Lec.
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Radiation Quantity: is the number of x-ray photons in the useful beam.
The factors affecting x-ray quantity are :
1. mAs : x-ray quantity is directly proportional to milliamper-seconds.
2. kVp : x-ray quantity is directly proportional to the square of kilovolt Peak.
3. Distance : x-ray quantity varies inversely with distance.
4. Filtration : x-ray quantity is reduced by filtration, which absorb the low- energy photon of the beam.
Radiation Quality : is the penetrating power of the x-ray beam, which is quantified by HVL .
The factors affecting x-ray quality are:
1. kVp : x-ray penetrability is increased as kVp is increased.
2. Filtration: x-ray penetrability is increased when filters added to the beam.
Inverse square law: the law stated that
((the intensity of radiation inversely
proportional with the square of distance
measured from the source of radiation to the
point of measuring the radiation intensity.
I : intensity
D: Distance
Factors relating to the production of radiograph
Factors related to the radiation beam Factors related to the object Factors related to the X- ray film
A / Factors related to the radiation beam.
1. Exposure time : It’s the interval during which X- rays are being produced.
exposure time is directly related to the total photon production this increase
exposure time cause increase in the quantity of X- radiation that’s why exposure
time has direct effect on film density.
2. Milliamperage : Its related to amount of electricity pass through the filament
Circuit . So it's directly control the rates of X- ray photon production this it has
direct effect on film density.
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3. Kilovoltage : kV it refers to the potential difference
between cathode and anode in the x- ray tube
the higher kVp , the greater is the potential difference
and the greater is the energy of X- ray photons.
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4. Tube – film distance: this distance consist of
(tube – object distance) and (object – film distance)
{The distance proportion inversely with the intensity of radiation}
The distance affect the dose of radiation ,
because decrease the tube – film distance
make the X- ray beam more diverge behind
the skin area and more tissue is irradiated.
While increase the distance the beam less
diverges and reduces the amount of tissue
irradiated
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5. Focal spot size: the focal spot or called
the source of radiation must be as small as
possible to get best image quality.
Selection of target material
1. High atomic number (74) , allows for efficient x-ray
production.
2. High melting point (3422°C), to withstand heat
produced during x- ray production.
3. High thermal conductivity (173 W m−1 K−1), to
dissipate the heat produced away from the target.
4. Low vapor pressure at the working temperatures of
an x-ray tube, to help maintain vacuum in the tube
at high operating temperatures.
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6. Collimation : collimator used to control the size
and shape of the beam.
Effect of collimation :
• Reduce the amount of tissue irradiated
• Minimize the production of secondary radiation fog.
Fog: - is the unwanted film density (blackening)
and this reduce radiographic contrast.
7. Filtration: the effect of filtration is the absorption of long wave
length X- ray photons that have low penetrating power (can’t
penetrate the hard calcified tissue)
The result of filtration is increase the half – value layer ,
also increase filtration affect the contrast and density
the contrast is decreased , the density is decreased because when
filtration increase the result is the absorption of not only long
wave length photons but even some of short wave length photons
so the number of X- ray photons or the quantity of radiation is
reduced
B – Factors relating to the object:
The object is basically an absorbing X- ray medium, so 2 points important about the object during
exposure to X- ray:
1. Thickness of the object: Thick object required more radiation to make a radiographic
image so it's often advisable to increase kV or mA and /or exposure time in order to
increase the amount of X- ray photons.
2. Density of the object: density refers to weight per unit volume of the object . In dental
radiography enamel of the tooth has highest density of all body tissues. increase the
density of the object increase its ability to absorb X- radiation. So hard tissue like
enamel absorb great amount of radiation when compared with absorption of soft tissue
like pulp because of object density.
C – Factors relating to the X- ray film:
1. Reduction of secondary radiation:
Secondary radiation include scattered, stray leakage or any other radiation that not
belong to primary X- ray . Secondary radiation is un desirable because it reaches all parts
of the film and produces film fog. Several ways to minimizing this radiation like:
• Using as small beam of radiation as possible.
• Proper collimation.
• In intra oral film a sheet of lead foil is placed behind the film in the film packet.
• In extra oral film a grid is placed between the object and the film.
The grid is an extremely effective device for reducing the amount of
scattered radiation
so the grid transmit only those x-rays whose direction is on straight line
from the source to the film (image receptor) and absorb the remnant scattered
radiation.
2. film storage:
X- ray film must stored in light - tight containers because the Ag Br Crystals in the
emulsion are sensitive to light as well as to X- ray. Also film must stored in lead - lined
box to keep the films away from the stray radiation
3. Intensifying screen:
is a device that convert the energy of x-ray beam into visible light, which interact with x
ray film and forming the latent image. Intensifying screen used in extra oral film to reduce
patient dose by converting the x-ray to light
4. Film processing:
The latent image is formed when silver halide grains are exposed to x-ray, then only the
exposed grain will form the visible image by development. while the unexposed grains
removed from emulsion by fixing and make a permanent image.
Ideal radiographic projection
A – Radiographic image that is sharp.
B – Radiographic image that is shaped like the object.
C – Radiographic image that is the same size as the
object.
• Image Size Distortion (magnification) is the increase in size of the image on
the radiograph compared with the actual size of the object.
• Penumbra: Is the amount of un sharpness of the image so penumbra is the area of
partial shadow.
• Umbra: Is the area of total shadow and it exist only when the object absorb all of X – rays.
Penumbra is created by the size of focal spot (source of radiation), the larger the spot
size the greater is the penumbra (the amount of un sharpness).
penumbra not only affected by focal spot size
but also affected by tube – object distance and object – film distance
so the closer tube – object distance the greater is the penumbra
while the closer
object – film distance the lesser is the size of penumbra.
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