Module in General Physics 2

GRADE

12

General Physics 2
Quarter 3
Module 1 and 2

Electric Charge and

Force, Electric Flux
and Gauss’s Law

(Student’s Full Name)

__________________________
(Strand and Section)

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 Module in General Physics 2

INTRODUCTORY MESSAGE

Welcome Dear Marians to School Year

2020-2021!

Adhering with the regulations of the ‘New

TO OUR BELOVED LEARNER: Normal’, St. Mary’s College of Tagum, Inc.
– Senior High School, has opted to choose
Praised be Jesus and Mary! distance learning with two resources:
Online and Offline. This module is your
Now and Forever…
offline resource for this school year.
We welcome you to your Learning Module This module hopes to engage you in
1 for the first quarter of the academic year, learning independently at your own pace
2020-2021. In light of the changes that we and your own time. Furthermore, this also
have adopted due to these trying times, we aims to help you acquire the needed 21 st-
are beyond grateful that you chose to stay century skills while taking into
here with us! consideration your needs and
circumstances – especially in this time of
This module was written, designed, devel- the pandemic.
oped, and reviewed collaboratively by your
We hope that you will be enabled to
senior high school teachers and process the contents of the learning
coordinators - of which the materials were resource while being an active learner. We
derived from both public and private pray that you will face adversities head-on
through the Transformative Ignacian-
educational in- stitutions. This is to ensure
Marian Education we will provide at your
that the quality of the learning content is in
fingertips.
par with the competencies you need to
complete the subject.

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Module in General Physics 2

WHAT’S INSIDE?
Learning Targets This gives you an idea of the skills or competencies you are
expected to learn in the module.

This activity acts as a motivation for your incoming lesson at

hand. If you have garnered a favorable score (through the
teacher’s evaluation), decide to skip this part of the module.

Initial Task

This portion contains the key words of the lessons with the
Unlocking Difficulties designated definitions in context of the subject matter.

Activating Prior This is an activity or a thought-provoking question to verify

Knowledge your previous knowledge of the lesson.

Lecturette This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This

aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and
skills.

Assessment This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify

your understanding and skills of the topic.

Lesson Reflection This includes questions to be filled for you to process what
you learned from the lesson.

Final Task This section provides an activity which will help you transfer
your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or
concerns.

*Descriptions and Icons are derived from the Alternative Delivery Mode Material from the Department of Education

Your Gentle Reminders:

 Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a sepa-
rate sheet of paper in answering the exercises – however, this is optional.
Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.


 Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks.

Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.

 Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.

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Module in General Physics 2

• Describe using a diagram charging by rubbing and

charging by induction
• Explain the role of electron transfer in electrostatic
charging by rubbing
• Describe experiments to show electrostatic charging by
induction
• Calculate the net electric force on a point charge exerted
by a system of point charges
Competenc • Describe an electric field as a region in which an electric
charge experiences a force
y • Calculate the electric field due to a system of point
charges using Coulomb’s law and the superposition
1–9
principle  Calculate electric flux
• Use Gauss law to infer electric field due to uniformly
distributed charges on long wires, spheres, and large
plates
• Solve problems involving electric charges, dipoles, forces,
fields, and flux in contexts such as, but not limited to,
systems of point charges, electrical breakdown of air,
charged pendulums, electrostatic ink-jet printers

In this module, we aim that you, in the long run will be able to demonstrate a
holistic understanding of the physical quantities and apply the basics in daily doings in
the community and apply the rules and interaction of physical and non-physical
quantities on God’s environment. With that, you can be a good servant of the Almighty
God.

Learning Targets
At the end of this module, you will be able to:
• define electric charge as well as the ways of transferring charge;
and
• solve problems involving electric charge using Coulomb’s Law,
Gauss Law and electric flux

Initial Task
Activity 1: The Birth of Electricity
Direction. Create a caricature that discusses the beginning of electricity.
You can color your output to make it more aesthetic. Put your output on the
space provided.

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Module in General Physics 2

Unlocking Difficulties
The following are the key words and challenging terms used in this module:

• elektron – Greek term for “amber”

• amber – a yellowish substance that was used to attract tiny pieces of
paper or feathers
• charge – fundamental property of matter
• coulombs – SI unit for charge
• ground – used generically to denote the path or destination of such
excess charges.

Activating Prior Knowledge

Activity 2: Key Facts
The long history of scientific work on electricity is very interesting but we
will skip the details and focus more on the basic facts about electricity. Your task
is to give a brief explanation on the following facts which are already familiar to
you. Write your answer on the space provided after the statements.
 There are two types of charges.
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_____________________________________________________ 
Charge comes in quantized units.
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Like charges repel each other, unlike charges attract.
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Charge is conserve.
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Module in General Physics 2

_____________________________________________________
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LECTURETTE
Electricity: Transferring of Electric Charge
The discovery of electricity is
generally credited to the Greeks and is
thought to have occurred around 2500 years
ago, which is approximately the era in which
Aristotle lived. The Greeks observed electric
charges and forces between them in a variety
of situations. Many of their observations
made use of a material called amber, a
plastic – like substance formed by allowing
the sap from a certain tree to dry and harden.
The Greeks found that after amber is rubbed
https://www.google.com/search?q=electric
-
with a piece of plastic and small bits of paper.
The process of rubbing the two together
“creates” an attractive force. Moreover, this force occurs even when the amber and the
paper are not in contact, there would be an attractive force. Thus, it shows that there are
ways of transferring electric charges from one material to another.
CHARGING an Object by RUBBING
The Greeks discovered electricity when they rubbed a piece of amber with the
fur. The rubbing caused charge to be transferred between the amber and the fur, and
we know that electrons moved from the fur to the amber. The amber thus acquired a net
negative charge (an excess of electrons), while the fur was left with a net positive
charge (an excess number of positive ion) as illustrated below:

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Module in General Physics 2

The illustration shows that when you rub the rubber rod with a fur, it will acquire a
negative charge. If this charged rod is then brought near the paper, the paper is
attracted to the rod. This effect is caused by electric forces between charges on the rod
and on the paper. The rod acquired its excess charge by rubbing, although the paper is
electrically neutral, there exist an electric force on the paper that causes some
movement of the charges on the paper. The rod is negatively charged, so electrons in
the paper are repelled, and positive ions on the paper are attracted. The paper is then
said to be polarized (separation between charges).
CHARGING an Object by INDUCTION
Suppose you are given the same negatively charged rubber rod, but this time you
are asked to give the metal a net positive charge. This task might seem to be impossible
because the excess charges on the rod are negative, but an approach called charging
by induction will accomplish it.

Charging by induction makes use of polarization and the properties of an

electrical ground. The negatively charged rod is first brought near the metal, thus,
polarizing the metal. A connection is then made from the piece of metal to electrical
ground using a metal wire, so electrons are able to move even farther from the charged
rob by moving into the electrical ground region. The final step in the process is to
remove the grounding wire, leaving the original piece of metal with a net positive
charge. The final result is that the metal has a net positive charge.
These two ways of transferring electric charge has paved way to the concepts
about conductors and insulators. Conductors are materials that permit electrons to flow
freely from particle to particle. An object made of a conducting material will permit
charge to be transferred across the entire surface of the object. Insulators are materials
that impede the free flow of electrons from atom to atom and molecule to molecule. If
charge is transferred to an insulator at a given location, the excess charge will remain at
the initial location of charging. The particles of the insulator do not permit the free flow of
electrons; subsequently charge is seldom distributed evenly across the surface of an
insulator. What is Electric Charge?

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Module in General Physics 2

Electric charge or charge a fundamental property of matter: the amount of charge that
is on or carried by a particle determines how the particle reacts to electric and
magnetic fields. In the SI system of units, charge is measured in coulombs (C) in honor
of French physicist Charles de Coulomb, where one coulomb (1C) has the charge of
6.242x1018 electrons (e). Additionally, the charge on a single electron is –1.6 x 10-19 C
(and for protons it is equal to 1.6 x 10-19 C).
Imagine when you hold a ball up above the ground and let it go, you already
know that it will fall toward the Earth. This happens because the Earth exerts an
attractive force on the ball, causing it to move toward the Earth, speeding up as it gets
closer. Something similar happens when you hold two charges near each other and let
them go. The charges will exert electric forces on each other, causing them to either
move apart or come together. However, unlike the gravitational force exerted by the
Earth on the ball, which is always an attractive force, the electric force between two
point charges can be either attractive or repulsive, depending on the type of charges
involved.
If two charges are different then they will attract, otherwise, the charges will
repel when they are same. These reactions can be described as electric force. To
understand or quantify electric force, we will use the Coulomb’s Law:

where:
k – is a constant value equal to 8.99 x 109N ∙
m2/C2 q1 and q2 – are the charged particles r2 –
the distance between the charges Sample Problem
1. Suppose we have two charges, q1 and q2, with charges 3x10-9C and -5x10-9C
respectively with a distance of 0.3m. Calculate the electric force between the
charges.

Based on the problem above, the charges will give an attractive force because
they are oppositely charged. We will use the Coulomb’s Law to identify the magnitude of
the electric force. It follows as:

(Note: In substituting for the value/s of q1 and q2, use its absolute (positive) form)

2. Suppose we have two charges, q1 and q2, with charges 2x10-9C and 3x10-9C
respectively with a distance of 5m. Calculate the electric force between the
charges.

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Module in General Physics 2

3. Suppose that two point charges, each with a charge of 2C are separated by a
distance of 1m. Determine the electrical force.

4. Two balloons are charged with an identical quantity and type of charge -6.25nC.
They are held apart at a separation distance of 61.7cm. Determine the electrical
force.
Given: q1 = q2 = 6.25nC = 6.25x10-9C; r = 0.617m

5. Two balloons with charges of 3.37µC and -8.21µC attract each other with a force
of 0.0626N. Determine the separation distance between the two balloons.
Given: q1 = 3.37µC = 3.37x10-6 Find: r =?
q2 = 8.21µC = 8.21x10-6
F = 0.0626N

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ELECTRIC FIELD: Gauss Law and Electric Flux

Coulomb’s law gives the electric force between a pair
of charges, but there is another way to describe electric
forces. Imagine a single isolated point charge, that is, a
point charge very far from any other charges. The
presence of this charges produces electric field.
Electric field is a region of space in which an electric
charge experiences a force. These fields are caused by
https://www.google.com/search
electrical charges (just like the image on the left side).
This electric field is an example of a force field – a region
in space which an object experiences a force. Electric fields are visualized by drawing
electric field lines.
An electric field line always points in the direction a positive charge would accelerate
if it were placed into the field. Positive charges are always attracted to negative
charges. For this reason, electric field lines always point from positive to negative
(arrows pointing outside) and vice versa. This also explains why there are attraction
force and repulsive force.

https://www.google.com/search?q=elec-

Observe the following illustrations:

https://www.google.com/search?q=elec-

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The number of lines in the electric field lines is equal to the magnitude of the
force. Thus, if a charge has a force of 15N, the visualization/representation of the
electric field line is also 15 lines depending upon its charge for its direction. The electric
field line can be mathematically expressed as:

Since electric field is related to electric force, so we can use a Coulomb’s law:
𝑭 = 𝒒𝑬
Two point charges with q1 = 4.0µC and q2 = -2.0µC are arranged as shown below with a
distance of 3cm each from the origin, what is the electric field at the origin?
Compute the electric field for each charges: To get
the

magnitude and direction of the electric field, we will use the PYTHAG-
OREAN THEOREM and TRIGONOMETRY.

On the example given, other than the two charges there are other factors that
needs to be considered such as another charge to appear between two charges. To
address that scenario. We are going to apply the principle of superposition.
PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
According to this principle when a number of charges are interacting the total force on a
given charge is the vector sum of forces exerted on it by all other charges. This principle
makes use of the fact that the forces with which two charges attract or repel one
another are not affected by the presence of other charges. It gives a method to find a
force on a charge when a system is consisting a large number
of charges.
Find the force exerted by Q2 (3C) and Q3 (-5C) to Q1 (8C).
First, let us identify the direction of forces by following the law
of charges (attract and repel rule)

Note that Q1 and Q2 are the same charge that’s why it repels
also, for Q1 and Q3 attracts because they have different
charges. So, according to the principle of superposition, the
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forces acting on Q1 is equal to sum of the forces between Q1&Q2 and Q1&Q3.
Mathematically speaking,
𝑭1 = 𝑭12 + 𝑭13

Electric Flux and Gauss Law

We can calculate the electric field due to a point charge using the principle of
superposition to deal with conceivable distribution of charges by treating the distribution
as a collection of charges and total field. Luckily, there is a simpler way to deal with
complex charge distributions, based on Gauss Law. To explain this law, we must define
first define a quantity called electric flux.
ELECTRIC FLUX
Electric flux is the rate of flow of the electric field through a given area and is denoted
by 𝚽𝑬. This is proportional to the number of electric field lines going through a virtual
surface. In simplest case, with the electric field directed perpendicular to the surface,
the magnitude of the flux is the product of the electric field and the area of the surface.

Flux is proportional to the density of the flow

Flux varies by how the

boundary faces the direction of
flow

Flux is proportional to the area within the boundary

If the electric field is uniform, the electric flux passing through a surface of vector area
A is
𝚽𝑬 = 𝑬𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

where:
E = the magnitude of the electric field
A = area of the surface
𝜃 = angle between the electric field lines perpendicular to A
Sample Problem: An electric field of 500N/C makes an angle of 30° with the surface
vector, which has a magnitude of 0.50m2. Find the electric flux that passes through the
surface.
Given: E = 500N/C; A = 0.5m2; 𝜃 = 30°
Solution:

GAUSS LAW
Gauss’s Law also known as Gauss flux theorem is a law relating the distribution of
electric charge to the resulting electric field. The law asserts that the electric flux
through any closed surface is proportional to the total charge q inside the surface. The
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law was formulated by Carl Friedrich Gauss. The law states that the net outward
normal electric flux through any closed surface is proportional to the total electric charge
enclosed within that closed surface. Thus, the total of the electric flux out of a closed
surface is equal to the charge enclosed divided by the permittivity, putting it
mathematically:

Example:
There are three charges q1, q2, and q3 having charges 6pC, 5pC and 3pC respectively
and are enclosed in a surface. Find the total flux enclosed by the surface. First calculate
the total charges qtotal
qtotal = q1 + q2 +q3 = 6pC + 5pC + 3pC = 14pC
= 14x10-12C
Using the Gauss Law, we have the total flux as:

Did you by any chance asked how does electricity are being transferred and why
sometimes I felt being spark even when I am not holding anything that conducts
electricity? Physicists have made this formulas and calculations in order to describe and
give a vivid picture about the concept of electricity focusing on the electric charges.
These are just a few of the concepts about electricity if we will compare it to our daily
usage at home, workplace or even anywhere.

ASSESSMENT
Instructions: 1. Kindly go to our
schoology.
2. Kindly click the portal entitled 3rd Quarter Lesson 1 & 2 Assessment.

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3. Answer the questions correctly and encode them properly in accordance

to the direction imprinted on the assessment. Not following instruction is
considered as wrong.
4. Comments and correction will be given to you on the site as well for you
to be guided with the concepts and in solving problems.
5. Any forms of cheating will nullify your result and will be marked as zero.
Note: Opening another tab will result to closing of the quiz!

Final Task: Electric Field in a Smokestack Scrubber

Put your solution and your answer on the box below.
Consider a soot particle of mass (msoot) 1x10-12kg that travels upward in a
smokestack. The scrubber has a charge of (qsoot) 1.1x10-17C. Assume that the electric
field in the scrubber is produced by two parallel square plates of a side 1m.
a. What must be the value of the electric field between the plates so that the force
in the soot particle is equal to the weight of the particle?
b. What charge on the scrubber’s plates is required to produce the electric field in
the previous question (a)?

Bible Verse:

Jesus answered, “I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to
the Father except through me” John 14:6
References:
Giordano, N. General Physics 2 (2018). Rex Book Store, Inc.
De Luna, M. M., De Luna, L. H., & Manzano, R. P. (2012). Physics: Exploring science &
technology: 4th year. Manila: Anvil Publishing.
10 Bible Verse When Life is Uncertain. (2018, September 11).
https://www.951shinefm.com/shine/shine-daily/10-bible-verses-when-life-is-
uncertain/

Prepared by:

RENDIE C. BEDOLIDO, LPT

Subject Teacher

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Module in General Physics 2

Checked by:

RAYMOND W. DELA CUESTA, LPT, M.A.Ed.

Senior High School Academic Coordinator

Noted by:

ELEANOR C. AGUILLON, LPT, M.A.Ed.

Senior High School Focal Person

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