1.1 Explain what is meant by the scientific method.
Uh, the scientific method is like a step-by-step way scientists use to solve problems or
answer questions.
First, you observe something, then you ask a question about it.
After that, you make a hypothesis — like a guess based on what you already know — then
you test it through experiments.
And you check the results and see if they support your hypothesis.
If not, you try again.
It helps keep things organized and based on evidence, not just guesses.
1.2 What is the difference between qualitative data and
quantitative data?
Qualitative data describes what something is like — like its color, texture, or smell — so
it’s more about descriptions.
Quantitative data is all about numbers — like how much, how long, or how heavy
something is.
So basically, qualitative is words, and quantitative is numbers.
1.3 Classify the following as qualitative or quantitative
statements, giving your reasons.
(a) The sun is approximately 93 million mi from Earth.
quantitative, sir, because it gives an actual number — 93 million
miles.
(b) Leonardo da Vinci was a better painter than
Michelangelo.
qualitative, since it’s based on opinion and can’t be measured —
"better" is subjective.
(c) Ice is less dense than water.
qualitative, because it compares without using number— just the
word “less dense”
(d) Butter tastes better than margarine.
Qualitative— “taste better” based on personal judgement, not
measurement
(e) A stitch in time saves nine.
Qualitative— this more like a proverb, not really a scientific data
and it uses words not numbers
1.4 Classify each of the following statements as a hypothesis, a
law, or a theory.
(a) Beethoven’s contribution to music would have been much
greater if he had married.
hypothesis—It’s a guess or assumption, but it cant be really
tested, so its more like a personal idea
(b) An autumn leaf gravitates toward the ground because
there is an attractive force between the leaf and Earth.
Theory, it explain why leaf falls — its based on idea of gravitational
force
(c) All matter is composed of very small particles called
atoms
Law
1.5 Give an example for each of the following terms:
(a) matter,
(b) substance,
(c) mixture.
1.6 Give an example of a homogeneous mixture and an example
of a heterogeneous mixture.
Saltwater and Halo-halo
1.7 Using examples, explain the difference between a physical
property and a chemical property.
Physical property is something you can observe without changing the
substance is — like ice melting. It turns to water but it’s still H2O
And chemical property, how substance react — like rusting. It forms
new substance 4Fe + 3O₂ + 6H₂O → 4Fe (OH)₃
1.8 How does an intensive property differ from an extensive
property?
Which of the following properties are intensive and which are
extensive?
(a) length,
(b) volume,
(c) temperature,
(d) mass.
1.9 Give an example of an element and a compound. How do
elements and compounds differ?
1.10What is the number of known elements?
1.11Do the following statements describe chemical or physical
properties?
(a) Oxygen gas supports combustion.
(b) Fertilizers help to increase agricultural production.
(c) Water boils below 100°C on top of a mountain.
(d) Lead is denser than aluminum.
(e) Uranium is a radioactive element.
(a) That’s a chemical property, sir — because supporting
combustion involves a reaction.
(b) Chemical property, since fertilizers affect plant growth through
chemical processes.
(c) Physical property, because boiling point is a physical condition
that can change with pressure.
(d) Physical property, sir — density can be measured without
changing the substance.
(e) That’s a chemical property — being radioactive means it
undergoes nuclear decay.
1.12Does each of the following describe a physical change or a
chemical change?
(a) The helium gas inside a balloon tends to leak out after a
few hours.
(b) A flashlight beam slowly gets dimmer and finally goes out.
(c) Frozen orange juice is reconstituted by adding water to it.
(d) The growth of plants depends on the sun’s energy in a
process called photosynthesis.
(e) A spoonful of table salt dissolves in a bowl of soup.
(a) That’s a physical change, sir — the helium is just escaping, but
it’s still helium.
(b) Chemical change, because the batteries are reacting and running
out of chemical energy.
(c) That’s physical, sir — you're just mixing water, no new substance
is formed.
(d) Chemical change, since photosynthesis creates new substances
like glucose.
(e) Physical change, because the salt dissolves but it’s still salt — no
chemical reaction.
1.13Give the names of the elements represented by the chemical
symbols Li, F, P, Cu, As, Zn, Cl, Pt, Mg, U, Al, Si, Ne. (See Table
1.1 and the inside front cover.)
Li – Lithium
F – Fluorine
P – Phosphorus
Cu – Copper
As – Arsenic
Zn – Zinc
Cl – Chlorine
Pt – Platinum
Mg – Magnesium
U – Uranium
Al – Aluminum
Si – Silicon
Ne – Neon
1.14Give the chemical symbols for the following elements:
(a) potassium,
(b) tin,
(c) chromium,
(d) boron,
(e) barium,
(f) plutonium,
(g) sulfur,
(h) argon,
(i) mercury. (See Table 1.1 and the inside front cover.)
(a) Potassium – K
(b) Tin – Sn
(c) Chromium – Cr
(d) Boron – B
(e) Barium – Ba
(f) Plutonium – Pu
(g) Sulfur – S
(h) Argon – Ar
(i) Mercury – Hg
1.15Classify each of the following substances as an element or a
compound: (a) hydrogen,
(b) water,
(c) gold,
(d) sugar. C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
1.16Classify each of the following as an element, a compound, a
homogeneous mixture, or a heterogeneous mixture:
(a) seawater,
(b) helium gas,
(c) sodium chloride (table salt),
(d) a bottle of soft drink,
(e) a milkshake,
(f) air in a bottle,
(g) concrete.
MEASUREMENTS
1.17Name the SI base units that are important in chemistry. Give
the SI units
1.18Write the numbers represented by the following prefixes:
(a) mega-,
(b) kilo-,
(c) deci-,
(d) centi-,
(e) milli-,
(f) micro-,
(g) nano-,
(h) pico-.
(a) Mega- = 1,000,000 or 10⁶
(b) Kilo- = 1,000 or 10³
(c) Deci- = 0.1 or 10⁻¹
(d) Centi- = 0.01 or 10⁻²
(e) Milli- = 0.001 or 10⁻³
(f) Micro- = 0.000001 or 10⁻⁶
(g) Nano- = 0.000000001 or 10⁻⁹
(h) Pico- = 0.000000000001 or 10⁻¹²
1.19What units do chemists normally use for density of liquids and
solids? For gas density? Explain the differences.
“Uh, for liquids and solids, chemists usually use grams per cubic centimeter, or g/cm³. But for gases, it’s
more common to use grams per liter, g/L. That’s because gases take up a lot more space than solids or
liquids, so using liters makes the values easier to work with and compare.”
1.20Describe the three temperature scales used in the laboratory
and in everyday life:
the Fahrenheit scale,
the Celsius scale,
and the Kelvin scale.
“There are three main temperature scales. Fahrenheit is mainly used in the U.S. for everyday things like
weather. Celsius is used more globally and in science—it sets 0°C as the freezing point of water and
100°C as boiling. Kelvin is the scientific standard; it starts at absolute zero, where particles have no
motion, so it’s ideal for precise lab calculations since it avoids negative values.”
1.21Bromine is a reddish-brown liquid. Calculate its density (in
g/mL) if 586 g of the substance occupies 188 mL.
1.22The density of ethanol, a colorless liquid that is commonly
known as grain alcohol, is 0.798 g/mL. Calculate the mass of
17.4 mL of the liquid.
1.23 Convert the following temperatures to degrees Celsius or
Fahrenheit:
(a) 95°F, the temperature on a hot summer day;
(b) 12°F, the temperature on a cold winter day;
(c) a 102°F fever;
(d) a furnace operating at 1852°F;
(e) 2273.15°C (theoretically the lowest attainable
temperature).
1.24(a) Normally the human body can endure a temperature of
105°F for only short periods of time without permanent
damage to the brain and other vital organs. What is this
temperature in degrees Celsius?
(b) Ethylene glycol is a liquid organic compound that is used
as an antifreeze in car radiators. It freezes at 211.5°C.
Calculate its freezing temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.
(c) The temperature on the surface of the sun is about
6300°C. What is this temperature in degrees Fahrenheit? (d)
The ignition temperature of paper is 451°F. What is the
temperature in degrees Celsius?
1.25Convert the following temperatures to kelvin: (a) 113°C, the
melting point of sulfur, (b) 37°C, the normal body
temperature, (c) 357°C, the boiling point of mercury.
Express the answers to the following calculations in scientifi c
notation:
(a) 145.75 + (2.3 x 10^-1 )
(b) 79,500 /(2.5 x 10^2 )
(c) (7.0 x 10^-3 ) x (8.0 3 10^-4 )
(d) (1.0 x 10^4 ) x (9.9 x 10^6 )
