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Discovering Diverse Content Through
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 Fig. 859.—Big-Thunder.

Fig. 860.—Big-Voice. From Red-Cloud’s Census. In

this figure there are still more voices than in the
preceding.

Fig. 860.—Big-Voice.

CENTER.
Fig. 861.—Upi-Yaslate. Center-
Feather. The Oglala Roster. This is
the indication of a particular
feather, i. e., the middle tail
feather of a bird, probably of an
eagle, the tail feathers of which
bird are represented in many
pictographs in this paper. There
was some reason for the selection
of the center feather for the
name, and to indicate the center
three feathers were depicted with
a line touching the middle one.

Fig. 861.—Center-Feather.

DEAF.

Fig. 862.—Wi-nugin-kpa, Deaf-Woman. The Oglala

Roster. The ears are covered by a line, i. e., are
closed, and the ear most in view is connected with
the crown of the head, to show that the name is
expressed.

Fig. 862.—Deaf-
Woman.

DIRECTION.

This title has been selected as being the most comprehensive one
for the five following figures. The first shows a moccasin with a
serpentine track, at the farthest end of which is an angular design,
indicating leadership as well as the direction taken. This suggests
the leader of a war party conducting his band over an uncertain trail.
The second is explanatory of the first. That the chief goes in front is
indicated in a manner the reverse of that which would appear in the
designs common in our military text-books. He is supposed to be in
the opening in the angle of the advance and not at its apex. The
third figure shows a steadfast leadership in the determined straight
direction of attack against the enemy. This is still more
ideographically represented by the single strong straight line
showing that he “Don’t turn” in the fourth figure of this group.
Fig. 863.—Warrior. Red-Cloud’s Census. The name
does not give any idea of the design.

Fig. 863.—
Direction.

Fig. 864.—Goes-in-Front. Red-Cloud’s Census.

 Fig. 864.—Goes-in-Front.

Fig. 865.—Don’t-turn. Red-Cloud’s Census. This means that the

warrior don’t—that is, won’t—turn from his direct course.
 Fig. 865.—Don’t-turn.

Fig. 866.—Don’t-turn. Red Cloud’s Census. This figure is a variant of

the last, and a body of mounted men following the leader, all on
horseback as shown by the lunules.
 Fig. 866.—Don’t-turn.

Fig. 867.—Tunweya-gli, Returning-Scout. The

Oglala Roster. The returning is ingeniously
represented by the line curving backward and
returning to the point of starting. The two balls
above the head are simply two fixed points,
which establish the course of the line.

Fig. 867.—Returning
Scout.

DISEASE.
Fig. 868.—Many had the whooping cough.
American-Horse’s Winter Count, 1813-’14. The
cough is represented by the lines issuing from the
man’s mouth, but the characteristics of the
disease are better expressed in the three charts of
the Lone-Dog system, Figs. 196, 197, and 198.

Fig. 868.—Whooping
cough.

Fig. 869.—All the Dakotas had measles, very fatal. Swan’s

Winter Count, 1818-’19. Battiste Good says: “Smallpox-
used-them-up-again winter.” They, i. e., the Dakotas, at this
time lived on the Little White river, about 20 miles above
the Rosebud agency. The character in Battiste Good’s chart
is presented here in Fig. 870 as a variant.

Fig. 869.
—
Measles.

Fig. 870.—Measles or
smallpox.
Fig. 871.—Dakota war party ate a buffalo and all died.
Swan’s Winter Count, 1826-’27. Battiste Good calls the
same year, “Ate-a-whistle-and-died winter,” Fig. 872,
and explains that six Dakotas on the warpath had
nearly perished with hunger, when they found and ate
the rotting carcass of an old buffalo, on which the
wolves had been feeding. They were seized soon after Fig. 871.—Ate
buffalo and
with pains in the stomach, their bellies swelled, and died.
gas poured from the mouth and the anus, and they
“died of a whistle,” or from eating a whistle.
The sound of gas escaping from the mouth
is illustrated in the figure. The character on
the abdomen and on its right may be
considered to be the ideograph for pain in
that part of the body.

Fig. 872.—Died of “whistle.”

Fig. 873.—Many people died of smallpox. Cloud-Shield’s

Winter Count, 1782-’83. The charts all record two
successive winters of smallpox, but American-Horse makes
the first year of the epidemic one year later than that of
Battiste Good, and Cloud-Shield makes it two years later.

Fig. 873.
—
Smallpox.

Fig. 874.—Many died of smallpox. American-Horse’s Winter Count,

1780-’81. Here the smallpox marks are on the face and neck of a
Dakota, as indicated by the arrangement of the hair.

Fig. 874.
—
Smallpox.

Kingsborough (e) explains Fig. 875 by these

words in the text: “In the year of Seven
Rabbits, or in 1538, many of the people died
of the smallpox.” This may be compared with
the two preceding figures.

Fig. 875.—Smallpox.
Mexican.

Fig. 876.—Many died of the cramps. American-Horse’s Winter Count,

1849-’50. The cramps were those of Asiatic cholera, which was
epidemic in the United States at that time, and was carried to the
plains by the California and Oregon emigrants. The position of the
man is very suggestive of cholera.
 Fig. 876.—Died of
cramps.

Fig. 877.—Many women died in childbirth. Cloud-

Shield’s Winter Count, 1798-’99.

Fig. 877.—Died in
childbirth.

Fig. 878.—Many women died in childbirth. American-Horse’s Winter

Count, 1792-’93.
 Fig. 878.—
Died in
childbirth.

Fig. 879, from Copway (e), represents sickness. It

evidently refers to the loss of flesh consequent thereon.
The sick man is a European.

Fig. 879.
—
Sickness.
Ojibwa.

Edkins (a) gives Fig. 880 as “sickness,” and calls it a picture

of a sick man leaning against a support. All words
connected with diseases are arranged under this head.

Fig. 880.
—
Sickness.
Chinese.

FAST.

The following figures clearly indicate rapidity of motion:

 Fig. 881.—Fast-Horse.

Fig. 881.—Fast-Horse. Red-Cloud’s Census.

 Fig. 882.—Fast-Elk.

Fig. 882.—Fast-Elk. Red-Cloud’s Census.

FEAR.

The following ideograms for the concept of fear show respectively an

elk, a bear, and a bull surrounded by a circle of hunters. It would
seem that the latter were supposed to be afraid to attack the
animals when at bay in hand-to-hand fight, but stood off in a circle
until they had killed the enraged beast, or at least wounded it
sufficiently to allow of approach without danger.
Fig. 883.—Afraid-of-Elk. Red-Cloud’s Census.
 Fig. 883.—Afraid-of-Elk.

Fig. 884.—Afraid-of-Bull. Red-Cloud’s Census.

 Fig. 884.—Afraid-of-Bull.

Fig. 885.—Afraid-of-Bear. Red-Cloud’s Census.

 Fig. 885.—Afraid-of-Bear.

Fig. 886.—Matokinajin, The-Bear-Stops. The Oglala Roster. The bear

is surrounded by a circle of hunters, so is forced to stop. This figure
is in no essential respect different from the one preceding, yet the
name is suggestive of the converse of the fact expressed. In this
case the bear is forced to stop, and doubtless fear is exhibited by
that animal and not his hunters. Each of the ideas is appropriately
expressed, the point of consideration being changed.
 Fig. 886.—The Bear-stops.

Fig. 887 is taken from Copway, loc. cit. It probably

represents “fear,” the concept being the imagined
sinking or depression of the heart and vital organs, as
is correspondingly expressed in several languages.

Fig. 887.

FRESHET.

This small group shows the Dakotan modes of portraying the

freshets of the rivers on the banks of which they lived, which were
often disastrous. Each of the three figures pictures differently the
same event.
Fig. 888.—“Many-Yanktonais-drowned winter.”
The river bottom on a bend of the Missouri river,
where they were encamped, was suddenly
submerged, when the ice broke and many
women and children were drowned. Battiste
Good’s Winter Count 1825-’26.
Fig. 888.—River
freshet.

Fig. 889.—Many of the Dakotas

were drowned in a flood
caused by a rise in the Missouri
river, in a bend of which they
were encamped. Cloud-Shield’s
Winter Count, 1825-’26. The
curved line is the bend in the
river; the waved line is the Fig. 889.—River freshet.
water, above which the tops of
the tipis are shown.
Fig. 890.—Some of the Dakotas were living
on the bottom lands of the Missouri river,
below the Whetstone, when the river, which
was filled with broken ice, rose and flooded
their village. Many were drowned or else
killed by the floating ice. Many of those that
escaped climbed on cakes of ice or into
trees. American-Horse’s Winter Count,
1825-’26.
Fig. 890.—River freshet.

GOOD.

Fig. 891.—Good-Weasel. Red-Cloud’s Census. The character is

represented with two waving lines passing upward from the mouth
in imitation of the gesture sign, good talk, as made by passing two
extended and separated
fingers (or all fingers
separated) upward and
forward from the mouth.
This gesture is made
when referring either to a
shaman or to a Christian
clergyman. It is
connected with the idea
of “mystic” frequently
mentioned in this work.

Fig. 891.—Good weasel.

HIGH.

Various modes of delineating this idea are represented as follows:

Fig. 892.—Top-man. Red-Cloud’s Census. This character for Top-
man, or more properly “man above,” is drawn a short distance above
a curved line, which represents the character for sky inverted. The
gesture for sky is sometimes made by passing the hand from east to
west, describing an arc. Other pictographs for sky are shown in Fig.
1117.
 Fig. 892.—Top-man.

Fig. 893.—High-Cloud. Red-Cloud’s

Census. The light and horizontal
character of the cloud suggests that it
is one of those classed by
meteorologists as belonging to the
higher regions of the atmosphere. This
differs from all the varieties of clouds Fig. 893.—High-Cloud.

depicted in the Dakotan system.

Fig. 894—High-Bear. Red-Cloud’s Census. The length of the line and
the animal’s stretch of attitude suggest the altitude.
 Fig. 894.—High-Bear.

Fig. 895.—High-Eagle. Red-Cloud’s Census. Here there is an

additional suggestion of elevation from the upward angle or pointer
delineated below the eagle’s body and in front of its legs.
 Fig. 895.—High-Eagle.

Fig. 896.—Wolf-stands-on-a-hill. Red-Cloud’s Census. This and the

following representation of the same name show variation in
execution. The first, which is faint, as if distant vertically, is
connected with a straight line. The second shows the hill, appearing
from vertical distance too small to be the support of the wolf, which
requires an imaginary support for its hind legs.
 Fig. 896.—Wolf on
height.

Fig. 897.—Wolf-stands-on-hill. Red-Cloud’s Census.

 Fig. 897.—Wolf on height.

LEAN.

In the five figures next following the leanness of the several animals
is objectively portrayed. In Fig. 903 the idea is conveyed of “nothing
inside.”
Fig. 898.—Lean-Skunk. Red-Cloud’s
Census.

Fig. 898.—Lean-Skunk.

Fig. 899.—Lean-Dog. Red-Cloud’s Census.

 Fig. 899.—Lean-Dog.

Fig. 900.—
Lean-Bear.
Red-
Cloud’s
Census.
This bear
being
excessivel
y hungry
is
rendered
ferocious
by
devouring
unpalatabl
e
provender.

Fig. 900.—Lean-Bear.
Fig. 901.—Lean-Elk.
Red-Cloud’s Census.

Fig. 901.—Lean-Elk.

Fig. 902.—Lean-Bull. Red-Cloud’s Census.

 Fig. 902.—Lean-Bull.

The original of Fig. 903 was made by Lean-

Wolf, second chief of the Hidatsa, in 1881,
and represents the method which he had
employed to designate himself for many
years past. During his boyhood he had
another name. This is a current, or perhaps
it may be called cursive, form of the name,
which is given more elaborately in Fig. 548.

Fig. 903.—Lean-Wolf.

LITTLE.

Fig. 904.—Little-Ring. Red-Cloud’s Census. This and the six following

figures express smallness by their minute size relative to the other
characterizing figures among nearly three hundred in the census.
 Fig. 904.—Little-Ring.

Fig. 905.—Little-Ring. Red-Cloud’s Census.

Fig. 905.—
Little-Ring.

Fig. 906.—Little-Crow. Red-Cloud’s Census.

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