045 to 20/12/1046
elected three times. In the second Born in Rome. Bought the position of
period, forcibly expelled Silvestre Pontiff to Benedict IX. I created the army
III, being re-elected on 10/04/1045 and a Pontiff, took the lead of it.
Months later, he sold the Papacy to stop the invaders.
1500 pounds of gold to Archpriest Juan
Graciano, who was crowned as Gregorio 149
VI. The King of Bohemia, imposed by Clement II
transfer of the relics of Saint Adalbert to Clement (Suitger)
Prague 24/12/1046 to 9/10/1047
He was born in Saxony. He had strong
146 confrontations with the Bishops, in
Silvester III (John) concrete with Bishop Ariberto of Milan,
Giovanni dei Crescenci due to the economic potential that
January 20, 1045 to February 10, 1045 they had reached.
He was born in Rome. He was elected Pope after the
deposition of Benedict IX. 150
Benedict IX (3rd period)
Theophilus
8/11/1047 to 17/07/1048
He was elected for the third time and resigned from the
Pontificate, eight months after the
election, due to the strong resistance to its
appointment by the family of 154
the Crescencios and by the advice of Stephen IX (X)
influence of Saint Bartholomew. Repentant Frederick
from his turbulent life, he became a monk from 08/03/1057 to 03/29/1058
Saint Basil in Grottaferrata, where he died. He was born in Lorraine. He legislated rules regarding the
and is buried. moral conduct of the clergy and prohibited the
marriage between blood relatives. Period
151 of tranquility, due to the right
Dámaso II election of advisors who advised him.
Poppo
17/07/1048 to 09/08/1048 155
He was born in Bavaria. He succeeded Benedict IX as Nicholas II.
by the will of Emperor Henry III of Gerard
Germany having renounced the tiara from 01/24/1059 to 07/27/1061
Aliardo, bishop of Lyon. He retired to Born in Burgundy. He convened in Rome a
Palestine where he died. Synod, where the election of
Dad, for the Cardinals and the election of
152 the Bishops by the Pope.
Leo IX (X)
Bruno 156
12/02/109 to 19/04/1054 Alexander II
Born in Lorraine. Chosen by the pressure of Anselmo da Baggio
Clero and the Roman people, demonstrated from 01/10/1061 to 21/04/1073
humility, entering Rome on foot. Born in Milan. Good religious and bad.
barefoot. I try to avoid the Great Diplomatic Schism, which meant that he did not become
between the Church of the East and Rome. recognized by German Emperor Henry
IV, who named Antipope Honorius II.
153 He undertook numerous reforms in the clergy.
Victor II French.
Gebhard
16/04/1055 to 28/07/1057 157
He was born in Bavaria. He was elected after Gregory VII.
to be vacant for a year, from the Pontifical chair. Saint Hildebrand
Blessed Enrique III, on the bed from 04/22/1073 to 05/25/1085
death. He lived a peaceful papacy and was born in Tuscany. He established the doctrine
prospero. from "Dictatus papae" by which: only the
Father is universal and no one can judge him.
I revoke the excommunication of Henry IV, Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos,
when he was relocated and implored the request for help to fight against the o
forgive me, dressed in a habit during 3 Seljuk Turks. Urban II promised the
days. help and conceived the idea of seizing land
Saint to the unfaithful. In November 1095
158 he convened the Council of Clermont, and
Victor III he exposed his thoughts. The Crusade,
Blessed Dauferius, Desiderius was summoned at the shout of God
May 24, 1086 to September 16, 1087 God wants it!
He was born in Montecasino. He was elected and to the
four days after his election he abdicated, being 160
once again elected and taken by force, Pascual II
from Montecasino to Rome, where Raniero is
consagro. Excommunicated the antipope Clement 14/08/1099 to 21/01/1118
III. He was born in Bieda (Ravenna). The struggles for
the supremacy of the Pope or the emperor, him
159 forced into exile. Enrique V, succeeded
Urban II to be crowned with the right to
Odón de Chantillon inauguration. The church of S. was built.
12/03/1088 to 29/07/1099 Mary of the village, where the Romans saw
He was born in Lagery. In 1083, when Henry the ghost of Nero.
IV had him imprisoned for a brief
period of time. Their arrival in Rome, 160
was preceded by the opposition of Gelasio II
Emperor of Germany Henry IV and the Giovanni Caetani
struggles that he had to maintain for 3 March 16, 1118 to January 28, 1119
Days with the troops of Antipope Clement. He was born in Gaeta. He was imprisoned by the
III, whom he defeated with the help of the troops. rebel Cencio Frangipane and placed in
Normans of Roger I. In 1089, he had to gain freedom thanks to the action of the navy.
abandon Rome, which was again occupied by the Genoese. I returned to Rome dressed in
for the Antipope Clement III pilgrim.
Crowned Conrado, son of Enrique IV,
as King of the Romans. In 1095,
also excommunicated King Philip I of
France, being confronted with both
most powerful monarchs in Europe. In
1095, during the Council of Piacenza, the
162 165
Calixtus II Celestine II
Guido of Burgundy Guido
8/02/1124 to 13/12/1124 March 3, 1143 to March 8, 1144
He was born in Burgundy. Organizer of the Nation in Castle City. I counted on the
Second Crusade. The Codex attributed to the help of Saint Bernard allowed him to
Calixtinus, although there are well-founded doubts. to appease the Church, the cessation of the struggles
if it is not true. I reaffirm the agreement between Scotland and England. I raise the
Worms, in which the right of excommunication is recognized for Louis VII.
the Popes in the appointment of the 166
Bishops. It is the Pope who signs the Codex Lucio II
Calixtinus Gerardo Caccianemici
12/03/1144 to 15/02/1145
163 He was born in Bologna. He ruled in the midst of
Honorius II the agitations caused by Arnaldo of
Lamberto Brescia. With the beginning of the heads of
21/12/1124 to 13/02/1130 the party in Italy marks the end of the Middle Ages.
Born in Fiagnano. He managed to involve while pacifying a movement.
all the European courts in the popular struggle were struck with a stone and
against the Saracens. Appearance of the dead.
movements of the Guelphs, supporters
of the Pope and the Ghibellines supporters of 167
Emperor. Eugene III
Bernardo Paganelli of Montemagno
164 February 15, 1145 to July 8, 1153

Innocent II He was born in Montemano (Pisa). He had to

Gregorio Papareschi flee from Rome several times. I convened the 2nd
23/01/1130 to 24/09/1143 Crusade. It constituted the Sacred College.
He was born in Rome. He was forced to flee and built the Papal Palace. He approved.
abandon the Papal See, being restored the creation of the Knights of St. John
by Lothair of Saxony, who was crowned in Jerusalem (Order of Malta).
Emperor. Proclaimed the 10th Council
Ecumenical.
168 171
Anastasius IV Lucius III
Corrado Ubaldo Allucingoli
December 7, 1153 to March 12, 1154 6/11/1181 to 25/09/1185
He was born in Rome. He had a very papacy. He was born in Lucca. Hammer of repression.
calm, largely due to the fight against heretics. Suffered several
advice from Cardinal BrekPear, that the uprisings forced him to abandon
he would succeed as pontiff with the name Rome and take refuge in Verona.
of Adrian IV.
172
169 Urban III
Adrian IV Uberto Crivelli
Nicholas Breakspear December 1, 1185 to October 20, 1187

5/12/1154 to 1/09/1159 He was born in Milan. He was elected in Verona,

He was born in Langley (England). He established the Papal See in Verona.
defender of papal supremacy and maintained I created the Lombard League to oppose the
his stance to the extreme of the violence of Frederick Barbarossa. During
Sutri meeting, Frederick Barbarossa not his pontificate the Saracens
he put the stirrup on the Pope and he denied that they reconquered Jerusalem.
kiss of forgiveness, until they reached a
agreement y Federico was crowned 173
Emperor. Burning at the stake of Gregory VIII
Arnaldo of Brescia. Alberto de Morra
25/10/1187 to 17/12/1187
170 He was born in Benevento. He was elected in
Alexander III Ferrara. I intend to solve the problems
Rolando Bandinelli that existed with Emperor Frederick
20/09/1159 Barbarossa. He helped the Christians of the land.
He was born in Siena. He excommunicated Federico Santa, in the face of the oppression of the
Barbarossa for his mistakes and helped the Muslim League.
Lombarda to defeat him in Leñano, with the
famous "Carroccio". Proclaimed on November 11th, 174
Ecumenical Council. Clement III
Paolo Scolari
20/12/1187 to 03/1191
He was born in Rome. He obtained a Papacy.
calm. I summon the 3rd Crusade, in which
the English king Richard Heart of 178 participated
Lion. Gregory IX
Ugolino
175 21/03/1227 to 22/08/1241
Celestine III He was born in Anagni. His name was Ugolino and
Giacinto Bobone was Count of Segni. Promoter of the 6th
14/04/191 Crusade. Excommunicated Frederick II.
Was born en Rome. Established During his papacy, the
indissolubility of marriage. Granted Inquisition. Canonized Saint Francis, Saint
the approval for the creation of the Order of Antonio and Santo Domingo.
the Teutonic Knights, whose purpose was
defend the pilgrims who were going to the Land 179
Santa. Celestine IV
Goffredo Castiglioni
176 28/06/1243 to 7/11/1254
Innocent III He was born in Genoa. He was elected in Anagni.
Lotario of the Counts of Segni after remaining vacant the headquarters
February 22, 1198 to July 16, 1216 pontifical for two years. Promoter of the 7th
He was born in Anagni. He called for the Fourth Crusade. Crusade with the support of Saint Louis IX, King.
He manages to impose peace and authority in France. He proclaimed the 13th Council.
Papal States. Creation of the Ecumenical and instituted the feast of the
Orders of the Dominicans and Franciscans. Visitation.
Proclaimed the 12th Ecumenical Council.
180
177 Innocent IV
Honorius III Sinibaldo Fieschi
Censio Savelli 25/06/1243
24/07/1216 He was born in Anagni. He established the procedure.
He was born in Rome. Promoter of the 5th summary against heresy and condemned the
Crusade. Established the rights of the flagellants. Confirmed the reality of the
Pontiffs and the ceremonial for the election of the stigmata of Saint Francis and canonized to
in the 'Censorium Book'. Extended the Santa Clara.
Christianity up to Estonia supported by the
King Juan I of Sweden.
181 At the head was his illegitimate son.
Alexander IV Manfredo. He offered the throne of Sicily to
Rinaldo Conti King Louis IX of France, who rejected it and
12/12/1254 to 25/05/1261 he passed the offer to his brother,
He was born in Agnani. He was the count of Segni, under Charles of Anjou, which turned out to be a
like the previous two popes, Innocent failed, due to the intervention of the King
III and his uncle Gregorio IX. He crowned the King of Aragon, Peter III of Aragon, who was.
French Carlos of Anjou, as King of son-in-law of Manfredo, contrary to a
Sicily. In 1255, it approves the creation of the increase in power of the French crown in
University of Salamanca by Alfonso X, Italian lands. He began to point out the
the Wise, and grants him his own seal and the documents with ordinal numbers.
license to teach anywhere. Continue the
phenomenon of the flagellant pilgrims,
flagellants, who roamed the
pilgrimage paths, flagellating themselves, in 183
sign of penance. Clement IV
Guido Foulques or Guido the Fat
182 5/2/1265 to 29/11/1268
Urban IV He was born in Saint Giles (France). He was a military man.

Jacques Pantaleón de Court-Palais and secretary King Louis IX of France, to the

4/09/1261 to 2/09/1264 the death of his wife became ecclesiastical,
He was born in Troyes (France). He was a Patriarch while being the Bishop of Puy. He caused the
from Jerusalem and when he was chosen, the disappearance of the dynasty of the
It was found in the Conclave of Viterbo, where there was Hohenstaufen, the royal house of the
I go to seek support to lift the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire.
the siege that Jerusalem suffered from a Germanic force since 1138. To this end, he summoned
Muslim army. He never resided in the Sicilian Crusade to defeat and give
Rome, relocating the headquarters to cities of death to Manfredo in the Battle of
Viterbo, Orvieto, and Perugia, due to the Benevento (1266). The last member of
confrontations between the Guelfs and Ghibellines. the dynasty, Conradino of Swabia, nephew
I establish the feast of Corpus Christi, of Manfred and son of Conrad IV, attempt
through the bull Transiturus de hoc mundo recover the Crown of Sicily,
in which he condemned heresy by confronting Charles of Anjou in 1267
Berengar of Tours about at the Battle of Tagliacozzo, being made
transubstantiation eucharistic. Attempted prisoner and executed in Naples. He lived and
prevent the Ghibelline expansion in Italy died in Viterbo.
(supporters of the German Emperor), to whose
184 186
Gregory X Adriano V
Theobald Visconti Ottobono Fieschi
March 27, 1272 to January 10, 1276 11/07/1276 to 08/08/1276
He was born in Plasencia. He participated in the Eighth Nation in Genoa. He was the chaplain of his uncle.
Crusade. He was elected Pope in the absence of Pope Innocent IV and ascended to
1271, for he was in Saint John of Acre, Papacy, without being a priest, due to the
when they communicated to him the news that the influence of his family, the Counts of
He had been elected Pope. The Church was Lavagne. He passed away after 39 days of
without a Pope, almost three years, since he accessed the Papacy. He brought order to the
death of Clement IV in 1268, due to ecclesiastical rules. Suspended the norms
the confrontations of the factions of the Conclave of Gregory X.
Italian and French. The situation caused
that the town of Viterbo confined 'under
"key" to the cardinals, rationing them to bread 187
and water and destroying the roof of Juan XXI
episcopal palace where Petrus Juliani or Petrus Hispanus was located
gathered for what they would suffer
from 20/09/1276 to 20/05/1277
weather conditions and force them. Born in Portugal. He fulfilled the promise
they will make a quick decision. Proclaimed by Alfonso II of Portugal, that they
the 14th Ecumenical Council. they would respect the churches and assets located in
Portugal. He died as a result of the
185 injuries caused by the collapse
Innocent V from the Residential Palace of Viterbo. There exists
Peter of Tarentaise a leap in the numbering of the Popes,
22/02/1276 to 22/06/1276 Juan is considered an Antipope.
He was born in Champagny (France). Elected in XX.
a Conclave, strict and secret is the first
Dominican Pontiff. Tried to organize a 188
Crusade to help the Kingdom of Castile Nicolás III
in his Reconquista. Giovanni Gaetano Orsini maintained good
relations with the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 11/25/1277 to 08/22/1280
Holy Roman Empire: Rudolph was born in Rome. During the pontificate of
Habsburg. He extended Christianity to the IV Alexander was the protector of the
distant Mongolia, baptizing the three Franciscans and during the pontificate of Urban
Ambassadors sent by the Great Khan. IV acted as the Grand Inquisitor
Grand Inquisitor. He was elected by the
influence of his powerful family, to behead Conradino, who as the grandson of
Orsini. In 1278, he signed a concordat with Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, it would perpetuate.
Emperor Rudolf of Habsburg by the line of succession.
that the territories of Romagna and Martin IV were a puppet in the hands of
Ravenna, they recognized themselves as states Carlos of Anjou and when Pedro III the
Papal. He was the first Pope. In living Grande de Aragón, he was crowned as King of
definitely in the Vatican he started the Sicily, I excommunicated him and proclaimed a
famous gardens. He sent missionaries for a Crusade against the Aragonese King, which did not
convert to the Tartar Kings. was successful.
190
189 Honorius IV
Martin IV Giacomo Savelli
Simon of Brie 2/05/1285 to 3/04/1287
March 23, 1281 to March 28, 1285 He was born in Rome. On April 2, 1285, he was
He was born in France. The papal chair was chosen Pope, being ordained a priest on the 19th.
vacant for six months, due to May and consecrated Pope the next day,
discrepancies among the Italian cardinals on May 20. It was accepted by the people
and French. The monarch Charles of Anjou, Roman, first establishing the seat in the
he had two of the Vatican cardinals imprisoned and then in a palace located
Italians to achieve the election of a pope in the Aventine.
French, in the person of his protege Simón maintained the excommunication against Peter III
from Brie, who was not accepted in Rome, from Aragon and his children: Alfonso III
moving to Orvieto, Montefiascone and from Aragón and Jaime II King of Sicily. The
finally in Perugia. tension remained until 1302, during the
Crowned Charles of Anjou as King of pontificate of Boniface VIII, in which it
Sicily, which subjected the Sicilians to normalize relations.
high taxes, which caused
the rebellion, known as Vespers 191
Sicilianas, which meant the defeat of Nicholas IV
French. The throne of Sicily was offered to Girolamo Masci.
Peter III of Aragon, as legitimate 02/22/1288 to 04/04/1292
representative of the house of Hohenstaufen, Born in Ascoli. He belonged to the
Well, Pedro was married to Constanza Franciscanos, and he was in charge of
of Hohenstaufen, daughter and heiress to condemn the works of the philosopher Roger Bacon
Manfredo I of Sicily. Charles of Anjou, and order his imprisonment. Elected 10
had blinded the three male children months after the death of Honorio
Manfredo, and in 1268, captured and made IV, due to an epidemic that decimated the
Conclave and I provoked the panic of the VIII, I order you to move from Naples.
Cardinals. Crown Charles of Anjou in Rome, to avoid the danger that the
as King of Sicily and did not recognize Jaime, Neapolitans continued to consider him
II of Aragon, signing a treaty with the Pontiff. During the journey, he manages to
Alfonso III of Aragon and Philip IV escaped to take refuge in Monte
France, to dethrone James II of Morrone. He was arrested, subjected to trial and
Sicily. imprisoned in the fortress of Fumone
I convene a Crusade to liberate San where he died on May 19, 1296 after
Juan of Acre, which was a failure due to the ten months of confinement.
lack of support from the Kingdoms of Aragon and
Sicily. I grant the Kingdom of Hungary, to 193.
Charles Martel of Anjou, son of Charles II Boniface VIII
of Anjou to the detriment of the son of Benedetto Caetani
Rudolph of Habsburg: 10/24/1303 to 10/11/1303
Alberto. He was born in Anagni. Of Catalan origin, he was a
He sent missions to Christianize the great Pope. He celebrated the Year for the first time.
Tatars and the Mongols Jubilee Saint (1300) being able to repeat
every 100 years. He founded the University of the
192 "Science" in Rome. It was a protector of
Celestine V important artists among whom is
Peter Angeleri of Murrone Giotto.
7/07/1294 to 13/12/1294 I am trying to solve the problem of the vigil.
He was born in Isernia. He lived as a Sicilian ascetic, who faced the Kingdom of
for 5 years in a cave on Mount Naples with the Kingdom of Aragon. Boniface
Morrone then moved to the VIII, achieving in 1295 that James II of Aragon
Mount Abrupt and in 1244 founded the Order signed the Peace of Anagni, by which this
of the Celestines, which was approved by renouncing any rights over
Urban IV in 1264. Due to the struggles in Sicily in exchange for the fiefs of Corsica and
the Colonna and Orsini families settled in Sardinia. But the Sicilians did not accept.
papal seat in Naples. entering the agreement and they rebelled, because it was supposed to
city on the back of a donkey, led by the return of the Anjou dynasty, and
his faithful ally King Charles II of Naples appointed the brother of James II as King,
of Anjou (son of Charles I of Anjou and Frederick II.
nephew of Saint Louis) and by his son the King opposed the King of France Philip the
from Hungary: Charles Martel of Anjou. Beautiful, would subject the Church to tributes
After 4 months of the Papacy, Catholic.
renounces it, and his successor Boniface The Pope excommunicates Philip the Fair and
he charges his Counselor Guillermo on behalf of Philip the Fair, fixed the residence of the
Nogaret, who kidnapped him and took him to Paris, the Holy See in Avignon: it lasted 70 years.
which was frustrated by the uprising of the 15th Ecumenical Council.
inhabitants of Agnani. founded the University of Oxford, Perugia and
Orleans.
194 He was a puppet in the hands of the King of
Benedict XI France. Allowed Philip IV the
Niccolo Boccasini Beautiful, will be decreed on October 13th of
27/10/1303 to 07/07/1304 1307 an arrest warrant against the
He was born in Treviso. He tried to make peace with the Templars. In 1308, Clement V published
Kingdom of France, raising the bull 'Regnums in coelis' and in council
excommunication of Philip the Beautiful, but from Vienne, celebrated between 1311 and 1312,
I excommunicate Guillermo de Nogaret. The bull 'Vox in excelso' was made public.
continuously pursued by a suppressed group, although not condemned by
of the conspirators and died eating figs heresy, to the Order of the Temple.
that they had given him as a gift and supposedly
they had been poisoned by order of 196
Guillermo de Nogaret. John XXII
Jacques of Euse
The Papal See moves to 5/09/1316 to 4/12/334
Rome to Avignon. (France) Born in Cahors (France). Elected in
Lyon after an interregnum of two
Clement V moves the Papal Seat in 1309 years. He was Chancellor of Charles II of Anjou and
from Rome to the city of Avignon, which chosen by the pressure of Philip V of
belonging to the Kingdom of Naples, not yet France, which convened a Conclave in
was part of the French Crown. Lyon. He claimed the Regency of Germany,
while the Crown was disputed between:
195 Luis, duke of Bavaria, and Federico, duke
Clement V from Austria. Luis of Bavaria and Juan won.
Bertrand de Got XXII, I excommunicate him for heresy, being the
14/09/1305 to 20/04/1314 Luis's response to the invasion of Rome, and the
He was born in Wilaudraut (France). He was elected imposition of Crown Him Emperor, for
after an interregnum of 11 months, after accusing him of heresy and naming the
due to the disputes of the cardinals Antipope Nicholas V. The uprising of
French and Italians, by imposition of Roman town forced Luis to leave
Felipe IV the Beautiful, King of France. Rome and the resignation of Nicholas V, it
consecrated in Lyon and taking advice allowed to recover the tiara. Had
confrontations with the Franciscans, Black Death, which was attributed to the
condemning those called "spirituals", population as an evil caused by the
why they defended an ideal of poverty Jews, opposing their persecution and
absolute. Established the feast of the SS. creating rules to protect them. For
Trinidad, the Tribunal of the Holy Rota and saving oneself from the Black Plague, its doctors
he had the Papal Palace in Avignon built. they recommended to stay between two
I sent missions to Ceylon and Nubia. fires that were continuously stoked.
The plague gave rise to the reappearance of the
197 flagellant pilgrims.
Benedict XII Due to the revolt caused by Cola
Jacques Fournier di Rienzo reduced the interval of the Years
20/12/1334 to 25/04/1342 Santos from 100 to 50 and celebrated the 2nd in the
197 -Benedict XII (Jacques Fournier): 1350.
December 20, 1334 (January 8, 1335)
April 25, 1342. Born in Saverdum
(France). Forced by Philip VI to live Innocent VI
In France, Etienne Aubert also intervened.
Roman matters. In 1317, he was appointed from 30/12/1352 to 12/09/1362.
bishop of Pamiers, exercising a strong Born in Braisahmont (France). He sent to
persecution of the Catholic heretics. Forced Spanish cardinal Gil Álvarez de Albornoz,
the bishops to preserve the residence and next to Cola di Rienzo, so that it would end.
reformed the orders Benedictines, amidst the upheavals in which she lived immersed.
Franciscans and Dominicans. city and reorganize the Papal States.
In 1360, he succeeded in getting France and England,
198 they will sign the Treaty of Brétigny, ending the
Clement VI Hundred Years' War, that the
Peter Roger faced since 1337. Gave great impetus to
19/05/1342 to 6/12/1352 the arts and culture. Fortified Avignon
He was born in Maumont (France). He was a man with the walls, to protect it from the
cult and good. He bought from Queen Juana mercenary troops that had intervened
Naples, the city of Avignon for 18,000 in the Hundred Years' War.
gold florins that were never paid, for
absolved the Queen of the murder of the King.
He exercised nepotism by appointing as
cardinals to your relatives and allowed the
simony to finance luxuries. During his
the pandemic occurred during the pontificate of
The Papal seat moves from Henry II of Castile, Peter IV of Aragon
Avignon to Rome and back The appointment of French bishops in
Italy represented the popular rejection of
once again to Avignon
Pope who was taken advantage of
200 Bernabó Visconti to seize from
Blessed Urban V Reggio and defeat the papal troops, until
Guillaume de Grimoard that the Pontiff gained the support of the
Queen of Naples, of the King of Hungary and the
6/11/1362
He was born in France. He was elected in aEnglish mercenary John Hawkwood.
I excommunicate the population of Florence and
Conclave held in Avignon, without being
Cardinal. On October 16, 1367 he only reconciled with them after the
the Papal seat moved to Rome, but in intervention of Saint Catherine of Siena,
1357, Cardinal Albornoz passes away, whothat also convinced him to
acted as Papal legacy in the states the Holy See is relocated again to
Pontifical, it marked the beginning of newRome, arriving on January 13, 1377, not
disturbances, which caused in 1370 despite the massacre carried out by Cesema,
Urban abandoned Rome to settle down future antipope Clement VII had to
again the headquarters in Avignon. In 1368 return a Avignon returning
corono Emperor of the Holy Empire to again to Rome, in such a way
Carlos IV and in 1369 he reached agreements with the definitive on November 7, 1377. The
Byzantine Emperor John V Palaiologos, Roman Senate gave him the land of
to stop the advance of the Turks. Vatican Hill. He was the last Pope who
had Papal headquarters in Avignon. Included the
He added the 3rd crown to the tiara (triregno) on the
Basilica of St. Mary Major among those that
imperial power, the 2nd era the royal power, the 1st
spiritual power. they had plenary indulgence.

The Papal See is established

201
Gregory XI definitely in Rome.
Peter de Beaufort
5/01/1371 to 26/03/1378 202
He was born in Maumont (France). He was a nephew.Urban VI
of Clement VI and was elected Pope on Bartolomeo Prignano
30/12/130, but he was not a priest and had 18/04/1378 to 15/10/1389
He was born in Naples. Elected in a Conclave.
that delay its consecration until the
celebrated in Rome, without the presence of the
5/01/1371. He could not avoid the
resumption of the Hundred Years' War Cardinals of Avignon. At the moment of the
the election was not cardinal, but Archbishop of
Years, but if I avoid confrontation between
Bari. Their choice was mired in irregularities of the election.
disturbances as the Romans wanted a supposed seat in Avignon, no
Italian pope and during the proclamation considers the election of Boniface valid.
they thought that the French one had been chosen IX and proceeded to choose as Pope
Jean de Bar, when they meant Clement VII, both excommunicating themselves.
Archbishop of Bari. Of a fiery character, mutually. Boniface IX crowned the King.
capricious and haughty, soon had Ladislaus of Naples and Clement VII.
problems with the rest of the Cardinals and crowned Luis de Anjou. Upon the death of
Queen Joanna of Naples. On August 9 of Clement VII, the papal seat of Avignon.
In 1379, the Cardinals gathered in Agnani and elected the Spanish cardinal Pedro as Pope.
they declare the election of Urban VI and Martínez de Luna, who took the name, null and void.
They intend for me to abdicate. On the 20th of Benedict XIII and was known as the
September 1379, the Cardinals are Pope Luna. Benedict XIII, the Pope Luna,
they meet in Fondi and elect the cardinal who is considered an Antipope (1328-
Roberto of Geneva, who was adopted in 1423, there is another Pope with the name of
named Clement VII, starting the Benedict XIII (1649-1730). During his
The Western Schism would last until the Pontificate when Holy Years were celebrated.
1417. Urban VI had the support of Jubilares from 1396 and 1400, appearing
Germany, Flanders and Italy and Clement VII, again the flagellant pilgrims,
with the support of Naples and the rest of those called 'Bianchi' o Albati
European Monarchies. organized like a cult, whose clothing
Urban VI ordered Juana to be deposed wearing a white habit with a red cross.
Naples, replacing Carlos Durazzo, But the 3rd and 4th Holy Year (1390-1400)
that ultimately arrested him and imprisoned him, during which from Provence he
dying in prison, reportedly infiltrated the "white sect", made a
poisoned. call to assist the emperor
Byzantine Manuel II Palaeologus, threatened
The Western Schism by the Ottoman Sultan Bayaceto, situation
which was resolved by the appearance of the Turk-
203 Mongol Tamerlane, who was pushing for
Boniface IX Orient to Bayaceto.
Pietro Tomacelli
9/11/1389 to 1/09/14004
He was born in Naples. He was elected by the
pressure from the Roman people, which forced
to vote in the Conclave, without counting the presence
of the cardinals who were not Italians and he
they pressured them with decapitation if they didn't
204 Benedict XIII y Gregory XII.
Innocent VII John XXIII was forced to abdicate,
Cosma Migliorati Gregory XII voluntarily abdicated and
November 11, 1404 to November 6, 1406 recognized the validity of the council and
He was born in Sulmona. He became involved in the Benedict XIII, refused to abdicate, for the
Welfs and Ghibellines uprisings. He asked which one was deposed.
help to Ladislaus of Naples in exchange for After an interregnum of two years, on the 26th of
promise him support in front of the July of 1417; a new Pope was elected, whose
claims to the Crown of Naples election fell to Martin V, who was
by the French Louis of Anjou. Not recognized by everyone and put an end to the Schism
he was able to resolve the Schism that had arisen in the West, which had divided the Church
with Benedict XIII. It is suspected that he died nearly 40 years ago.
poisoned. Expanded the powers of
Greek and medicine. 206
Martin V
205 Oddone Colonna
Gregory XII 21/11/1417 to 20/11/1431
Angelo Correr Born in Rome. Elected two years later
19/12/1406 to 18/10/1417 From the Council of Constance. Before
He was born in Venice. He was elected upon returning to Rome, and he maintained his residence in
resignation commitment, if Mantua and Florence resigned. Set it at 5 years,
Benedict XIII. On March 25, 1409, the frequency of celebration of the
It celebrated the Council of Pisa, to which Councils were summoned. It arranged Concordats with the
both Pontiffs were invited, without European Monarchies attending. He was a protector of
none. The Council deposed both the Arts, following the trend that it initiated.
Pontiffs and a month later I named it the 'Renaissance'. He celebrated the 5th in 1423.
Alejandro V. At that moment there were three Holy Jubilee Years and for the first time
Pontiffs: Gregory XII, Benedict XIII and opened a Holy Door in the Basilica of Saint
Alejandro V, representing the 3 Johns in Lateran.
obediences: the Roman, the Avignonese and the
written. 207
In 1410, Alexander V died and was succeeded by Eugene IV.
John XXIII, Sigismund Emperor of Gabriele Condulmer
Holy Roman Empire, convinced him to from 11/03/1431 to 23/02/1447
he will convene a council in Constance. He was born in Venice. He was the nephew of Gregory.
to put an end to the Schism, in which three XII. Proclaimed the 17th Ecumenical Council
the fathers declared themselves legitimate: John XXIII, in Basel, but out of fear he moved it to
Ferrara and later to Florence. Having chosen his successor with his cardinals.
decided the supremacy of the Pope over Clement VIII. Alfonso V, eager to
Council, the adversary chose to end the schism, sent him to Peñiscola,
last antipope Philip V. to convince Clement VIII and he
would put in front of Pope Martin V. In 1442,
208 accompanies Alfonso V, in the campaign of
Nicholas V the conquest of Naples, being elected
Tommaso Parentucelli Cardinal by Eugenio IV. Established the
March 19, 1447 to March 24, 1455 Nepotism, granting positions to their
He was born in Sarzana. Pope Eugene IV, the relatives. Upon the death of Alfonso V of
Sent as a Papal legacy among the Holy Aragon, he confronted his son, Ferrante I,
Seat and the Holy Roman Empire. Referring to not recognizing him as King of Naples.
a short time after being elected, he signed his nephew, whom he had appointed
Vienna Concordat, through which the Cardinal became Pope Alexander
he agreed to name Federico VI Emperor. His daughter Lucrecia Borgia marries
III, which took place in 1452 in the Giovanni Sforza Basilica, surrounded by
of San Pedro in Rome, being the last luxury and depravity. Caesar Borgia was
coronation. He proclaimed the jubilee of 1450, died near Viana, where it is.
to obtain benefits, which allowed him to be buried. During his pontificate he
the start of the construction of the current Basilica extended Christianity to Sweden, Norway
from San Pedro. He politically reorganized and Denmark. He annulled the trial that had been
France and England. Helped the kingdoms condemned to Joan of Arc (1431).
Spain in the Reconquista. I summoned a declaration of her innocence of the charges of
Crusade to prevent the fall of witchcraft, by those who had been burned.
Constantinople in the hands of the Turks, it in the fire.
what happened in 1453, due to lack of support from
the Christian kingdoms. Founded the Library 210
Vatican. Pius II
Enea Silvio Piccolomini
209 September 3, 1458 to August 15, 1464

Calixto III He was born in Siena. In his youth, he was a

Alfonso Borgia depraved man, had several children, acted
20/08/1455 to 6/08/1458 as a defender, even of the Antipope Felix
He was born in Játiva (Spain). His election was V and conspiring to assassinate Eugenio.
due to the pressures of King Alfonso V. IV. As Pope, I took actions for the
Calixtus III had been an advocate for the reconciliation of powers. He confirmed the
Antipope Benedict XIII, who died this 3rd of league among the Kings of France Burgundy,
Hungary and Venice. He died participating in incestuous relations with his sister.
a Crusade. being the father of this son.
During his Papacy, the ... was built
211 Sistine Chapel, decorated by Michelangelo
Pablo II Angel. Established the celebration of the day of the
Pietro Barbo Immaculate Conception of the Virgin
16/09/1464 to 26/07/1471 Maria of December
He was born in Venice. He was the nephew of Eugenio.
IV. With a hedonistic character, he was a lover 213
of splendor and entertainment Innocent VIII
popular, introduced in Rome the feast of Giovanni Battista Cibo
carnival. He was a practicing homosexual and from 09/12/1484 to 07/25/1492
died while being sodomized by a Born in Genoa. He continued to use the
he faced challenges with nepotism and appointed his own cardinal
Vatican copyists. He established that only grandson, at 13 years old. On December 5 of
The Cardinals could wear the biretta 1484, the bull Summis is promulgated.
amaranth. He established the Jubilee every 25 years desiring affections in which he recognizes
years. its existence of witches and sends to
Germany Sends to Germany the
212 inquisitors Heinrich Kramer and James
Sixtus IV Sprenger. Based on this papal bull,
Francesco della Rovere the Dominicans publish in 1487, the work
March 25, 1471 to August 12, 1484 Malleus Maleficarum or 'Hammer of Witches'
He was born in Savona. He was involved in the witches that become the basic text.
attempted murder of Lorenzo the Para: the description, hunting, prosecution,
Magnificent, Prince of Florence. I desired torture, burning, condemnation, and punishment of the
expand their power over the witch states.
contiguous, which caused the union of In 1487, he appointed as Grand Inquisitor of
Milan, Florence y Naples, for Spain to Tomás de Torquemada. After the
counteract sus aspirations. Conquest of Granada by Isabel and
He allowed the creation of the Inquisition in Ferdinand, made it so that they were granted the
Spain, at the request of Ferdinand the Catholic, title of Catholic Majesty. He concluded the
naming the Grand Inquisitor of Seville. work of pacification among the states
The abuses committed forced him to Catholics. He inexorably punished the
condemn the practices. slave market and helped to
He acted with nepotism, appointing his Christopher Columbus in the discovery of
relatives like high-ranking officials and had America.
214 215
Alexander VI Pope Pius III

Rodrigo Borgia Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini

26/08/1492 to 18/08/1503 8/10/1503 to 18/10/1503
He was born in Jativa (Spain). He was the nephew of He was born in Siena. He was chosen to save the
Calixtus III. He was a shrewd diplomat and disputes between the Borgias and Della Rovere.
perform legacy functions of (future Julius II). I ordered the imprisonment of Caesar
Vatican before the European courts. Borgia had it. He accepted his election after
a multitude of lovers and children among whom several pressures due to their precariousness
it can be cited: Lucrecia Borgia, Caesar, health. The gout forced him to celebrate the mass
Juan, Julia Provided.... of his coronation sitting. Did little, for
Ferdinand the Catholic signed in Granada, the brevity of his papacy which lasted
a secret treaty with Louis XII, Duke of only 15 days.
Orleans, for which both shared the
kingdom of Naples, Alexander VI, consented 216
the same and I accuse the King of Naples Julius II
Federico II, to conspire with the Turks a Giuliano della Rovere
conspiracy against Christianity, from 26/11/1503 to 21/02/1513
free the occupation by the French and was born in Savona. He was the nephew of Sixtus IV.
Spaniards. Soon disagreements appeared, He was an enemy of the Borgia and instigator of
who ended with the victories of the French occupation of Naples. Dead
Spanish troops over the French, in Pio III and excommunicated Cesar Borgia, is
battles of: Seminara, Ceriñola and the chosen Pope in record time,
Garellano, under the command of the Great Captain, obtaining the votes of the 11 cardinals
Gonzalo de Córdoba. He intervened in what should have been loyal to Caesar Borgia. He was
distribution of the conquests of America among married and had several daughters. It involved the
Castile and Portugal, setting the dividing line of European monarchies to destroy power
a hundred miles from the Azores and Cape Verde. from the Borgias and to subjugate Venice. In 1513,
In 1500, the 8th jubilee was celebrated. He opened by promulgating the bull, Exigit Contumacium.
the first time a Holy Door in San excommunicating the King of Nararra from the House
Peter, Saint Paul, and Saint Mary Major. of Albret, stripping him of his kingdom and
liberating the Navarrese subjects from
oath of loyalty to their kings,
leaving the Kingdom at the mercy of whoever it may be
Let's hope. Ferdinand the Catholic was invaded.
Navarra, with a Castilian army at
command of Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, II
Duke of Alba, conquering it in 2 When Ferdinand the Catholic was at
months. He gave a boost to the arts and to the point of dying text in favor of his grandson
studies and earned fame for Rome by preferred merit Fernando, taking charge of the future
by Rafael and Miguel Ángel. He made the Adriano VI change the
St. Peter's Basilica was the largest testament in favor of his brother Charles
of the world. I. When Charles I moved to Germany,
he was appointed Regent of Spain,
217 moment when it occurs the
Leo X uprising of the Communers, which
Giovanni de' Medici they were defeated in Villa Lar de los
19/03/1513 to 12/12/1521 Communalists and the Revolt of the Germanías
He was born in Florence. He yielded to Francisco I Levantinas. He was appointed Inquisitor.
from France the power of election of the general of Aragon and then of Spain.
Bishops. France and Spain were the two. He maintained a secret alliance with Charles I.
great powers initially including England and Venice, against France.
I lean toward supporting Francisco I who started a struggle against those who
France, subsequently rectifying that tormented the Church and against the Turks,
favor of Charles I of Spain, when it was but without positive results.
Coronado Emperor of Germany. He made
a waste as a patron and in 219
expansion of San Pedro, reason for Clement VII
which issued different Bulls and selling Giulio de' Medici
Indulgences, what caused the anger of 26/11/1523 to 25/09/1534
Luther and the Schism of Protestantism, which was born in Florence. He was a cousin of Leo X and
he was excommunicated and began the Reformation, nephew of Lorenzo the Magnificent. He betrayed
Protestant. He created the mount of Piety for Charles I of Spain, plotting a
loans. coalition with France, Venice, and Florence,
which was unsuccessful and the troops of Charles I
218 they entered Rome, looted it and
Adrian VI they were imprisoned in the Castle of Saint Angelo.
Adrian Florensz Clement VII submitted to the conditions of
31/08/1522 to 14/09/1523 Charles I, who desired a verdict
He was born in Utrecht (Holland). He was favorably chosen in the divorce of his aunt Catalina.
by the Pope, due to the pressure from Charles I of Aragon and Henry VIII of England,
Spain, in absence, as it was declaring the marriage valid for
Navarre, preparing the defense, against the preventing of marrying Anne Boleyn.
occupation announced by France. 1530, in Bologna, crowns Emperor to
Charles I of Spain, in a pompous 221
ceremony. Henry VII marries Anne July III
Bolena and the Pope excommunicates him, creating Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte.
Anglican Schism. Again, it goes back to 02/22/1550 to 03/23/1555
make a wrong decision and try. He was born in Rome. He was elected with the
to unite France and England against Spain, opposition of Charles I of Spain. I resume
that has the collaboration of Andrea the Council of Trent, opposing the
Doria and they make him sign the Peace of 1554. Lutheran theories. When he ascended to the throne of
Crépy. Now there were two Schisms: The England, Mary Tudor, sent a Nuncio.
Protestant of Luther and the Anglican. To restore the Catholic worship. When
1525 celebrated the 9th Jubilee. the King of France invaded Italy,
confabulating with the Turks who
220 they were harassing the Italian coasts, Julius III,
Pablo III I take part in Emperor Charles I, to
Alessandro Farnese confrontation Celebrated in 1550 the 10
3/09/1534 to 10/11/1549 Jubilee.
He was born in Rome. He belonged to the powerful
family of the Farnese. His sister Giulia 222
Farnese was the lover of Alexander VI. Marcello II.
He had four children and created the Duchy of Marcello Servini.
Piacenza and Parma for their son Pier Luigi. 10/04/1555 to 1/05/1555
His nepotism led him to appoint. He was born in Montepulciano. He was the last.
cardinals to their grandchildren aged 14 and 16. Dad, who kept his name from
I proclaim the rights of the indigenous baptism. He had a brief papacy of
Americans. The break occurs twenty-two days. He drew a sign in the curia.
definitive of the Anglicans. On the 13th of justice and austerity. He was concerned about the
In December 1545, the Council of Russian and Mongolian peoples was celebrated. Pierluigi of
Trento. During his papacy, Palestrina composed the famous 'Mass of
various orders such as: The Company of Father Marcelo.
Jesus, the Capuchins, the Theatines and the
Ursulinas. He was a great protector of the 223
arts and culture, under his papacy Paul IV
Michelangelo painted the frescoes of the Chapel Gian Pietro Caraffa
Sistine. May 26, 1555 to August 8, 1559
He was born in Naples. He was the Chief Inquisitor.
from Italy and during his Papacy he made use of
of the Holy Office, to impose itself. Its
The papacy was theocratic and never resumed the Lutheran. He intervened for Emanuel.
Council of Trent. He felt a deep longing for Filiberto, for his possessions to be returned.
adverse feelings towards Spain, which led him to Piedmont, entering in this way the
to incite the French king to break the Savoy in the history of Italy.
treaties and attacked the Spanish troops in
Italy. The failure was resounding, as the Duke
de Alba (Fernando Álvarez de Toledo) to Pius V
infringed successive defeats yAntonio-Michele Ghislieri
later on August 10, 1557, from 17/01/1566 to 1/05/1572
troops of Philip II inflicted on the Born in Bosco. He was Dominican. He was Great
Frenchmen suffered a resounding defeat at San Inquisidor. He used the Inquisition to apply
Quintin. He was able to end the schism with the reforms of the Council of Trent.
Anglican, when Queen Mary of England financed France, the wars against the
Tudor was willing to return to the Huguenots and expelled the Jews from the
obedience to Rome. He considered the Papal States. He participated in the League
Jews as responsible for the death formed by Spain, Venice, Genoa and
Jesus, forcing them to live in a 'Ghetto', the Papal States against the Turks, at
stripping them of their properties and in front of it, D. Juan de stood up
considering them how slaves, Austria and defeated the Turks in the
forcing men to carry a Battle of Lepanto. Excommunicated Isabel from
yellow hat and the women veil and England. I commissioned the painter Daniel.
Manto. When the people of Volterra elected Il Bragettone, cover the nudity.
Roman erected a statue in his honor, which is from the Sistine Chapel.
they rushed to bring down at his death.
226
224 Gregory XIII
Pius IV Ugo Buoncampagni
Giovan Angelo de Medici May 25, 1572 to April 10, 1585
June 1, 1560 to December 9, 1565 He was born in Bologna. He was elected by the
He was born in Milan. He maintained good relations with Philip II of Spain, where
relations with France and Spain. Philip II acted as a papal legate and intervened in the
he had been widowed by the English queen inquisitorial process against the Cardinal of
Mary Tudor married Isabel of Toledo, Bartolomé Carranza. He established the
Valois, daughter of Henry II and Catherine of the current Gregorian calendar. Opened
Medici (family of the Pope). Reopened and seminars in Vienna, Prague, Graz, and Japan.
the Council of Trent concluded on the 3rd of based primarily on the Company of
December 1563, condemning the heresy of Jesus. It is believed that he gave his consent to
the massacre of the Night of Saint Bartholomew 228
in France, under the pretext of the celebration of Urban VII
of the marriage between Enrique de Aragón Urbano VII (Giovanni Battista
(Henry IV) and Marguerite of Valois, were Castagna
invited the leaders of the Huguenots, from 15/09/1590 to 27/09/1590
Queen Mother Catherine de' Medici was born in Rome. She was a legate in Spain and
the assassination of all the Huguenot leaders also participated in the process
presents, extending the slaughter to all Inquisitorial against the cardinal of Toledo,
France, calculated at more than 100,000 Bartolomé Carranza. Acted as Grand
the victims. Attempt by all means Inquisitor. He demonstrated a kind nature and
end with Isabel of England, plotted charitably. She left all her possessions to charitable works.
alliances and I plan the murder without charity. His pontificate lasted only 12
to achieve it, such effort left the days empty, dying of malaria.
Vatican archers and suffered uprisings in
the Vatican States. In 1575 it celebrated the 229
11th Jubilee. Gregory XIV
Niccolo Sfondrati
227 August 12, 1590 to October 16, 1591

Sixtus V He was born in Cremona. The conclave was

Happy Peretti together for more than 2 months, due to the
1/05/1585 to 27/08/1590 pressures from Conde Duque Olivares, that
He was born in Grotamare. He participated alongside wanting a Pope favorable to the Crown of
Gregory XIII, in the Inquisitorial process in Spain. Excommunicated Henry IV of
against the Cardinal of Toledo, Bartolomé Francia, for the negotiations with the
Carranza, emerging between both a heretic and offered the crown to Philip II of
strong enmity. He was cruel and feared by Spain, which forced Henry IV to
the repression exerted in the States to swear allegiance and convert to Catholicism.
Vaticans, erecting a statue in the Confirming the right of asylum in the
Capitol, which was demolished upon his death. embassies near the Holy See.
He continued with the obsession of dethroning Isabel
from England and managed to convince Philip II, 230
to send to the Invincible Armada. Innocent IX
Completed the works of the Dome of St. Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti
Peter and the obelisk of the square. Died 3/11/1591 to 30/12/1591
poisoned and his body was thrown into. Born in Bologna. He was elected by the
Tiber. pressures of Philip II of Spain and him
returned the favor with support in front of
Henry IV of France in the wars of England, due to the conspiracy of the
religion. I managed to contain a terrible gunpowder, where a Catholic fanatic
plague epidemic and fought hard to blow up the English Parliament, that
the effectiveness of banditry and the various sects led King James I to demand from his
interiors. His pontificate lasted only 2 subjects a pledge of loyalty and a
months. recognition that the Pope did not have
authority to dismiss him. He had problems
231 with Galileo's theories. I establish
Clement VIII relationships with Miguel Romanoff of Russia
Ippolito Aldobrandini and civil nations were called upon to
September 2, 1592 the persecutions against the cease
He was born in Florence. He was elected against Christians in Japan and China.
from the will of Philip II. I claim the
support of Henry IV, when he annexed 234
Duchy of Ferrara to the Papal States Gregory XV
against the will of Philip II, that Alessandro Ludovisi
refrained from intervening. In 12600 celebrated 02/14/1621 to 08/0//1623
the 12B Jubilee. He was born in Bologna. Halfway in the conflict for
the Duchy of Monferrato during Philip II of
232 Spain and Carlos Manuel I During his
Leo XI brief pontificate, helped the Irish and
Alessandro de' Medici favored the Catholic restoration in
10/04/1605 to 27/04/1605 France. Support for the missions, instituting
He was born in Florence. He was elected by the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith.
support provided by Henry IV of France. He provided financial assistance to the emperor
He was a supporter of the Counter-Reformation. His Ferdinand II of Habsburg, to fight
The papacy was very brief, as it was only against the Protestants, and against Sigismund III.
It lasted twenty-seven days. from Poland, to fight against the Turks.

233 235
Pope Paul V Urban VIII
Camillo Borghese Maffeo Barberini
May 29, 1605 to January 28, 1621 29/09/1623 to 29/07/1644
He was born in Rome. He had a conflict with someone born in Florence. He used nepotism.
Venice, which was resolved as a norm and tried to appropriate the
diplomatically through the mediation of the Duchy of Parma to favor its
Spain and France. Had problems with relatives, which led to the creation of a
league formed by: Parma, Tuscany, Modena May 1649 proclaimed the 14B Jubilee, that
and Venice, which defeated the forces, was celebrated in 1650, with a record of
Papal. I compel Galileo to retract from pilgrims estimated at over 700,000.
his heliocentric theories. Thirty Pilgrims War...
years between the Hispanic-German axis of the
Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs, against the 237
France of Richelieu and Mazarin Work in Alexander VII
the sacred texts. Pontifical Breviary. Fabio Chigi
Ritual, martyrology. Galileo Galilei, 04/18/1655 to 05/22/1667
I condemn, he said: "with all this it moves." Siena was born. He was the great-nephew of the pope.
In 1625 he celebrated the 13B Jubilee and built the Paul V. He was the Inquisitor of Malta. Elected
summer residence of Castel Gandolfo due to the pressures from Spain, in a
(Rome). conclave that lasted 80 days. It maintained
confrontations with the French Cardinal
236 Mazarin, to the point that Louis XIV,
Innocent X I threaten to take Avignon, that
Giovanni Battista Pamfili belonged to the Holy See, finally, in
April 10, 1644 to January 7, 1655 In 1664, they signed the Peace of Pisa. Support for the
He was born in Rome. He was elected by the Jesuits and condemned the Jansenists.
influence of Spain, whose legacy Gil French. Queen Christina of Sweden,
Álvarez de Albornoz imposes his options, resigned, and was baptized in Rome. Attempt
upon the absence of the French cardinal Mazarin. to prevent the expansion of Protestantism,
He repays the favor to Spain by not standing out especially in Italy and England. He dedicated himself.
recognize John as King of Portugal in art and literature, being the protector
IV. He opposed the Treaty of Westphalia which was commissioned to Bernini for the construction.
it brought an end to the Thirty Years' War. from the beautiful colonnade of the square of the
He maintained tensions with the French Cardinal Basilica of Saint Peter and the ornamentation.
Mazarino. Condemns Jansenism. from the church of Santa Maria del Popolo.
Converted Queen Christina of Sweden to
Catholicism. I request from Tsar Alexio I of 238
Russia the exemption of the serfs of the land. Clement IX
He led a reprehensible life, committing Giulio Rospigliosi
incest with his sister Olimpia 26/06/1669 to 9/12/1669
Maldachini, his intrigues and massacres was born in Pistoia. He was Nuncio in Spain.
They assumed that upon his death the body Mediated in the succession wars between
he stayed 3 days in the Palace, without France, Spain, England, the Netherlands, with the
No one would want to pay for the funeral. On the 4th of Peace of Aachen called Clementina.
I condemn the French Church for not helping to lift the siege of the Turks.
they refused to condemn the writings of Jansenius. Vienna and subsequently expel them from
Bernini completed the construction of Austria and Hungary, which defeated the Turks.
Colonnade of St. Peter's Square in Vienna. He was declared Blessed in 1956.
Rome with the 140 Saints. I establish the feast of Mary on the 12th of
December.
239
Clement X 241
Emilio Altieri Alejandro VIII
November 5, 1670 Pietro Ottoboni
He was born in Rome. He was elected from 16/10/1689 to 1/02/1691.
transitional solution, in the absence of an agreement in the Nation in Venice. He was elected in a
election, they chose a cardinal from a 50-day conclave, due to pressures from
much age. He intervened in the election of Louis XIV of France. He reached an agreement
Ray of Poland obtaining about the 4 proposals of 'freedom'
appointment of Juan Sobieski, beloved Gallicans." I reinstated the
for his Christian convictions and for having nepotism. He granted aid to the king of
defeated the Turks at the battle of Poland and the Venetians to fight
Chaezim. I celebrate the 15B Jubilee (1675). against the Turks. I support Christianization
from China. Expanded the Vatican Library,
240 buying the queen's library
Innocent XI Christina of Sweden.
Benedetto Odescalci
April 10, 1676 to August 12, 1689 242
He was born in Como. He was elected with Innocent XII.
opposition of France. Antonio Pignatelli maintained tensions
with the King of France Louis XIV, from 07/15/1691 to 09/27/1700
recognizing the Gallican Liberties, He was born in Naples. He was elected as a
subsequently, the King concedes and as a consensus solution between France and the
show of support for Catholicism, initiates the Holy Roman Empire, maintaining its
a bloody repression of the Protestants. favoritism towards France. Exiled the
The appointment of Joseph Clemens, nepotism and simoniacal practices.
as Archbishop of Bavaria, he forced the priests to carry all the
to the detriment of his favorite Fürstenberg, the days the habit and do the exercises
provoked the wrath of Louis XIV, who invaded spiritual realms. Introduced political reforms and
the papal territory of Avignon. Administrative conventions. Louis XIV renounced the
to the Polish king John III Sobieski, regarding "Gallican propositions" and the Pope
the bishops of the King. In 1700 Malta, which was harassed by the
proclaimed the 16th Jubilee. He helped the Muslim missions, delivering one hundred thousand shields.
in Asia. to the Knights of Malta. He intervened
energetically in the Church of Spain.
243
Clement XI 245
Giovanni Francesco Albani Benedict XIII
08/12/1700 to 19/03/1721 Pietro Francesco Vincenzo Maria Orsini
He was born in Urbino. When he learned of his 04/05/1724 to 2/03/1730
election, he accepted it after 7 days for He was born in Gravina (Puglia). He was a Dominican and
be sure of its legitimacy. He was elected after 2 months of
without being a bishop, which meant there had to be deliberations in the conclave. He opposed the
consecrated a week after his Jansenism and to the movement of the
election. Cultured and lover of the arts, old Catholics. I lead an austere life,
enriched with ancient Eastern codes, neglecting management and granting
the Vatican library. It prohibited 101 benefices among its subordinates. In 1725
propositions of the French Jansenists and I celebrate the 17B Holy Year, inaugurating the
He prohibited the Jesuits from integrating into the Trinidad de los Montes staircase.
China a the Confucian rites, Rome. Canonized Saint John of the Cross, Saint
declaring them idolaters. He recognized, like Louis Gonzaga, and Saint Stanislaus the patron of
King of Spain, to the Archduke of Austria Poland.
Carlos. The 16th Holy Year ended in 1700.
246
244 Clement XII
Innocent XIII Lorenzo Corsini
Michelangelo di Conti March 16, 1730 to February 6, 1740
May 18, 1721 to March 7, 1724 He was born in Florence. He did not take care of the
He was born in Rome. He was elected as a pope during several wars of that time. He prohibited the
of commitment. I accept the agreement of the lotto game. Founded in Naples a
Treaty of Utrecht, which granted the institute for young Chinese.
Emperor Charles VI the kingdom of Sicily.
Support for Jacobo III of England, son 247
overthrown of James II Stuart, Benedict XIV
promising him help to recover Prospero Lambertini
the throne by arms. Imposed on the clergy 3/08/1740 to 3/05/1758
French the bull 'Unigenitus'. Means born in Bologna. The Conclave lasted six
that Venice intervened in the defense of months and during that time they passed away
four cardinals of the conclave. He was elected 249
with the opposition of Philip V of Spain. Clement XIV
He was one of the most intelligent Popes and Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Lorenzo
scholars. I sign Concordats with the Ganganelli Kingdom
of Naples, Sardinia, Spain, 6/4/1769 to 9/22/1774
Venice,... I rehabilitate Galileo's books. He was born in St. Archangel (Rimini). He was
He recognized King John V of Portugal. Franciscan. He was elected without being a Bishop.
Foundation chairs of physics, chemistry, surgery, and despite studying with the Jesuits, dissolved.
obstetrics propagated along with Saint the Order of the Society of Jesus, to
Leonardo the devotion of the "Stations of the Cross". To please France, Spain, and Portugal, and to
I authorize the creation of the Passionists and in return, the French returned it.
Redemptorists. In 1750, the 18th Year of Avignon and the county of Venesino were celebrated.
Saint. Spaniards, the lordships of Benevento and
Pontecorvo. I resume, new relationships
248 with the kingdoms of the Catholic countries.
Clement XIII He founded the Museum of Inscriptions
Carlo Rezzonico named Clementino. I modified the
July 16, 1758 to February 2, 1769 Regulations of the Sistine Chapel Choir.
He was born in Venice. He was elected in a poisoned manner.
conclave that lasted four months, due to
the opposition to his election of the French King 250
Louis XV. His pontificate is characterized by Pius VI
the "Enlightenment". Rigorous, but faithful Giovanni Angelo Braschi
conservative spirit, was appreciated from 22/02/1775 to 29/02/1799
many Catholic states where he was born in Cesena. He was elected without being
some secular rights of the Bishop were eliminated. His pontificate coincided with the
Church. It stood firm in the face of the French revolutionary process and was seen
pressures exerted by Portugal, France and forced to cede Avignon and the County of
Spain, which demanded that he dissolve the Vensino. In 1797 Napoleon Bonaparte,
Company of Jesus. The Jesuits invaded Italy and the following year conquered.
expelled and their goods confiscated, from Rome, capturing the Pope and confining him in
Portugal, France, and Spain, but Clement Siena and Florence and later
XIII, I do not accept the dissolution of the Order. deporting him to Valence-sur-Rhône in
France, where he passed away. In 1775 he celebrated the
19th Jubilee.
251 and secretive of the: carbonari and the
Pius VII masons. Destroyed many of the frescoes
Barnabas Gregory Chiaramonti from the Pontifical iconography.
March 21, 1800 to August 20, 1823
He was born in Cesena. He was elected Pope in 253.
conclave held in Venice. Pius VIII signed.
Agreement with Napoleon's France, Francesco Saverio Castiglioni
which allowed to move the headquarters again 5/05/1829 to 30/11/183
Papal in Rome. In 1804, office in Paris, born in Cingoli. Elected on April 5, 1829.
Coronation mass of Napoleon I, died on 30-XI-1830. I condemn the
anointing it, for it crowned the own Jansenism and the secret societies of:
Napoleon. In response to the refusal to support carbonari and freemasons. Of mentality
Napoleon, against England and the clear and open opposition, negotiated with the Sultan in favor
under the control of the French clergy, he unleashed the wrath of the Armenians. During his Pontificate, he
from the Emperor, initiating the Vatican mail in 1809. It boosted the
Papal States and making him a hostage in missions. In France, the July Revolution
Savona and later in Fontainebleau. The one in 1830 had overthrown Charles X,
Napoleon's defeat allowed the liberal monarchy of Louis to be restored.
part of the Papal States. I repealed the Felipe of Orleans, which was recognized.
feudal rights, maintaining the
Constitution promulgated during 254
French captivity. Gregory XVI
Bartolomeo Alberto Mauro Cappelari
252 June 2, 1831 to June 1, 1846
Leo XII He was born in Belluno. He was elected, due to the
Hannibal della Genga veto presented by Fernando VII and Spain,
May 10, 1823 to October 2, 1829 against the preferred cardinal. I request the
He was born in Genga (Spoleto). He was elected as aide to the Austro-Hungarian Empire to
as a temporary solution, due to the recovery of Bologna. Support was given to the powers
grave state of health. Confirmed the order of the "Holy Alliance" formed by: Austria,
of the Jesuits and removed the works Prussia and Russia from the index. During his Pontificate,
From Galileo. He left the Vatican finances in a broke relationship with Spain, Portugal,
very precarious state that Prussia and Russia could not establish the majority of
overlap with the celebration in 1825 age at 21 years. Founded the Egyptian Museum and
of the 20th Holy Year. Rebuilt the Etruscan Basilica.
of San Pablo, who had suffered a
fire. Pursued the biblical societies
255 capitalism and liberalism. In 1847,
Pius IX Marx and Engels publish the Manifesto
Giovanni M. Mastai-Ferretti Communist. In 1875 he celebrated the 21st Year
June 21, 1846 to February 7, 1878 Saint.
He was born in Senigallia. He was elected by
surprise in the struggle between liberals and 256
conservatives. After his election, he enacted Leo XIII
an amnesty. He dissolved the Jewish ghetto, whichGioacchino Pecci
March 3, 1878 to July 20, 1903
was re-implanted years later. The He was born in Carpineto. He continued the struggle with
proclamation of the Republic in Rome, it Italy, for the appropriation of the States
make them flee towards Gaeta. With the help of Pontifical. I address the relations with
France, Spain, and Austria, recover the Germany, causing Bismarck,
Papal States. The appearance of the King abandon its Kulturkampf policy,
Victor Emmanuel II, involved the confiscation allowed the participation of Catholics
in the Third French Republic. He published the
from almost all the territories of the States
encyclical 'Rerum Novarum' on the
Pontifical, on September 20, 1870, workers' rights and politics
I take Rome, ending sovereignty social. In 1898, a sequence was taken
that the Popes had almost during cinematic of the Pope, being the first
1000 years. The Pope tries to avoid the Pope captured in a film. The Basilica of Saint
loss of Rome and excommunicates Victor Pedro was illuminated electrically by
Manuel II of Savoy. He managed to first time. Celebrated the 22nd Holy Year
England and Holland allowed the cults.
Catholics. The encyclical Quanta cura,
257
it implies a condemnation of the doctrines
Pius X
progressive, social and to the societies Saint Pius X: Giuseppe Sarto
secrets, expressly in the appendix September 8, 1903 to August 20, 1914

Syllabus, sentence: nationalism, the He was born in Riese. He was elected, thanks to the vote.

indifferentism, the pantheism the the veto exercised by the Austro-Emperor

naturalism the latitudeism the Hungarian Francis Joseph I, on the election
from Cardinal Rampolla. Pius X took charge
socialism, communism, liberalism, the to eliminate the historical veto rights,
biblicalism, secret societies, and the exercised by the Christian powers.
autonomy of civil society. Proclaimed the The canonical code has concluded. It broke the
dogma of the Immaculate Conception of Concordat signed in 1801, with the
Mary (1854) and in the First Vatican Council, Napoleon's France. Established the
elevation of the Host and the Chalice. It was
I proclaim Papal Infallibility.
Beatified in 1951.
they produce social movements from
masses that denounce the injustices of the
258 poisoned by the Secret Services of
Benedict XV Mussolini.
Giacomo della Chiesa
06/09/1914 260
He was born in Genoa. His Papacy coincides Pope Pius XII
with the outbreak of World War I, Eugenio Pacelli
where I carry out humanitarian work andMarch 2, 1939 to October 9, 1958
I participate in the Treaty of Versailles. He was born in Rome. As a Cardinal, he supported the
Increase the Diplomatic Delegations fascist uprising in Spain. In 1953
from the States to the Holy See, passing signed with General Franco, a
from 14 to 27, among which is included Concordat, which gave rise to the 'national-
England that had abolished it three years agoCatholicism.
centuries. Beatified Joan of Arc. In 1917 produce the outbreak of World War II
I publish the Code of Canon Law World, where it tries to seem a certain
(Code of Canon Law). Founded the neutralism. His radical anti-communism, him
University of the Sacred Heart. Died I have been radicalized during the Cold War.
victim of a flu epidemic. taking sides with the States
United. Defined the last dogma of Faith: the
259 Assumption of the Virgin. I order to carry out
Pope Pius XI excavations in the crypt, beneath the
Achille Ratti St. Peter's Basilica, discovering it
February 6, 1922 to February 10, 1939 tomb of the Holy Apostle. In 1950, he celebrated
He was born in Desio (Milan). In 1929, he signed the 24th Holy Year.
with the Kingdom of Italy of Victor Emmanuel III,
governed by Benito Mussolini, the 261
Lateran Treaty, leading to the end of the John XXIII
disputes over the Papal States and the Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli
recognition from a state 28/10/1958 to 3/06/1963
independent and sovereign in the City of He was born in Sotto il Monte (Bergamo).
Vatican. I support the fascist cause of Due to his advanced age, he was chosen.
Benito Mussolini, asking, in the as a temporary solution, something that does not
March 1929 elections the vote for it is indeed true. Of calm appearance,
the fascists. Similar behavior generous and affable, he won the people over,
he maintained with the Nazis, where he influenced the calling him the "Good Pope." In 1962
dissolution of the Christian Democratic Party, to proclaimed the 21st Ecumenical Council
give more facilities to the Nazi party, the Vatican II, to address the topics of: life
atrocities committed by the Nazis, it liturgical, social relations, the Church and the
they bring them to be condemned in the Encyclical Mitmodern world. In 1962, I excommunicated
burning Worry (With burning Fidel Castro. He was beatified in the year
concern). I publish the encyclical Divini 2000 by John Paul II.
Redemptoris, to condemn to the
Communism. Creation of Vatican Radio.
It is suspected that it could have been
262 from Eastern Europe. John Paul II, is
Paul VI interview with the Orthodox Patriarch
Giovanni Battista Montini Demetrio I. On October 2, 1979, I spoke
21/06/1962 to 6/08/1978 at the UN. Considered the Pilgrim Pope,
He was born in Concesio (Brescia). He took charge and visited: the Holy Places, Santiago de
from the Second Vatican Council in its second Compostela, Fatima, Jerusalem..., visiting
stage and it was completed on December 8th in most of the states of the World.
1965, applying to the Church the spirit of May 13, 1981, during a
renewal and modernization of the Council. audience in St. Peter's Square in Rome,
He confronted the ultra-conservative faction of Turkish Ali Agca, severely wounding him with
French of Monsignor Lefebvre. He celebrated several shots, which affected his stomach,
In the Basilica of St. John Lateran, the funeral mass for the femur and shoulder. John Paul II recognizes
from his friend Aldo Moro into the hands of the that their recovery was through the intercession of
Red Brigades. He has been the first Pope in the Virgin of Fatima. He promulgated the new
travel outside of Europe. He created the Canon Law Synod. Declares the opening the
Episcopal. In 1975, it celebrated the 25th Extraordinary Holy Year.
Saint. Redemption (03/25/1983 to 04/22/1984).
I review the Concordat of 1929 signed
263 between the Holy See and Italy. If reconciled
John Paul I with the Jews, in the Synagogue of Rome,
Albino Luciani embracing the Rabbi. Create new ones
August 26, 1978 to September 2, 1978 cardinals. He was interviewed at the Vatican,
He was born in Forno di Canale (Belluno). He was the with Mikhail Gorbachev, President of
first Pope to impose a double Supreme Soviet of the USSR (12/01/89)
name. He did not want the ceremony of the acknowledging a crucial role in
coronation. His papacy lasted 33 days, he changes that occurred in Eastern Europe.
it is assumed that he died of a heart attack, but his Published 14 encyclicals numerous
death raised all kinds of suspicions. It teachings and the new Catechism to give
he was called the Pope of the smile. life to the spirit of the Second Vatican Council.
I celebrate the Jubilee of the year 2000.
spirit is reflected in the last ones
264 images that show us a Juan
John Paul II Pablo II, seriously ill, without
Karol Wojtyla possibility of speaking and striving for
address the faithful who are waiting for him at the
September 16, 1978
He was born in Wodiwice (Poland). His choice St. Peter's Square.
it was a surprise, being the first pope not
Italian chosen in the year 455, as the last one.
the pope in Italian was Adrian VI. Theologian,
writer and poet. Promotes the typical edition
from the Neo-Vulgate Bible. At the end of the
the 80s, his performance in Poland was great
influence on the fall of the communist bloc
265
Benedict XVI
Joseph Ratzinger
April 19, 2005
265 - Benedict XVI (José Ratzinger).
Germany. Pope: April 19, 2005 - Nation at
Bavaria (Germany). Eminent theologian. He was
appointed prefect of the Congregation
for the Doctrine of the Fepor the Pope
Pope John Paul II. Responsible for rebutting the
liberation theology, and was banned
exercise its teaching in the name of the
Church, confronting dissenting theologians
like Hans Küng. It is expected that he will adopt
more rigid postures, regarding the
prohibition of abortion, homosexuality,
euthanasia and the use of methods
contraceptives