UNIT.
V: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Scan this
ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES
Electromagnetic
Waves
LearningObjectives Study Plan
goingthrough this chapter, the students will be able MaximumTime • 2 Hrs
to:
Understandthe concept of displacement current. MaxlmumQuestions 54
Understandthe creation and propagation bf
electromagnetic
waves. List of Topics
Describequalitatively the transverse nature of
electromagnetic Topic-I: Electromagnetic Waves and
waves,highlighting the perpendicular orientatiomof
electric and Maxwell's Equadons PageNo. 177
magnetic fields to the direction of propagation.
Topic-2 : Electromagnetic Spectrum
Learnabout variows types of electromagnqtic waves.
Page No. 182
TOPIC-I ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND MAXWELL'SEQUATIONS
ConceptsCovered:
idea of displacement current • Electromagnetic waves,
their characteristics and their transverse nature.
RevisionNotes dt
Basicidea of displacement current:
This proves that change in electric field E, is
Displacement current is a quantity appearing in responsible for the induction of magneüc field.
Maxwell'sequations that is defined in terms of the rate Electromagnetic waves
ofchange of electric flux. Waves that can travel through vacuum of outer space
and do not need the presence of material medium for
Displacementcurrent has the units of electriccurrent transporting energy from one location to another.
and has associated magnetic field similar as actual EM waves are produced by accelerated charged
currents. particles.
The electric and magneüc fields produced by
> Displacementcurrent is defined as: accelerated charge change with time, which radiate
electromagnetic waves.
Example:
dt Electron jumping from its outer to inner orbits radiates
EM waves.
dt Electrical oscillations in LC circuit produce EM waves.
Electric sparking generates EM waves.
KEY-TERMS Characteristics of EM waves:
Electricflux: It is the rate of flow of electric field of lines EM waves are propagated as electric and magnetic
passingthrough a given area. fields oscillatingin mutually perpendicular directions.
EM waves travel in vacuum along a straight line with
— E .dA is the electric flux and %is the the velocity 2.997924591x 10B m/s which is often
where, assumed as 3 x 108 m/s.
permittivityof free space. EM waves are not affected by electric and magnetic
fields.
Asper Ampere Maxwell law, line integral of magnetic
fieldaround any closed path is equal to x (sum of Relation between electric and magnetic field components
conductioncurrent and displacement current through is:
that path.) Bo = Edc
1
where, c = 3 x 108m/s. and c
i.e. f [Link]
The andf are related as
$i.äl = polc+
dt
Bank Chopterwlse a
Oswaol COSE Questdon ToplCWi1Q
g II
II
dc Waves
179
-whereXis the wavelength and f is the
frequency.
oe natureof elec&omaytetic waves For the EM waves, the
energy density is given by
Btromagnetic wave, electric and
mag•teticfield
rs are perpendicular to each other in the = —eoE2 (Due to electric field)
of wave which direction
shows its transverse
(Due to magnetic field)
—The energy transportedby EM
waves per unit area
per second is called Poynting
vector ( S ).
(IL/" '011B;'V//J"' x
It is given by S = E x ——
go
Since, E B , hence
wave travelling in the x-direction
AplaneEM is of the
E(x, t) = Enuxcos —(Dt+
B(x, t) = Bmucos (kx —0t + Total energy density of EM waves is
where,E electric field vector, B = magnetic
field
1
In this,wave propagates along z-axis, the electric and 2
magwticfield propagation will be:
E = Eosin(E —(Dt) 2
As, E =
B = Bosin (h —(Dt) go eopo
KEY FORMULAE In the EM waves: E = Eosin (wt— kx),
Displacement current between the plates of a B = Bo sin (wt —kx).
apacitor Maxwell's Equations:
d(EA)
1
1. . = —-- (Gauss's law for electricity).
dt dt
d V eoA dV dV 2. B .dA = 0 law for magnetism).
dt d d dt dt
3 • =
éEd1 (Faraday'slaw).
Here,E = Electric field between the plates of the dt
V = Potentialdifference,
apacitor, d = Separation
betweenthe plates, C = Capacitance of the capacitor, B .dl = p/c + goto — (Ampere-Maxwell law).
A = Area of plates. dt
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
Short Answer Type Questions (i mark each) = Average energy density of the magnedc
[Link] that the average energy density of the field.
0Eillatingelectric field is equal to that of the [Note: Award I mark for this part if the student
o«illating magnetic field. just writes the expressionsfor the average energy
E [DELset-I, 20191 density of the electric and magnetic fields].
[Marking Scheme, 20191
AVeage energy density of the electric field
2. How are electromagnetic waves produced by
1
EoE2 accelerating charges?
2 m [Outside Delhi set-I, 20191
1 Ans. Production of electromagnetic waves
2 Accelerated charge produces an oscillating
1 electric field which produces an oscillating
magnedc field, which is a source of oscilla6ng
electric field and so on. Thus electromagneHc
waves are produced. 1
[Marking Scheme OD, 2019b.
1
Onwaal COSE Questton nank Chepterwf•e
SPECTRUM
TOPIC-2 ELECTROMAGNETIC
Omc.b mt«øwawg, Infrared,visible, W, *tm, gamme em) Inctudlnt
• Electtomqneöc (adlo
EM radiallon• are claulfled ARper the
Revision Notes wavelength of wave guch as radio
spectrum infrared radiation, viaible light.
Classification of EM-waves is based on their X-rays and gamma rays.
or range.
Requency Wavelength
(in HR) (In m)
10B
10B 400nm
101'
Gammarays
10
10"
100 X-rays
10-10
101'
1.64
101' Ultraviolet
nm
104
101'
560
Microwaves
1010
Short radio waves
108 Television and FM radio
AMradio
650nm
IOS
IOS
I..ongradio waves
104 700
10'
10
General properties of elecüomagnetic waves (radio propagate.
waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, Varying electric and magnetic fields are
pmma rays) electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic waves require no medium to travel or Electromagnetic waves are trauvetse wave
Frequency and wavelength of various electromagnetic radiations:
Typeof radiation Frequency range
Gamma rays < I tun
X-rays 3 x 1017-3 x 1 fm—I am
Ultraviolet 7.5 x 1014-3 x 1017 -Ium — nm
Visible 4 x 10i'-7S x 0.4 p.m - 0.7S pm
Near-infrared 1014- 17.5 x 10" 0.75 3.0
Midwave infrared 5 x 10" - 1014 3.0 pm 6 pm
Long wave infrared 2 x I(P-5 x 1013 6.0 pm 15 pm
romagne
e infrared 3 X 1013—2
X 1013 183
and radio waves < 3 X 1011
/tcf0 15 gm —15
Brn
> 1 mm
Band designation
dible
Low Frequency (ELF) Radio Acoustics Applications
Pemely
Electronics,
Low Frequency (ILF)
Infra Not applicable
LowFrequency (VLF) Radio
IVY Navigation,
Frequency(LF) Radio weather system
Navigation, Forecasüng
Maritime Communications,
Systems, Time Information and Weather
tMedium Frequency (NfF)Radio Systems
Navigation, AM
(I-IF) Radio Radio, Mobile Radio
HighFrequency Citizens Band
High Frequency (VHF) Radio Radio, Mobile Radio,
very Amateur (Ham) Maritime Radio
Radio, VHF TV, FM Radio,
Radio, Fixed Radio Mobile Satellite, Mobile
Frequency (UHF) Radio
UltraHigh Microwave, Satellite,
and PCS Telephony, UHF TV, Paging, Cordless Telephone, Cellular
Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi)
tsuperHighFrequency Radio
Microwave, Satellite,
High Frequency (EHF) Radio Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi)
Extremely Microwave, Satellite,
Radiolocation
pared Light (IR) Wireless LAN Bridges,
Wireless LANs,Fiber Optics Remote conbol
Light
Visible Photographic plate, photocells.
tUltraviolet(UV) Photocells, kill bacteria and germs.
X-Rays In medical, Geiger tubes, ionisation
chamber.
a and Cosmic Rays
[Gamm In medical (cancer cell killing)
'IYpes of Electromagnetic waves, Production
and Detection:
Typeof radiation Production Detection
Radio Rapid acceleration and decelerations of Receiver's aerials
electrons in aerials
crowave Klystron valve or magnetron valve Point contact diodes
Infra-red Vibration of atoms and molecules ThermopilesBolometer,Infrared photographic film
(Light Electrons in atoms emit light when they move The eyes, Photocells Photographic film
from one energy level to a lower energy level
Ultaviolet Inner shell electrons in atoms moving from Photocells Photographic film
one energy level to a lower level
y-rays X-ray tubes or inner shell elec&ons hobgaphic film,Geigertubs, dianbe
Gammarays Radioactive decay of the nucleus Photographic film, Geiger tubes, Ionization
chamber
MNEMONICS
waves with increasing frequency (decreasing wavelength).
Ccncept: Electromagnetic spectrum: Arrangement of em
Game.
Mnemonic:Russian magicians introduced a very unusual X-ray eye
