Research

Sampling
ENGLISH 10
 Objectives:
1. Understand the concept of research sampling and its importance in
research.
2. Distinguish the difference between probability and non-probability sampling.
3. Identify and explain the types under probability sampling (e.g., simple
random, stratified) and non-probability sampling (e.g., convenience,
purposive).
 Respondents/ Participants
Individuals or groups who provide
information, insights, or data for a study.
They are the sources of the information
researchers analyze to answer research
questions or test hypotheses.
 Sampling
Sampling is the process of selecting a subset (called a
sample) of individuals, items, or observations from a larger
group (called the population) to study and draw conclusions
about the population. Researchers use sampling because it
is often impractical, time-consuming, or expensive to study
the entire population.
 Population and Sample
A population is the entire group that you want to draw
conclusions about. A sample is the specific group that
you will collect data from. The size of the sample is
always less than the total size of the population. In
research, a population doesn't always refer to people.
Population and Sample
 2 Kinds

PROBABILITY NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING SAMPLING
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
In probability sampling, every individual in the
population has a known, non-zero chance of
being selected. This ensures that the sample is
representative of the population, allowing for
generalizations and reducing bias.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
1. Simple Random Sampling
2.Systematic Sampling
3.Stratified Sampling
4.Cluster Sampling
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
1. Simple Random Sampling
Every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected. This method
ensures that the selection is unbiased and representative of the population.
Example:
A researcher wants to study the study habits of university students. The university has
10,000 students, and the researcher randomly selects 500 students by assigning a
number to each student and using a random number generator. Each student has an
equal probability of being included in the study.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
2. Systematic Sampling
Individuals are selected at regular intervals from a list. This method requires ordering the
population and choosing a starting point at random.

Example:
A company conducts an employee satisfaction survey. The HR department has a list of
1,000 employees. To select 100 employees, they choose every 10th person on the list
after picking a random starting point, such as the 7th person. This ensures equal
intervals and random selection.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
3. Stratified Sampling
The population is divided into subgroups (strata) based on specific characteristics (e.g., age,
gender, income level), and a sample is taken from each subgroup proportionally to ensure
representation.
Example:
A health researcher wants to analyze the prevalence of diabetes among different age
groups in a city. The population is divided into age strata (e.g., 18-30, 31-50, 51+). If 40% of
the population is aged 31-50, the researcher ensures 40% of the sample comes from this
group. Proportional sampling ensures that each age group is represented correctly in the
analysis.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
4. Cluster Sampling
The population is divided into clusters (e.g., geographic regions, schools, or districts), and
a random selection of clusters is chosen for the study. Instead of sampling individuals,
entire clusters are studied.
Example:
A university wants to survey its students to understand their opinions about the quality
of campus facilities. All students enrolled at the university. Clusters: The university
divides its students into clusters based on their departments (e.g., Engineering, Business,
Arts, Medicine, etc.).
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING
In non-probability sampling, individuals are
selected based on non-random criteria,
meaning not every individual has a chance of
being included.
NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING
1. Purposive Sampling
2.Convenience Sampling
3.Quota Sampling
 NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING
1. Purposive Sampling
Also known as judgmental sampling, this method involves selecting individuals
deliberately based on specific characteristics or expertise relevant to the study.
Example:
A researcher wants to study the experiences of high-achieving students who excel in
extracurricular activities to understand how they balance academics and extracurricular
commitments. The researcher purposefully selects students who meet predefined criteria
(high GPA, active in extracurriculars, award-winners) because these individuals are
directly relevant to the study about balancing academics and extracurricular activities.
NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING
NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING
2. Convenience Sampling
This method involves selecting individuals who are easiest to access or
most readily available. It is a quick and inexpensive method of sampling.
Example:
A researcher wants to study high school students' perspectives on a new
AI tool introduced for helping with homework and assignments. The
researcher chooses students who are already in the computer lab during
their free period because they are readily available and easy to approach.
NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING
 NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING
3. Quota Sampling
Quota sampling involves dividing the population into mutually exclusive subgroups
(exclusive characteristics) and then recruit sample units until you reach your quota.
Example:
A researcher wants to study high school students’ opinions on a proposed change to the
school uniform policy, ensuring representation from different subgroups such as gender
and grade level. The researcher divides the population into subgroups based on grade level
(freshmen, sophomores, juniors, seniors). The researcher recruits students from each
subgroup (e.g., 10 freshmen males, 10 freshmen females) until the quota for that subgroup
is reached.
NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Thank
You