Cloud Services:

Cloud services, in the context of cloud computing, refer to various IT resources and
applications provided on demand over the internet, managed by cloud providers. These
services enable users to access infrastructure, software, and platforms without needing to
purchase or maintain physical hardware and software.
Key Cloud Service Models:
1. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service):
Provides access to basic computing resources like servers, storage, and networks.
Users manage their operating systems and applications on these resources.
2. PaaS (Platform as a Service):
Offers a complete development environment for building, testing, and deploying
applications. Users can focus on application development without managing the underlying
infrastructure.
3. SaaS (Software as a Service):
Delivers ready-to-use software applications directly to users over the internet. Users
access the software through a web browser or other client application.
4. Serverless Computing:
A specialized execution model that abstracts away server management, allowing
developers to focus on code.
5. XaaS (Anything/Everything as a Service):
A broad term that encompasses a wide range of cloud services, including network-as-
a-service, security-as-a-service, and more.
6. FaaS (Function as a Service):
Allows users to deploy and execute individual functions without managing servers or
infrastructure.
Benefits of Cloud Services:
Scalability and Flexibility: Cloud services can be easily scaled up or down based on
demand.
Cost Savings: Users can pay only for the resources they consume, reducing
infrastructure costs.
Reduced Complexity: Cloud providers manage the underlying infrastructure,
simplifying IT operations.
Accessibility: Cloud services can be accessed from anywhere with an internet
connection.

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 Disaster Recovery: Cloud services offer options for data backup and disaster recovery,
ensuring business continuity.

Fig: Cloud computing reference models and services

Compute Services:
Compute Services in cloud computing are a fundamental category of cloud services
that provide the processing power and resources required to run applications and workloads.
These services allow users to run virtual machines, containers, and server less functions in the
cloud without having to manage the underlying physical infrastructure.
Virtual machines can be created from standard images provided by the cloud service
provider (e.g. Ubuntu image, window server images. Etc.,).
Cloud service providers also provide APIs for various programming languages (such
as Java, Python, etc.,) that allow developers to access and manage these service
programmatically.
Key Features of Compute Services:
Scalability – Easily increase or decrease computing resources as needed.
Flexibility – Supports multiple instance types, operating systems, and regions.
Security – Implements firewalls, access control lists, and authentication.
Cost Efficiency – Offers different billing models such as on-demand, reserved, and
spot instances.
Automation – Provides APIs and management tools for automatic provisioning and
scaling.

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Amazon Elastic compute Cloud:
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) is a compute service that enables
users to launch and manage virtual machines (instances) in the cloud.
EC2 stands for Elastic Compute Cloud. EC2 is an on-demand computing service on
the AWS cloud platform. Under computing, it includes all the services a computing device
can offer to you along with the flexibility of a virtual environment.
It also allows the user to configure their instances as per their requirements i.e. allocate
the RAM, ROM, and storage according to the need of the current task. Even the user can
dismantle the virtual device once its task is completed and it is no more required.
For providing, all these scalable resources AWS charges some bill amount at the end
of every month, the bill amount is entirely dependent on your usage.
EC2 allows you to rent virtual computers. The provision of servers on AWS Cloud is
one of the easiest ways in EC2. EC2 has resizable capacity. EC2 offers security, reliability,
high performance, and cost- effective infrastructure so as to meet the demanding business
needs.
Key Features:
o Instance Creation: Users can launch instances using Amazon Machine Images (AMIs)
or create custom AMIs with applications and data.
o Instance Configuration: Users specify instance type (e.g., micro, small, large), number
of instances, and availability zones.
o Security:
 Key-pairs: Used for secure access via SSH.[secure shell].
 Security groups: Control access by allowing or blocking specific network
ports.
o Instance Management: The EC2 console provides a status view. When launched, an
instance is in a pending state and transitions to a running state after a few minutes.
o Networking: Instances are assigned public and private DNS names and IPs. The public
DNS allows secure remote connections via SSH. [Domain name system]. This service
allows flexible and scalable compute capacity with different billing options (on-
demand, reserved, spot instances).
How EC2 works:
EC2 is an example of a public cloud, where a service provider makes resources
available to the public via the internet.

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Use Cases:
EC2 is used to build and host a wide range of software systems, including web
applications, data processing, scientific simulations, and more.
Users can access EC2 through a web service.
Launch virtual machines (instances) based on pre-configured templates called Amazon
Machine Images (AMIs) and then run their desired software.

Google Compute Engine:

Google Compute Engine (GCE): is an Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) offering from
Google Cloud Platform (GCP).
It provides scalable virtual machines (VMs) that run on Google's infrastructure, used
for hosting applications, processing large-scale data, and running AI/ML workloads.
Key Features:
 Virtual Machines: Supports different machine types (customizable CPU, RAM).
 Storage Options: Local SSD (high speed) & Persistent Disk (durable).
 Global Load Balancing: Distributes traffic across multiple regions. GPU Support:
Accelerates workloads like ML and graphics processing. Security: Provides
encryption, access control, and authentication.
 Integration: Works with Docker, Kubernetes, and other GCPservices.
 Cost-Effective: Pay-as-you-go pricing with discounts for sustained use. Scalability:
Auto-scales VMs based on demand, reducing operational costs. Reliability: 99.9%
uptime SLA ensures high availability.
 Flexibility: Supports multiple operating systems (Windows, Linux, Ubuntu)
Use Cases:
 Web Hosting: Run websites and applications on VMs.
 Big Data Processing: Handles large-scale data analytics.
 Gaming Servers: Low-latency gaming infrastructure.
 Cloud Migration: Move workloads from on-premise to cloud.
 Pay-as-you-go: Pay only for resources used.
 Reserved instances: Lower prices for long-term commitments.

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Windows Azure Virtual Machines:
Windows azure virtual machine console to create a new instance you select the
instance type and machine image.
Any changes made to the VM are persistently stored and new VMs can be from the
previously stored machine image.
Storage Services:
Cloud storage services allow storage and retrieval of any amount of data at anytime
from anywhere on the web.
Most cloud storage services organize data into buckets or containers.
Buckets or containers store objects which are individual pieces of data.
Features:
 Scalability: Cloud storage services provide high capacity and scalability. Objects up
to several tera-bytes in size can be uploaded and multiple buckets/containers can be
create in cloud storage.
 Replication: When an object is uploaded it is replicated at multiple facilities and or on
multiple devices within each facility.
 Access policies: Cloud storage services provide several security features such as
Access Control List (ACLs), bucket /container level policies etc.
 Encryption: cloud storage service provides Server Side Encryption (SSE) options to
encrypt all data stored in the cloud storage.
 Consistency: Strong data consistency is provided for all upload and deletes operations.
Any object that is uploaded can be immediately downloaded after the upload is
complete.

Amazon Simple Storage Service:

o Amazon Simple Storage Services (S3) is an online cloud-based data storage
infrastructure for storing and retrieving any amount of data.
o S3 provides highly reliable, scalable, fast, fully redundant and affordable storage
infrastructure.
o Data stored on S3 is organized in the form of buckets.
o S3 console provides simple wizards for creating a new bucket and uploading files.

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Google Cloud Storage:
 Objects in GCS are organized into buckets.
 ACLs are used to control access to objects and buckets.
 ACLs can be configured to share objects and buckets with the entire world, Google
group, a Google hosted domain, or specific Google account holders.

Windows Azure Storage:

 Windows Azure Storage is the cloud storage services from Microsoft.
 Window Azure storage provides various storage services such as blob storage
service, table services and queue service.
 Two kinds of blobs can be stored –block blobs and page blobs.
 A block blob can be subdivided into some number of blocks.
 Page blobs are divided into number of pages and are designed for random access.
 Applications can read and write individual pages at random in a page blob.

Database Services:
 Cloud database services allow you to set-up and operate relational or non-relational
databases in the cloud.
 Benefit of using cloud database services is that it relieves the application
developers from the time consuming database administration tasks.
 Cloud service providers include MySQL, Oracle, and SQL Server etc.
 No-SQL databases are usually fully-managed and deliver seamless throughput and
scalability.
Features:
 Scalability: Cloud database services allow provisioning as much compute and storage
resources as required to meet the application workload levels. Provisioned capacity
can be scaled-up or down. For read-heavy workloads, read-replicas can be created.
 Reliability: Cloud database services are reliable and provide automated backup and
snapshot options. Performance: Cloud database services provide guaranteed
performance with options such as guaranteed input/output operations per second
(IOPS).
 Security: Cloud providers offer robust security measures, including encryption, access
controls, and security best practices, to protect data stored in the cloud.

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Amazon Relational Database Service:
Amazon Web Services offers Amazon RDS a service where it is managed completely
by AWS and also it offers wide range data base engines like the following:
 MySQL.
 PostgreSQL.
 Oracle.
 SQL Server.
The backup of the data and the infrastructure will be taken care of by the AWS scaling
and balancing the load the security is very high the data will be encrypted at rest can control
the accesses to the data with the help of IAM (Identity Access Management).
The DR (Disaster Recovery) will automatically take by the AWS automatically by the
AWS.
Amazon Dynamo DB:
Dynamo DB allows users to create databases capable of storing and retrieving any
amount of data and comes in handy while serving any amount of traffic.
It dynamically manages each customer's requests and provides high performance by
automatically distributing data and traffic over servers.
It is a fully managed NoSQL database service that is fast, predictable in terms of
performance, and seamlessly scalable.
It relieves the user from the administrative burdens of operating and scaling a
distributed database as the user doesn't have to worry about hardware provisioning, patching
Softwares, or cluster scaling.
It also eliminates the operational burden and complexity involved in protecting
sensitive data by providing encryption at REST.
Google Cloud SQL:
Google Cloud SQL is a completely managed relational database service. It provides
high obtainability and automatic failover, which confirms that our database never fails and is
available for application.
If a server administrator is not available, then, with the help of Cloud SQL, users can
easily deploy, maintain, and manage databases.
When Google Cloud SQL integrates with Google cloud platform services like GCE
(Google Compute Engine), App Engine, and Kubernetes Engine, it is easier to create and
manage applications requiring databases.

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Google Cloud Data Store:
Google cloud data store is a fully managed non-relational database from Google.
Cloud data store offers ACID transaction and high availability of read and writes.
The cloud data store model consists of entities.
Each entity has one or more properties (key-value pairs) which can be one of several
supported data types, such as strings and integers.
Windows Azure 12 SQL Database:
Window Azure SQL database is the relational database service from Microsoft.
Azure SQL database is based on SQL Server, but it does not give each customer a
separate instance of SQL server.
SQL database is a multi-tenant service, with a logical SQL database server for each
customer.
Windows Azure Table Service:
Windows Azure Table Service is a non-relational (No-SQL) database service from
Microsoft.
Azure Table Service data model consists of tables having multiple entities.
Tables are divided into some number of partitions, each of which can be stored on a
separate machine.
Each partition in a table holds a specified number of entities, each containing as many
as 255 properties.
Each property can be one of the several supported data types such as integers and
strings.
Application Services:
Cloud application services such as application runtimes and frameworks, queuing
services, email services, notification services and media services.
Application Runtimes and Frameworks:
Cloud-based application runtimes and frameworks allow developers to develop and
host applications in the cloud.
Support for various programming languages: Application runtimes provide support for
Programming languages (e.g., Java, Python, or Ruby).
Resource Allocation: Application runtimes automatically allocate resources for
applications and handle the application scaling, without the need to run and maintain servers.

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Google App Engine:
Google App Engine is the platform-as-a-service (PaaS) from Google, which includes
both an application runtime and web frameworks.
Runtimes:
App Engine provides runtime environments for Java, Python, PHP and Go
programming language.
Sandbox:
Applications run in a secure sandbox environment isolated from other applications.
The sandbox environment provides a limited access to the underlying operating
system.
Web Frameworks:
App Engine provides a simple Python web application framework called webapp2.
App Engine also supports any framework written in pure Python that speaks WSGI,
including Django, CherryPy, Pylons, [Link], and web2py.
Data store:
App Engine provides a no-SQL data storage service.
Authentication:
App Engine applications can be integrated with Google Accounts for user
authentication.
URL Fetch service:
URL Fetch service allows applications to access resources on the Internet, such as web
services or other data.
Other services:
Email service, Image Manipulation service, Memcache, Task Queues, Scheduled
Tasks service.
Windows Azure Web Sites:
Windows Azure Web Sites is a Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) from Microsoft.
Azure Web Sites allows you to host web applications in the Azure cloud.
Shared & Standard Options:
In the shared option, Azure Web Sites run on a set of virtual machines that may contain
multiple websites created by multiple users.
In the standard option, Azure Web Sites run on virtual machines (VMs) that belong to
an individual user.
Azure Web Sites supports applications created in [Link], PHP, [Link] and Python

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programming languages.
Multiple copies of an application can be run in different VMs, with Web Sites
automatically load balancing requests across them.
Queuing Services:
Amazon Simple Queue Service:
Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS) is a queuing service from Amazon.
Short Messages:
SQS is a distributed queue that supports messages of up to 256 KB in size.
Multiple Writers/Readers:
SQS supports multiple writers and readers and locks messages while they are being
processed.
High Availability:
To ensure high availability for delivering messages, SQS service trade-offs on the first
in, first out capability and does not guarantee that messages will be delivered in FIFO order.
Applications that require FIFO ordering of messages can place additional sequencing
information in each message so that they can be re-ordered after retrieving from a queue.
Google Task Queue Service:
Google Task Queues service is a queuing service from Google and is a part of the
Google App Engine platform. Task queues allow applications to execute tasks in background.
Tasks:
Task is a unit of work to be performed by an application. The task objects consist of
application- specific URL with a request handler for the task, and an optional data payload
that parameterizes the task.
Push Queue:
Push Queue is the default queue that processes tasks based on the processing rate
configured in the queue definition.
Pull Queue:
Pull Queues allow task consumers to lease a specific number of tasks for a specific
duration. The tasks are processed and deleted before the lease ends.
Windows Azure Queue Service:
Windows Azure Queue service is a queuing service from Microsoft.
Azure Queue service allows storing large numbers of messages that can be accessed
from anywhere in the world via authenticated calls using HTTP or HTTPS.
Short Messages, The size of a single message can be up to 64KB.

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Email Services:
Cloud-based email services allow applications hosted in the cloud to send emails.
Amazon Simple Email Service:
Amazon Simple Email Service is bulk and transactional email-sending service from
Amazon.
SES is an outbound-only email-sending service that allows applications hosted in the
Amazon cloud to send emails such as marketing emails, transactional emails and other types
of correspondence.
To ensure high email deliverability, SES uses content filtering technologies to scan the
outgoing email messages.
SES service can be accessed and used from the SES console, the Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol (SMTP) interface, or the SES API.
Google Email Service:
Google Email service is part of the Google App Engine platform that allows App
Engine applications to send email messages on behalf of the app’s administrators, and on
behalf of users with Google Accounts. App Engine apps can also receive emails. Apps send
messages using the Mail service and receive messages in the form of HTTP requests initiated
by App Engine and posted to the app.
Notification Services:
Cloud-based notification services or push messaging services allow applications to
push messages to internet connected smart devices such as smart phones, tablets, etc.
Push messaging services are based on publish-subscribe model in which consumers
subscribe to various topics/channels provided by a publisher/producer.
Whenever new content is available on one of those topics/channels, the notification
service pushes that information out to the consumer.
Push notifications are used for such smart devices as they help in displaying the latest
information while remaining energy efficient.
Consumer applications on such devices can increase their consumer engagement with
the help of push notifications.
Amazon Simple Notification Service:
Amazon Simple Notification Service is a push messaging service from Amazon.
SNS has two types of clients:
Publishers: Publishers communicate asynchronously with subscribers by producing and
sending messages to topics. A topic is a logical access point and a communication channel.

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Subscribers: Subscribers are the consumers who subscribe to topics to receive notifications.
SNS can deliver notifications as SMS, email, or to SQS queues, or any HTTP endpoint.
Google Cloud Messaging:
Google Cloud Messaging for Android provides push messaging for Android devices.
GCM allows applications to send data from the application servers to their users’
Android devices, and also to receive messages from devices on the same connection.
Notifying Android Apps: GCM is useful for notifying applications on Android devices
that there is new data to be fetched from the application servers.
Short Messages: GCM supports messages with payload data up to 4 KB.
Send-to-Sync: GCM provides a ‘send-to-sync’ message capability that can be used to inform
an application to sync data from the server.
GCM for Chrome: Google Cloud Messaging for Chrome is another notification service from
Google that allows messages to be delivered from the cloud to apps and extensions running in
Chrome.
Windows Azure Notification Hubs:
Windows Azure Notification Hubs is a push notification service from Microsoft.
Common Interface: Provides a common interface to send notifications to all major mobile
platforms including Windows Store/Windows Phone 8, iOS, and Android.
Platform Notification Systems:
Platform specific infrastructures called Platform Notification Systems (PNS) are used
to deliver notification messages.
Devices register their PNS handles with the Notification Hub.
Each notification hub contains credentials for each supported PNS.
These credentials are used to connect to the PNSs and send push notifications to the
applications.
Media Services:
Cloud service providers provide various types of media services that can be used by
applications for manipulating, transforming or transcoding media such as images, videos, etc.
Amazon Elastic Transcoder: Amazon Elastic Transcoder is a cloud-based video transcoding
service from Amazon. Elastic Transcoder can be used to convert video files from their source
format into various other formats that can be played on devices such as desktops, mobiles,
tablets, etc.
Google Images Manipulation Service: Google Images Manipulation service is a part of the
Google App Engine platform. Image Manipulation service provides the capability to resize,

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crop, rotate, flip and enhance images.
Windows Azure Media Services: Windows Azure Media Services provides the various
media services such as encoding & format conversion, content protection and on-demand and
live streaming capabilities.
Content Delivery Services:
Cloud-based content delivery service include Content Delivery Networks (CDNs).
CDN is a distributed system of servers located across multiple geographic locations to
serve content to end-users with high availability and high performance.
CDNs are useful for serving static content such as text, images, scripts, etc., and
streaming media.
CDNs have a number of edge locations deployed in multiple locations, often over
multiple backbones.
Requests for static for streaming media content that is served by a CDN are directed
to the nearest edge location.
Amazon Cloud Front:
Amazon Cloud Front is a content delivery service from Amazon. Cloud Front can be
used to deliver dynamic, static and streaming content using a global network of edge locations.
Windows Azure Content Delivery Network:
Windows Azure Content Delivery Network (CDN) is the content delivery service from
Microsoft.
Analytics Services:
Cloud-based analytics services allow analyzing massive data sets stored in the cloud
either in cloud storages or in cloud databases using programming models such as MapReduce.
Amazon Elastic MapReduce:
Amazon Elastic MapReduce is the MapReduce service from Amazon based the
Hadoop framework running on Amazon EC2 andS3.
EMR supports various job types such as Custom JAR, Hive program, Streaming job,
Pig programs and Hbase.
Google Map Reduce Service:
Google Map Reduce Service is a part of the App Engine platform and can be accessed
using the Google MapReduce API.
Google Big Query: Google Big Query is a service for querying massive datasets. BigQuery
allows querying datasets using SQL-like queries.

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Windows Azure HDInsight:
Windows Azure HDInsight is an analytics service from Microsoft. HDInsight deploys
and provisions Hadoop clusters in the Azure cloud and makes Hadoop available as a service.
Deployment and Management Services:
Cloud-based deployment & management services allow you to easily deploy and
manage applications in the cloud. These services automatically handle deployment tasks such
as capacity provisioning, load balancing, auto-scaling, and application health monitoring.
Amazon Elastic Beanstalk:
Amazon provides a deployment service called Elastic Beanstalk that allows you to
quickly deploy and manage applications in the AWS cloud.
Elastic Beanstalk supports Java, PHP, .NET, [Link], Python, and Ruby applications.
With Elastic Beanstalk you just need to upload the application and specify
configuration settings in a simple wizard and the service automatically handles instance
provisioning, server configuration, load balancing and monitoring.
Amazon CloudFormation:
Amazon CloudFormation is a deployment management service from Amazon. With
CloudFront you can create deployments from a collection of AWS resources such as Amazon
Elastic Compute Cloud, AmazonElastic Block Store, Amazon Simple Notification Service,
Elastic Load Balancing and Auto Scaling.
A collection of AWS resources that you want to manage together are organized into a
stack.
Identity & Access Management Services:
Identity & Access Management (IDAM) services allow managing the authentication
and authorization of users to provide secure access to cloud resources.
Using IDAM services you can manage user identifiers, user permissions, security
credentials and access keys.
Amazon Identity & Access Management:
AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) allows you to manage users and user
permissions for an AWS account. With IAM you can manage users, security credentials such
as access keys, and permissions that control which AWS resources users can access.
Using IAM you can control what data users can access and what resources users can
create.
I am also allows you to control creation, rotation, and revocation security credentials
of users.

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Windows Azure Active Directory:
Windows Azure Active Directory is an Identity & Access Management Service from
Microsoft. Azure Active Directory provides a cloud-based identity provider that easily
integrates with your on-premises active directory deployments and also provides support for
third party identity providers. With Azure Active Directory you can control access to your
applications in Windows Azure.
Open Source Private Cloud Software:
Cloud Stack:
Apache Cloud Stack is an open source cloud software that can be used for creating
private cloud offerings. Cloud Stack manages the network, storage, and compute nodes that
make up a cloud infrastructure.
A Cloud Stack installation consists of a Management Server and the cloud
infrastructure that it manages.

Fig: Cloud Stack Architecture

Zones: The Management Server manages one or more zones where each zone is typically a
single datacenter.
Pods: Each zone has one or more pods. A pod is a rack of hardware comprising of a switch
and one or more clusters.
Cluster: A cluster consists of one or more hosts and a primary storage. A host is a compute
node that runs guest virtual machines.
Primary Storage: The primary storage of a cluster stores the disk volumes for all the virtual
machines running on the hosts in that cluster.

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Secondary Storage: Each zone has a secondary storage that stores templates, ISO images,
and disk volume snapshots.

Eucalyptus:
Eucalyptus is an open source private cloud software for building private and hybrid
clouds that are compatible with Amazon Web Services (AWS) APIs.
The Node Controller (NC) hosts the virtual Machines instances and manages the
virtual network endpoints.
The Cluster-level (availability-zone) consists of three components Cluster Controller
(CC), Storage Controller (SC) and VMWare Broker.
Cluster Controller (CC): It manages the virtual machines and is the front-end for a cluster.
Storage Controller (SC): It manages the eucalyptus block volumes and snapshots to the
instance with in its specific cluster.
VMWare Broker is an optional component that provides an AWS-compatible interface
for VMware environments.
Cloud-level there are two components-Cloud Controller (CLC) and Walrus.

Fig: Eucalyptus Architecture

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OpenStack:
Openstack is a cloud operating system comprising of a collection of interacting
services that control computing, storage and networking resources.
The openstack compute service (called nova-compute) manages networks of virtual
machines running on nodes, providing virtual servers on demand.
The network service (called nova-networking) provides connectivity between the
interfaces of other openstack services.
 The volume service (cinder) manages storage volume for virtual machines.
 The object storage service (swift) allows users to store and retrieve files.
 The identity service (keystone) provides authentication and authorization for other
services.
 The image registry (glance) acts as a catalog and repository for virtual machines image.
 The Openstack scheduler (nova-scheduler) maps the nova APL calls to appropriate
Openstack components.

Fig: OpenStack Architecture

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