eo wa Wonvee -! Boa arPhass Afagrard vaf |_Ate wa y Ml yh | weds | |r WO, OF Wd, # Defnatto as M= yy Water costent (uw) Fndtx propertts bp ey wo. Vez Vd. andere, Vs Totok volurne Vaio, Ve= Volant of of, woke, solftt Vv = Volume of Wofds W= Toto) Lott vorlghe - My Wa) Wo, Wh = Wk of avy ,wotia , eolfdl Wy = wt. of vlotds | Mass 5 Mid = dry mass, Maceatd = Saturated mass Sar = saturoted densi w= ldo yioo(-h) sat aaa « si Wa Bio = dq) BAKE wot (998h Feusit wh, edry soil, Gat = sakuralid 2D Void Ratfo (e) ® Denstty y= D Bulle dresity $= x kn fos, kg fe ni = submuged etl, Moe Unit wh-of wabr(e 3) vot wt CO Fe wo Vv 2) Dry deostty Dry unit wt Sa = Ad. os wa Vv © Drosity OF Sofl soltds( Ss) Uuntt wt of golds Ss = Mol f= Wa Ve. - We. ® Seat = (Md Yat 1D set= (wa) sat Nv Vv a) Submerged density 135 Ss Seat = Sw#lo-s1) = Gob = fw = UD rm - ‘8a, G= ws e 1s) Bulk 8q. 16) ‘Porosity Fo w= f ew wU of sakuralion 18> aty content Pa) Ww= eh SH ag —— Ss Wo Ww o> Dry. Sat 3100 (ee Oe Na#Lptidalien® > Roel a e fa Nofds- iy solfas {|i |G-- Total Volume = (ite) Mol. vf solids =G-n) hom duffnatfon of porosit =v =e x Vv ite shee word vatfo. e= Ww = —® 28 en Ys t_= eb-n) * \te G-n=_1 aa a DR? dlw, e) GwW4s Rel” blo. &) Giles S=wG Bry | watix | Lew J solfds | |r S=Vwo = Qw Ww e ew= Se —®. tui sat, eon e. Now, U9 = Ww = eww wong wet Q- a _ agen = + @w=Qw —@ @E Weak G w= Ww od Add 1 09 BS laud = Wo 4) Wa vo = > Wd = WW wd 1rud Divida Von Bs Wa = Wiy v Veud - Ltd — Sq e1Y Wet, XQ. Wd v- Seve Vs waa ve. aru blo ffs £09] a) RI? blo F146 i oneal few = Wd tWo vo v f2 vets + Vuk ee aa Fe eG 4 oe oy = okt 8% pty = (Qt eS) wo 6) VO: Ove | wee FO = Ovo Sara |*= af | “Yo Vdevs Ve a Vs= 1-9, fa=%a-0d Poet oak fot), +e \Cs Fo@-") cae st i. ee Gorost ty) TR Wen, veelien), VET Yook= Koos ca) ARB tT ~O tor dy sort Tae 626. + Kata Grey +e 2 Kar ha. Matos ~ to ee Wa CQ Mo he or eat, G, may “oot = Wsat v Weat= Ww t Wd- = Ww td _ viet Var — ee v- Qofd vatfo) wore arto) Te Wome, Meme ee ot = ated Ao Le |ot Mabey Unotts, Consistency fs the velatfue east tft wobidh Sofl can be Aforned . fate) Perot Plokic ge La seni | Plostie soled Wa content —- OUequld Ursits Tr fe mf walt, content fo sofl whe ft ibthaves as a plastfe materia . Volume. reqat Yas, fa | “Apparatus: Cosagrandt.cup, Qveoying tent, Flat surf nog stop “watch ° Procd * Procidure renar fa 4 OPrpare Soft sample in Gy @ Place sofl Ym casagrande cup. oe feel Q ust grooving toot to creali gvoove Pn soPl G-qa)= we b @ Ute “cup el Arop FE io tinted From lore hofght © Wrasaua distance groove closes after dvops @ Repeat step 2-5 wlth gif} mofstusr content @ Plor evista content v/e dfetance curve. @ Beternfae Urquéd Urs ak osm atetance 2) Plasife liesit: soft transttfon From stoi solfd ~ plasht * Apparatus? Rolting defer , Flat surface, stopwatch * Procedure : © sol aanplt ;@ Rakk Pn gx thread of sondig (-ned= df wQ +) I; (St =! | Todo: propadtes oh Todex propatits of atu ©. contfout untl Yortad pegine to cruoble nae Fo tdenttty $ OQmrasurt motets contest ; © Repeat a-u . Mu sof L. @ vollhr aL’F} eooteture content @ouemie PL. et hve | Grav? SJshrinkaagt lieth: ete contink “Apparatus. shrinkage dish, pula, Balance - Oy Tele otee & Dist Pouifon | » roadurt* ; ss : *nsila Denetty Gysofl sample place te shrtobage ish £ voly!™ @ory sofl to oven at 10s, nsf. naiste Mey test - §) Relate gt oy hy O wilgh sofl ot vequiar fateryalutl we vermains epost i at stops shin | © calewale St at ich “Soi 2 Joorted RM ritermfnn Srinkad rotfp = Vol ofaryTypes of _sofl_slructiart D stagqte Gvatned stvuctwt > Monty combed ° > Flocctutated © Despised = Granular structure * Yes of clay mfanal BProblens 00 Trdex properties Wree Ugtud breath - We = Plastfe Urrott - W = Naturol wall contest - Tp = Trdex of plosttePty : Ten Uguid Tradex Te = Consteteney Index AN the prfsory, contthulors ve ae *o behavior off frat Ips gad ast rot > kaolintte *TUete ak D Motori © Chiov? te “HE Gof Clacchffeatfoo fo Ts Sef | Clacsif featfon Fo Ts. TS 149811970 CReagtenmed fs 2016) )\Coarat Qrained, softs. * Sub catigowes >Qravus (a) + Sands (3) ' “Bast of gradation. FW Gyadedldw)” Poorly Qradud (PY 7 SyYrnbols Gw , sp. 2DEPNL Cyatned. gofls * Sub cobigox?ex. —8Flts Chay Clays ced. * Based op plastfety Tester pe, Plactfeftu CY; u<3sed.. “Internode! (+= 86- soy, mt Igh OD yuLxsov, * Symbols - CLs low plastiefiy clay, MHHIGh plastfetly. ‘stilt S)-ntgity, organte sof ls £ Prat(Pt): We - Wp w -Wp Te We -W Te Tg=}ow Index oq batss Indew ae Tye Wwe! log (nu: eye) pe LP Ty / Steps to fad Ugutd Lath 0 Qforn, No, oF blows Wlater tontent= Plastte =total stress. DMiethod of conmpactton: ot Wrcttoe stess Tape of soft Bis umcess pore Wal - DARI HO QP odenfxtur e Temperature : w layer Theleness ® sity comitfo ny . 9) Optvater stfu. 10) Buren at dene1p consolictatfors 3H Assenapllons: Nsotl fo. hornogyntrous DSsefl Ts tuu gaturokt Tey 20K A D Tocompressi bit my oe das to chang 1 veluroe SD Darculs lav of velocity fs valtd. ® k ts constant dust D Aformalfon tales plact fo directfoo vy} load applitd Dexeess pow wate, drains oub D tier lag fs dua to permeab?ll : consoldaifos ts neglected rconsclidaifor charactafatics of sell: D Ce =} Compreesion fadex Ce_= Cormpression index Ae A logue to + Tritfal votas yakio’ correspond +o Foftfal stress - © > FInal vols vakfo corresponds to Final shees. wt ebteckiur stress. ctor wtmoulded clay ample Ce= 0,007 (Wr-10). vv CC = 0-009 (We-10) 2) Cotpfichad of conopresai laity Cad Que re Seta ao aol 3) CocfPterent of} volume change Gy) mys Av 4, mys ov Vo Aa~ 14@o my, = AX He Aa consolttation . ¥ W Couffietent of consslslotten al ee le | Ce Mv 809 =) Degree of concotfdetfon Gy WH t vet , Wa SS Teptiret Jactot” at drainage th v ceorl- Tete (Ys) a” Web a vr6ok _ Ty = -0:9332 toguo( tae “ORs, fox stogte decafrage dha. Double drafroge, d= Ma . TarProblerss of Conmpackfed., steps: Mass 2 “| Soft (eg) Balle danetty = S= » Dey dkosity, Va =_8 1rd SAN, VO = Gxt, 09 Q oie =P ome Me » Bok \Dv een Sat iy a Colt Leg?) Reg lor 10D po woe At Problerns “of Ce Qv, mud Cv- eee EE AS AO Ce Coed: U0, H, &- Qtun. Tes Cyt. ie 2 i) CoseTy UH Qtues Tos (v yr Ta Keo! te 2 ‘bL9 ey = cont hye ar days,fe Mopute-y ee gree ateagt)! Te the viststanee iW atjormatfor by Cont¥nucus ‘a htay ai masse’ qe compises of: geplactrnent of ofl partfeles 0% on upos actfos of shar stress perteltone! Corsponeak dus to Folate of ofl particles, a prtclt fo oorerol stress. Por lw soft partfeles- a» conesfor apace Conciph of shraving resistance ATLA — Faz Patan S> tanp= Fa j Pr b= Angle of Yweetfon, Fa=Ptant- swar (a). Fore = Patand stress Area A” Pe Stand Since shtar strenath Kas 2 comp HexfeHon bfw soll 6) YeolwsPos Cc Tz ct etan Cohtsfortess soll - Nfaclors affecting ehiar strc of sel shape of partelss. | >» Godasfon 8 Dengenees - “Conpintng pressure oI aca Of Afsturbance , Sinnar strength yo tofus soll partYeles whan eubfeer jy Jn Cu Nae nets Baste concept of Prfctfor appltes to aofl_wh’d> an purely | qranulax, but gofls uit are | not purely granular” uchhit an | addeironal strength which A dix | to coheston bli parttales , | *Cohtston fs zero fs pur \ gnat 4 Te ct etand T=shear strength - = Normal str ts C= Cohes fon - ¢ = Angle of shtaring vesfetance. tece and flea OO Cigenal shi ess CLG depends 0+ | t shuss hvctory of sofl Tritveh stot, of sofl | + Pereneabllfty chavackfstfes. | CRObY CHAE RERE Tote £ cbfect Puc Shea -streaghs | WET, Te Crmtand- | After terzaght estabtiched theor OL BPrctPut stress, coulomb Concept of shay strength. wos cfoursl to be Preomect. Total Aormnal =ComPonent of. Press of Hlufd, Shess DhtSS Po vokd spaces ePPecthue stress co!) ST a eat. J-Modefea shear tquabidn Pe ce (H-M) tang PT oor SHaod Shrugs Wstory., Begy lestt bas ager Sond ttfon % Dfreck shear test - | smuto plate a) rae] LS upper holt Procedure: DShtar box assembly. 3) Sample Placement |} Deatewlation of sivax eae (asam x Femtn) Dc Aeceaobly 3) Saroplt placeseab s)-Avfal \ood- | 6) bdbormak on sot! Spechen, pe Pore asad W Confintng “Pressoxe | o1= 3 tant +actand), Hour vol) te i | + 4 |r 4 rn | TF porous ston ty aol Saanple Comer x born 20 -v) Novenal load “Appltid. (A). |S) shoe load applica (7) I] © Shear Dfsplacencal Measurened atrength, 2) Tfaxtol Compressioo test © Sofk Sample to cylinder plicatfon. F) stuss -atrain curve aq dD unconfined -Compress?on tect, Best nee frequence tas eae aVane shay tesh! Atiachd te torsFon chy Torque vv . tVane bloke i + Quick | tet to detewntor shtay atvergtin of cohesive sof F yont % pusled opntelly down frlo coil upto vequtved depts, + Rotatfon. * Torte angle of ee TT Tp Teo (| T=Torqut, Tp= shear Sims a¢Problues om _Effect¥ve stress” Ges, a, cf Py taunted by waiting jr = mH-d- q » D Sitaat Fang . AH Pobltirrs 00 Thfaxferl cell Port wath] perfvokfor ° pressure] press] ovecsure. “oles prince = mcezecy | shes =o rasa | os . Ue Shear sires] Comal Bbdea er? Tl c=? gee aMopure-S”_ wo oF ghallow Joundertfon + o ; santo footing F x i Lootfag . peor ord yo faq & mat o Raft joottog, aT Types of ate Loundatt> hore 8 See a) Pfle_Pourdatfoo js PPle b) Cafeson oF ww foundalfoo BeAring CaPActTy ab ufos bearing Copactty of okt Tex zaghte Jorrouia * 9D stifp footing ° qu= CNet DNg + YF BNE 2) Bquart foot fang Que ache + ¥DNg + Ord Fone | wl REN Bsne Ue reese, ai factors offecking bearing capacity Yshope of Foundatfon - 9) sfze of Joundatfon. 3) Dept of water table - & Trctfaation of load - 5) Cohesion - 6>Angte of foternad Jyfctfor - +) Baring copadty Couffdents - Le Typrs of BC Folurc: 1) Qaneva) shrov Foflure Pressyre Sav asl {lust iS 2) locad shtav fe 3) Panchifag shay foflart a # Buaifog Copactte of gofls Sultimake beartng capactty (qo ax load per unit arta Auk ublfrate BC of sofl (qnud’ ay Nob allowable BC Cqna)! Gnas Wu = Aw-% Fos —~Foa (qs): to Ucess to Ufretfue over burdio S) sabe bearing capact Pressure (gd). ‘ , Produce a seiteret of foundatfon Anv=4utqy HeFP- cite does oat wxcttd pevoteatble. 3 Gross aWowsoble Be (gad* Mogi qa=_9u de = Frat YD Fos. —:+ Reaweed Braving capaett: LTrenvaned eethlerntoF eprentastd Frfetfoo Ang + toertastd Pore wal ph ~ sot) Utquafack tos Reduced sofl sherg Inereastd Risk of + OFPPrealty Fr Compact foo a ccatertal- ure ts seprvosfon of Joundatton —_—___— _ 4 Effect Of Loack eccentrtefty 09 BC Rducd Brariag Capacity + Trereactd settle roc at + Ter 4 Retatfos - Ltootased Risk of faflere Advantages : _. 1) Provkd Africk mrasure mend gi Sam performs ob vaxtour Sofl. + Uenftatfon s HUWelttd to shallow dept . DRequlres soni uf ao pti ton eae ra roundatton fou!lw, 2 Standard Penetration treh: + std 3PT fg fe ud to dyfue g spit -spoor soropley fabo grou +0. of lows requéred bo ahi, Saropley Ben foto qrourd Te gy + N-value is usd to utfonabp Be ustnoy tooptrfcal coral | “Ady 'Qurele & reload Puely Povexpenehy + fadfrect eovasur erst + Ueottateon + Umsthed Fo shallow depth. sRreults cao affect by vorfous Joy aie Suttleroeoh: Te TS reffend to gofls movenet Po vertfcad dlactfon dus to cong fy streeces usebthin ib, B= sis G4 80). “Tonrnrchfat_seittenent C10" Ces fakts place during applicatfon oF loadtng as a’ yisuth of elastic — dh Lrorrnatfon of sof! wflhout change fim wali conte! ef= YBU-w) Esq +a = Polssong ratito Eos Modulus of Etactict ty. *Pyfmary Consolidation (s2)(%h result 0} yolunu veductton ot sofl cauatd bi uctvuston of it. wolh from so *Geeondary cnesttaton 3) Cf fakes plact abtu Po sath he volume reductfom takes PM oF a slowk: rat+S 1s of Settltareab : punters Seblernent + stucture Foundalfo gad onthe By Sart aouet alo > wre length. 4 poitteential | Anquiar Sutllunent: occurs Whe part of sbruckerre’s Joundatfoo settles mort than others en om _Seitlerntot. 4Probluns 9) consolfdatfor « fun, Hy Wy “oat 7 45 LEE Ao=vutfeal Stitss frettment Be=zc Le Ae Tite H log a oz Efttctiut pressure Mo = Wood Zz -L. = Warez - Foz. (em/m?)- Cu. $= O09 (WoL -10). (Mok gfvtd) Cox Weat + G nsw ft 2) sifmencdfal Suan” Ay, Givin, afee , depth: con ee tepiuanet Facte™ ” Gz Load Aaa geen (oe) Est #) tngiusnce factor - Siz Gi x ses #Problns on Bearing act Pier TS cuo3s 19st | hf Qhen, Bate toad, FOS Es Sure assume ¥ELekN[> - %yu= Safe loak $230" - adter Ne Ng Ne que cine Dg ons Ny or othr problems 0% BC- Pq No & (e712) codt boole ys qe tx De Shape Factor, Table No.2. Depth factor dq dak. Byoen Sele2-2 = dg = Le ort OF /BINZ NOs tan*( Vy tb/o’). dg = dv Iga tFatc: