SECTION -C

1. Types of Government
a. Monarchy

 In a monarchy, a king or queen rules the country.

 The position is usually inherited.
 Example: Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom (though UK's monarch has limited power
due to democracy).
 Types:
o Absolute Monarchy: King has full power.
o Constitutional Monarchy: King follows the Constitution and shares power
with elected leaders.

b. Dictatorship

 A single ruler (dictator) has complete control.

 No elections or only fake elections.
 Citizens have limited or no freedom.
 Example: North Korea (Kim Jong-un).

c. Oligarchy

 Government run by a few powerful people or families.

 These people are usually rich or from military groups.
 Ordinary citizens have little role in decision-making.

d. Theocracy

 Government is run by religious leaders or based on religious laws.

 Religion and politics are closely connected.
 Example: Iran (Islamic theocracy).

e. Democracy

 People elect their leaders through voting.

 Citizens enjoy freedom, equality, and rights.
 Example: India, USA.
 India is the largest democracy in the world.

2. Introduction to the Constitution of India

a. What is a Constitution?

 The Constitution is the supreme law of the land.

 It tells us how the government should work and protects citizens’ rights.
b. Making of the Constitution of India

 Prepared by the Constituent Assembly.

 Headed by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.
 Took 2 years, 11 months, 18 days to complete.
 Came into effect on 26th January 1950 (celebrated as Republic Day).

c. Preamble

 Introduction to the Constitution.

 Describes the aims and values of the country.
 Keywords: Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic, Justice, Liberty,
Equality, and Fraternity.

d. Fundamental Rights (6 rights)

 Right to Equality
 Right to Freedom
 Right against Exploitation
 Right to Freedom of Religion
 Cultural and Educational Rights
 Right to Constitutional Remedies

e. Fundamental Duties

 Citizens must:
o Respect the Constitution and national flag
o Protect the environment
o Promote harmony
o Defend the country
o Value heritage and culture

3. Central and Federal Structure of Government

a. What is Federalism?

 A system in which power is shared between central (national) and state

governments.
 Both work independently in their areas.

b. India’s Federal Structure

 Central Government: Makes laws for the whole country (like defence, foreign
affairs).
 State Government: Makes laws for the state (like police, health, transport).
 Local Government: Panchayats and Municipalities look after villages and cities.

c. Union List, State List, and Concurrent List

  Union List: Matters only the central government can decide (e.g., army, currency).
 State List: Matters only state governments decide (e.g., police, water supply).
 Concurrent List: Both central and state can make laws (e.g., education, forests).

Section A: Match the Following

S. No Description Type of Government

1 Citizens vote for their leaders and have equal rights (d) Democracy

2 Religious leaders govern based on religious laws (e) Theocracy

3 A small group of wealthy or influential people rule (a) Oligarchy

4 One person holds all power and often gains it through force (b) Dictatorship

5 Power is inherited and held by a king or queen (c) Monarchy

Section B: Fill in the Blanks

1. In a democracy, citizens have the right to vote and select their representatives.
2. A monarchy is a type of government where a king or queen rules a country.

Section C: Questions for Discussion

1. What is the main difference between a monarchy and a democracy?

 In a monarchy, the power is inherited and held by a king or queen, and citizens
usually have limited participation in governance.
 In a democracy, the power lies with the people, and leaders are elected through
voting. Citizens have equal rights and participation in decision-making.

2. Why is democracy considered a government “for the people”?

Democracy is called a government “of the people, by the people, and for the people”
because:

 Key Features of Democracy:

o Free and fair elections
o Equal rights for all citizens
o Freedom of speech, religion, and expression
o Rule of law – Everyone is equal under the law
o Citizen participation in decision-making
 How Democracy Ensures Fairness and Equality:
o People choose their leaders through voting.
 o Laws protect minorities and promote social justice.
o Public opinion matters and leaders are accountable.

Introduction to the Constitution of India (Brief Overview)

a. Constitution Making

 Framed by the Constituent Assembly between 1946–1949.

 Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee.
 Adopted on 26th November 1949, came into effect on 26th January 1950 (Republic
Day).

b. Preamble of the Constitution

 The Preamble is the introduction to the Constitution.

 It states that India is:
o Sovereign (free to make its own laws)
o Socialist (works for welfare of all)
o Secular (respects all religions)
o Democratic (people choose leaders)
o Republic (head of state is elected)

c. Fundamental Rights (6 Rights)

1. Right to Equality
2. Right to Freedom
3. Right against Exploitation
4. Right to Freedom of Religion
5. Cultural and Educational Rights
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies

d. Fundamental Duties (Examples)

 Respect the national flag and anthem

 Protect the environment
 Follow the Constitution and laws
 Promote harmony
 Value heritage and culture

Section B: Fill in the Blanks

1. The Constitution of India is the supreme law of the country, serving as the foundation
for governing the nation.
2. The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th
November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950.

Section C: Questions for Discussion

1. Who was the Drafting Committee Chairman of the Indian Constitution? Write his
contribution in the making of the Constitution.

 Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian
Constitution.
 His Contributions:
o Played a key role in writing and finalizing the Constitution.
o Ensured justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity were part of the Preamble.
o Worked to protect the rights of minorities, women, and the weaker
sections of society.
o Advocated for Fundamental Rights and social justice.
o Known as the “Architect of the Indian Constitution.”

2. Name two Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties and discuss why they are
important.

Fundamental Rights:

1. Right to Equality – Ensures equal treatment of all citizens before the law.
2. Right to Freedom – Gives freedom of speech, expression, movement, and the right to
live with dignity.

Fundamental Duties:

1. Respect the Constitution, National Flag, and National Anthem.

2. Protect the natural environment including forests, lakes, and wildlife.

Importance:

 Rights protect individual freedom and dignity and promote fairness and justice.
 Duties remind citizens of their responsibility towards the nation and society, helping
build a strong and united country.

Section A: Fill in the Blanks

1. A government with a central authority that controls all decisions is called a unitary
government.
2. A federal government divides power between central government and smaller
regional governments, like states or provinces.

Section B: Question for Discussion

1. What is the main difference between a unitary government and a federal government?

 In a unitary government, all powers are held by a single central authority. The
regional or local governments, if they exist, function under the control of the central
government.
Example: United Kingdom, France.
  In a federal government, the power is divided between a central authority and
regional governments (like states or provinces). Both levels work independently in
their own areas.
Example: India, United States.

Summary of the difference:

 Unitary: One central government with all power.

 Federal: Power shared between central and state governments.

THEME D
1. Role-Plays (Buyers and Sellers Negotiation Activity)

Purpose: To help students understand how trade and negotiation take place in real markets.

 Activity: Students act as buyers and sellers in a market. They will bargain, discuss
price, and quality of goods.
 Assessment Criteria:
o Confidence in speaking and presenting dialogues.
o Use of economic terms like cost, profit, demand, supply.
o Clarity and expression during negotiation.
o Teamwork and creativity in setting up a market scene.

2. Exit Tickets

Purpose: To assess what students learned during the class through a quick response.

 How it works:
o Before leaving the classroom, each student writes a quick answer to a question
like:
 “What is the role of a wholesaler in the supply chain?”
 “Name one challenge faced by a consumer.”
 “What did you learn about sustainable trade today?”
 Use: Teachers collect the responses to check understanding and learning gaps.

3. Concept Maps (Trade and Market Relations)

Purpose: To visually show how different players in the market are connected.

 Activity: Students create a concept map linking the following:

o Producer → Wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer
o Include Buyers, Sellers, Traders, Transporters, etc.
 Assessment:
o Correct relationships and flow of goods.
o Neatness and clarity.
o Use of arrows, labels, and key terms.

4. Comic or Story Boards (Sustainable Trade Practices)

Purpose: To encourage creativity while learning about ethical and eco-friendly trade.

 Activity:
o Students draw a comic strip or storyboard showing:
 Fair wages for workers
 Eco-friendly packaging
 Local trade over foreign imports
 Farmers selling directly to consumers
 Grading Criteria:
o Understanding of sustainable trade
o Creativity and originality
o Message clarity
o Visual appeal and storytelling

✅ Section A: Quiz

1. (c) Private cars – Private cars are personal assets, not public facilities.
2. (b) Article 21 – The right to water is part of the Right to Life (Article 21), as
interpreted by the Supreme Court.
3. (c) Taxes – The main source of funding for public facilities is taxes collected from
citizens and businesses.

💬 Section B:

1. What are public facilities? Why are they important for society?

Public facilities are services provided by the government for the benefit of all people.
Examples: Water, electricity, healthcare, sanitation, schools, roads, and public transport.

Importance:

 They ensure a basic standard of living.

 Promote equality – everyone can access them regardless of income.
 Help in development and well-being of society.

2. How does the government ensure access to basic public facilities like water, electricity,
and healthcare?

 Government departments and local bodies like municipalities provide these

services.
 Subsidies and budget allocations are made for poor and rural areas.
 Schemes and programs like Jal Jeevan Mission, National Health Mission help
expand access.
 Monitoring and regulation to ensure quality and fair distribution.
3. Explain the role of private companies in providing public facilities. Should the
government regulate them?

 Private companies sometimes provide services like hospitals, schools, or water

supply (in partnerships).
 They may offer better quality, but at higher prices, which many cannot afford.
 Yes, government should regulate them to:
o Ensure fair pricing
o Maintain service quality
o Prevent exploitation

4. What are some challenges faced by people in accessing clean water, especially in urban
areas like Chennai, Mumbai, Kolkata, and New Delhi?

 Water scarcity due to overpopulation and pollution.

 Inefficient pipelines and water leakage.
 Poor quality water in slums and low-income areas.
 Water tankers and private suppliers charging high prices.
 Inequality – rich areas get regular supply, poor areas often face shortages.

5. How does the government generate funds for public facilities, and why is taxation
important in this process?

 Government gets money through taxes like income tax, GST, property tax.
 Also gets fees, fines, and grants.

Why taxation is important:

 It is the main source of income for the government.

 Helps in building and maintaining schools, hospitals, roads, electricity, etc.
 Makes public services affordable or free for everyone.

6. Discuss the importance of public facilities in a country like India. How does the
government ensure their availability, and what challenges exist in their distribution?

Importance:

 Support the large population, especially poor and rural areas.

 Promote health, education, and equality.
 Help in achieving economic development and social justice.

Government Ensures Availability Through:

 Public sector programs and budget plans.

 Welfare schemes for weaker sections.
 Monitoring bodies and local governance (Panchayats, Municipalities).

Challenges:
 Unequal distribution – rural and slum areas lack basic services.
 Corruption and poor maintenance.
 Water and power shortages due to overuse.
 Funding gaps and population pressure.