Microprocessor Module 1 - Revision Notes (8085)
1. General Architecture of Computer
A computer system is made up of several units that work together:
- Input Unit: Accepts user input (keyboard, mouse).
- Output Unit: Displays results (monitor, printer).
- Storage Unit: Stores data. Includes RAM, ROM, hard disks.
- ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Performs calculations and logic operations.
- Control Unit: Directs all parts of the computer to work together.
These are connected by buses and together form the system architecture.
2. Introduction to Microprocessor
A microprocessor is a small chip that acts as the brain of the computer. It performs:
- Fetch -> Decode -> Execute cycle.
- Arithmetic, logical, and control operations.
8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor introduced by Intel with features like:
- 40-pin chip, 3.2 MHz speed, 64KB address space, and 8-bit data bus.
- Used in embedded systems like microwave ovens, calculators.
3. Memory Classification
Memory is where data and instructions are stored.
- Volatile Memory: Loses data when power is off (e.g., RAM).
- Non-Volatile Memory: Keeps data even when power is off (e.g., ROM).
Memory is also categorized as:
- Primary Memory: RAM, ROM (faster, smaller).
- Secondary Memory: HDD, USB (larger, slower).
- Register memory: Temporary storage inside CPU.
Microprocessor Module 1 - Revision Notes (8085)
4. Bus Organization of 8085
Three main types of buses in 8085:
- Address Bus (16-bit): Carries addresses. Unidirectional.
- Data Bus (8-bit): Carries data. Bidirectional.
- Control Bus: Carries control signals like RD, WR, ALE, IO/M.
5. Memory Addressing and Mapping
Memory Addressing: Each memory location has a unique 16-bit address (0 to 65535).
Used to access specific memory cells.
Memory Mapping:
- Memory-Mapped I/O: I/O devices are treated like memory. Use memory instructions.
- I/O-Mapped I/O: Devices accessed separately using IN/OUT instructions.
6. 8085 Registers and Flags
- General Purpose Registers: B, C, D, E, H, L (8-bit each, used in pairs for 16-bit).
- Special Purpose Registers:
- Accumulator (A): Stores ALU results.
- Program Counter (PC): Points to next instruction.
- Stack Pointer (SP): Points to top of stack.
- Instruction Register, Temporary Register.
- Flag Register (8-bit): Holds condition flags:
- Sign (S), Zero (Z), Auxiliary Carry (AC), Parity (P), Carry (CY).
7. 8085 Pin Diagram and Signals
8085 has 40 pins grouped by function:
- AD0-AD7: Multiplexed address/data lines.
Microprocessor Module 1 - Revision Notes (8085)
- A8-A15: Higher address lines.
- Control Signals: RD', WR', ALE, IO/M', S0, S1.
- Power & Clock: Vcc, GND, X1/X2, CLK (OUT).
- Interrupts: TRAP, RST 7.5, 6.5, 5.5, INTR.
- DMA: HOLD, HLDA.
- Serial I/O: SID, SOD.
- Reset: RESET IN, RESET OUT.
