[go: up one dir, main page]
Scribd
Upload
56 views47 pages

SOM NOTES Chandu Chavan

The document discusses various mechanical properties of materials, including stress, strain, and their classifications such as elastic, plastic, ductile, and brittle materials. It explains concepts like tensile and compressive stress, Hook's Law, and the significance of factors like elastic limit, ultimate strength, and modulus of resilience. Additionally, it covers the definitions of creep, factor of safety, and provides a matching exercise related to mechanical properties.

Uploaded by

chandu chavan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
56 views47 pages

SOM NOTES Chandu Chavan

The document discusses various mechanical properties of materials, including stress, strain, and their classifications such as elastic, plastic, ductile, and brittle materials. It explains concepts like tensile and compressive stress, Hook's Law, and the significance of factors like elastic limit, ultimate strength, and modulus of resilience. Additionally, it covers the definitions of creep, factor of safety, and provides a matching exercise related to mechanical properties.

Uploaded by

chandu chavan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 47
imple graesses and stIe!Ns a Os the Were sesisting poree pow anif cis ater Glvesg: Ehiownal € ce Asea of c/s > = Se) dt. nfo. nifen® PA RE ; a Mens “lem © Tensile stress : S>O The tensile stress, ‘ 4 the fibees ofthe component P ,}et rend to [Blengate|dve to exten “ , coves > 4 member gubrected 42.40 tT I jie P ind tensie , extemal Fowce TENS! » greess ieimbulm due te the Force iS Qhown 43. » b> compressive sizess CS > e » Le rh TZO the S1NSS IS Compaessive Y Le the fibses of the cornpanear , 4end to (Ghoglen] due totne etorml| ~~ - > Eowce ) A member gubjected to an eactemmnt ) Compressive Fowce P and compaessive : ereess distribution due tO the Forse ; iS Shawn Ag. P o , © Sheay steess ¢T) a) Be [ > she jaageatial Roa] pes ual axea.. the corecaponding faleonay Povce ach in the cl) i t ae Plane of section ‘c’ and ave colled Sheneing —® sgToain ce) ~ when a bod{ is subsceted +0 BomMe esclema| i} —_ . Foxe these fs Borme chagye in dimension a ane bods ary i SS | ys erences 2 DIde oRfqinal chierensie™), Tensile stacain (ee) — the etongaton per unit Length as shown q . . ‘i Z \ in ane fg. is Known as Tensile strain ate |} =a At L-le _— b> compressive stwain € ©) Le loxat — Th the applied force is compressive Menthe weducHoo of Len Per-unit Length is knownas compressive length Swain, This —ve =a 7, 4 © Shear aivain ¢A).C1) — When a Powe F is applied Tangentials ; c ; te the element shown AGA Be e —* Ths edge ctisplaced fo dotted Ue} a/ eS, > Where JS 1S the Laklemat oligptacement / ° F sme uppeo Face # Tide gress @nd) Tate gh2alo Spe Veta Shaces) la det ds the, detio of ane oad soho Cis awe ab any jngkaak Lod “Cpe snaia) (cerreat Length } Aeie \ ee =. ——_ Sr2 INS opal rengio / Sree EhStantaneous aveq \ By? UN CGS) esto =a) rengat Dt TOME] Stadio t Sys Sat. in(.) = incised= In C42) = ain Gas) Le ©uthimate tensile sisenghy 6 ) = Tee i axe bead ea CuTs) — S cls awea re TYME S4vess Mar- Lod @, . oa © TMeE srw max - Local C8) 2 in (As) ox Ao = et * SRESS Tenses ° : = S30 = T= ae = Foo 3p 25 2 3 Fox 2D tt Sa = ® Hook's Law > Hook's lato the aress is Siveosy Propokriomal te stoaio —e within elastic Wmi+ oye yoomal Strain = © Sheaeing sess = T cheasity gtvain= +. ob —* vawrd unt-axlay perce enty. owmndd Staess = @ Modulus 4 elas ae modulus LE) te aqituclitU s+ress Drse lt Stoess ngiMana Shri ~ Dvrech Steauy => ui- ete Powe ony Joxto? wine Rc) E piamond = (200408 Chigghest> Estee): 2O0xI0> a : aoxtte? Enubbes = 0.0004 - 0-064 os 2) we a Fes = R3-1to Crrgas + 100K! Ebrones 3o%lo? © MISS modutas EDmodutuss & Eyialy cH) y= Shewm sivas e pl : Nem? Nf = ©) Burk modat shew sreain gp Yen. se A gd LK IN AS SN ISTE C1 Ci pecr FESPESS) ee eer eee tee ft e yblUmelele Haag ke > @) vowmeseic strain Cey} cere) Cc - change VOIUME Av ys a ogignnal -voruce v > Nolumetele ervaia aigebsic Bue Eys Gad Cyt Ez —@ Case © Recinqguias_peismavic baw gubjeced to uclaricl Load toes Ty20R20 | = es = &-O fife Latesa) Seaia= — Ux Uneat stra = ux& . & Sf = AKSE@ t2--1*xS_© i o> oP et 2 Bey Ry = e Ne a Be | eva Pic) a) Ve case-@ Rectagguias bat Subsected ae gic atial Loc | e 220 ra a es & r= SSL Ct-20) to, case -@ Rectagquicw bas Subsected +o _+oi-asdal Load oon € ech 2 > TESS C120) ® Numbers of Erastic ee aD iy isotwopic matesial C2) 1p Et 2D o@thorwpic mateslal (4) nen oethe Anise 2 anfsotoppic maeie ¢219 2 $ =) O& auoseapic ® ewedec comejarh 4nd wt RelaHonsHtP, 2 Lineas statins 2 chaage fn Uneae dimension Longitictinal strein —oeiginal UOSAE deo: 7° sven i ro canie 6,7 & a & fos bas subjected actal Loos, bS. Lakepel stoedo change in_tsteral mere 722 sarvcin ~ peiginal Walesa cline Noun Gus A > ae bas Recpanqwae bars E.: db aoe | Lb 7 q b > poisson’s Ratan camer: areain) _s the sudo of Lotersal ataztin fo toe Longitudinel sr» woots me C tagge Foom = “110 In) Lahewal Stozin = 1x Unease Swain Longituctinal Sec mox- possible s=0.s Chéight) myc nen on 2 COBEDO » Steel = 024-93 © Conese = 01-02 * Boass = 9:3q eee + Rubbex sos # 2 > AL = 033 Lang cere |™ > Wotd = 0-44 + poradins os i * glass: 02-029 Qo) Relation shi SStoMsir Be” the ewisHe costae [ E, Gt, &. wy B= WCitx eat +x) ce. SEM eg. eu # B= Sk cl-am) BEAM Si ae 241 ee +2H @ Elongy {cco Fovce Ce) = Yo below x Specific WE TT P= A.dx,w 4 da Sorgation of tne atelp re Gia.= fe. Aoenent 0 AE he gus vox dx me = loou mm — Nolte ims Ww wen (Ee SE | ee _ x b ° fo oe + ale Gz EOE in Gb) Is— rs Case -Q) civeutrs peuppes! wae Ais ft AE Pei we P 1 Berns Ta, P Ge Are —— trade e a * SAL wah POS defosmation ctivecky Propeational to Balers f Lensin idependent of Lateral dimensizn Buch as dia Cd) bowedthCb> , trickness cx). ete i, Eee (2) Tthesmas os Temp- Stvess & steain, : —> oben a mateela} undergoes a chage thtemt Ht eitnew rats depending UPON Whether temP- or decreased ofthe malenicl. chagge ie cated ghesma} wealn — The gsiralo due to temp- + faee eayqasion@3 contraation & a body @2=xcan | due 4 wise ogfau in temf-is coted £0 L de=axAtxt| = co-ePicient f Uneas & expqastany /% e-7 (Ate Tet) Ate chaage tq temp- = Te te o8}g inal wath A bas, cage-@ change in tength is Torey pacreatal dtp- da= KH AL * Temp- eweto ¢- Gp oxatt war ; a " VemPp- stress o-- exe Eé:f é Poeveated = Face chagge Sieting change in engih Im Length atisteince de = AH Sa Yo, dip sey atr-! sTemp-atectin 6 _ dip | xatL-o’ . Se © yemf- eteesSs Ss _ EXE + Toru PreverUed cacpansion dip = oat lL, +x Stl, —O + Total confsaction due ro weachen, Pp’ A= Py Pls AE. ArEo a Q-@ 7 Cx, Att atlas fh 4 Pe dip = da-d . Ste = CO At L Ae Atle)-7 Ae. yee HKedass Cx at Lodo at ts) [~ Atle “oe. 2 [xe At let Pls 7 Acé Cre atbe >< Atle) = Pls yPle AsEs AcEe te a ee a Le =bs AsBs” AcEc Cet a i.) B) : _ @ kaw of Nersying o/s “Gk o, x Av Totap change oT Joma 4 he bess pokey be ty dQ= dJav+ da, 4 ddq Sof pe * Ea Pay Pts Er ALE. Ages f \ ales = = & . ® da => Stiffness Year Peincipat of ccopesposteien © Qe 5 a) > GS — erie + c-9 #— &) say Jorn Sok co tT oH 8o Bo oo Le 30 ze 4 sR eo. (eR a yo $30 C 2 Jorn = P, = 50(+) . fp = 30c-D Boley @ simpre staricayy mmfelesninake baws —> these que too Side ig Axed sewing soe IS+ Upon Locoued 3 FBP Paz 106-9 eo = = ee Stress - stoein curve @ Fer pyrite muesass DAL. cv, (GSTSEEET, Masia 4 ead J ras OA» propogrional vient C Hook's Law 8 Elastic uni+ <> uppes yield PE D> lowes yield P+ E+ ULrmate gpessE mac-Load J FO Ruprore feces caer gles Note © ore plasic zone (©) fer gufitie materials [ cancreke, stone,(ED gase cenaesie Mavesers] r OA ied PE B > Whmake pr o> Practure PY -Note 1@ Yield P+, WHmee pr & Poactrwe Pr Ie ay tne(SISe] @® there ts No Deceng segion 19 bo te maesial \®D NO Plastic dekssmation crore Q@ mato’ay thar felt ia-tension at Siress cr) rektively Lo cf Stoain Strength of Materials, = Typical stress-strain diagram for a bite material 7. Mechanical Properties of Materials: (a) Elastic Material: A material which regains its original size and shape on ‘removal of stress is said to be elastic material. (b) Plastic Material: A material which can undergo permanent deformation without goleplure is suid to be plastic material. This property of the material is known as plasticity. Plasticity-is important when a material is to be mechanically formed by causing the material to flow. (©) Ductile Material: A material which can undergo considerable deformation without “Tupture is said to be ductile material. The major portion of deformation is plastic. (@ Brittle Material: A material which tuptures with little or no__plastic deformation is said to be brittle material. (©) Set or Permanent set: The deformation or strain remaining in a body after removal of stress is known as permanent set. This is due 19 plastic property of material. ( Elastic Limit: The greatest stress that a material can take without permanent set [READ ipa aa RanGo r sG S on the removal of stress is known as elastic limit. (g) Proportionality Limit: stress that a material can take without deviation from straight line relation between stress and strain is known as proportionality limit. (h) Endurance limit or Fatigue limit: The greatest stress, applied infinite number of times, that a material can take without causing failure is known as endurance or fatigue limit, (i) Ultimate strength: The maximum stress, that material can take is known as ultimate strength. This is equal to maximum load divided by original area of cross-section. (@) Modulus of resilience: The energy stored per unit volume at the elastic limit is known as modulus of resilience. (&) Modulus of toughness: The amount of The greatest work required per unit volume to cause failure, under static loading, is called modulus of toughness. () Modulus of rupture: The ultimate modulus of . (m)Strain hardening: The increase in strength after plastic zone due to rearrangement of molecules in the material. (n) Proof Stress: The stress, which is just sufficient to cause a permanent set (elongation) equal to a specified percentage of the original gauge length. (0) Elastic Strain: It is the dimensional change that occur in a material due to the application of loads and disappears completely on the removal of the loads. (p) Plastic Strain: It is the dimensional change that occurs in a material due to the application of the loads and docs_not iisappear after the removal of the loads. (q) Ductility and Malleability: The plastic response of material to tensile force is known as ductility and plastic response to compressive force is _ known as malleability. The elongation and reduction of area of a test piece tested to failure in tension are generally taken as measures of ductility of material. (t) Creep: The long term deflection due to sustained (constant) loads. ST (8) Factor of safety: It is defined as follows > For Ductile materials, 3 F.O.S = yield stress / working stress > For Brittle materials, F.O.S = ultimate stress / working stress (t) Margin of safety: Factor of safety — 1 rel (RRR) apc a Ve O Simple Stresses and Strains Classroom @) Match List - 1 (Mechanical Property) with List — II (Feature) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: List -1 A. Creep* C. Duetility B. Tenacity D. Brittleness List - I 1. Amenability to go through changes of shape without rupture 2. Susceptibility to deform with time under sustained loading. 3. Ultimate tensile strength 4. Susceptibility to fail suddenly without warning Codes: ABCD ABCD @ 41.3290) 2 3.14 a4eid A 2 @ 2 13 4 (Graton List ~ 1 with List -I and select the correct answer using codes given below the lists: List - I (material) A. Inelastic material B, Rigid plastic material C. Ductile material D, Brittle material List - HI (characteristic) 1, No plastic zone 2. Large plastic zone | @) Shears cosce [and] wendiog moment 141 06/ 201g. contie destgning aoy mie Paeh 06 buiihing afsuctise fH is pecessqsy 4 ng Pa Jot Fn0@ tee @pesses cloveloped 19 Hem dueto Le wot beading undes vasious toad owcll Hom. DBeacr Beam isa styucnital members, corich 1s Gubsected to a Syston of oxtemnal loads at sant egies 72 its eacis. © Tiees 2} suppoots ® SIMPIE Suppogh. - (oa SEE © by * “the seacHon affesed by a [Bats (niga edge] tg Pospeociculas athe beam, Cont ee “Seaton © Rovers suppoek* “ape seaction offered by o [mes Sappoes) 1s Les +0 tne susface on Which the wiiess FSH Conary one BRacH gn, © Mioge GB pin suppeek: Trnromnel Nose. 14 is 2es0 J : “A pinged supreer can wesist fosces acting 19 803 Herectian. joo seacticn G4) @ Fixed suppoeh® Ni section A Rixed sappoet Cao sesist auing 19 90 Um iso weiss 4e [rarenk Gs) corPre] dule to fosce, cthree peactien (ED ad ED ro. Ay 4 Ge ® © TS r @ @ Tavess& Bean bear which 1s feee\y Sippos ted or tts bath @® Ss. 4 eres 09 Walls ov 09 Enife edges are an Biles SUPPOMS js cculed SSB — ® CH eves eae - A beam, which 16 Fixed arooe end 4 fre a4 the Ores jscatied £8 i — © oveshanging Bear! (eS lesa cehted bedbined . dec beyond +e TH aye end poetian of & beam is exteodec beyoht BLLPPORES guch beam is ccllted 0-3 yovesbeng imma, be @ contineous Bean SS OSHS 4 beam, which 1s cupposted by, more Hao neo SAPP As cated as cooHn-eous Beam. Pedy ® Axed Beam i . daUs A beam, Whose bot ends coe Bid J fixed fo we pew bs cuted xed Beam, — —palope amd defiecon st £ encaste ober fixed "Five caret) (® Tires Load S @® polar concen roated Lead + wa Wacrood) A ai afog wreck pofar 05 A Bo the _beam is culled ci os conceatriiled toed. Pa me © asifosmry sisrouted Load [Pr] _ en whe joad whith is evens spaed overs te bear is catted uDb —» rhe wate of Loading “W’ Vs same KE oves entire lengt - terion et Deny N _» ote load dao to Cx) Re © wnifosmry varying Load? CUv'T w evfen af jhe Sale of Leading varies Wineasy as Papen One PF to dosther Pr HEN He ceeen eee a bean. —> 7o4a, Load _gewst? ,_ = ls =a teat els of toe beam js the Hgebr Se forces an the begAm acHiQ{ om re Ss) Sheas FOse Cs) Shecaid Fasce ory sum of au Vveeticct Lett @ vighh siete ofthe © Benctyg monmmad cm) B.m at aay cis of the beqr> js the cygebssSe Guer Fat} Gomer) deat ne fosces autitt an the refr @urart site «& tye sect, [Sf5 ood Bm EaseD _sfwpiy euppooted beaw with 4 mid-Poin! ead secHoD : we Va el lore _ — : EPA sy qo eight angle ' i Bedooals s am ae reagle (ee BE] anew 4 vpove spay ss d peqnm wit) an Gay weer case @ simply sulprn S kage e @®_ caotlleves witha polat Load at face ord: tt L =a __ yo ove FIGht Rectangle i \ sve wight THASWIE amo Se raeage ae case @ Coorilevers with ar VDL oves whrle SMA L wlurit m9 { , —> one Ci THINGS Na esp | poeane r . Hh cc ond ome oe Tren 3s Sinem ee @ polar of cootvaflenvas’. x 5 sive: bex pomp case of oveshan ging hESt beams, he BM Ps. Pook vot bo Awo SuUpposts pere aS Ave Ba Bs negoxive the Svembanging poses. )* o ve > EH tis case Sam charges rs S40 fry ave tO - AarCe-VEBSA EEN pre SUPPOOES. —e therefore , t's point, Wrese Z a Ato 1. VE, of wice-vensa is FOIwO as ond pm iezeso.te "7° : €& bence aspect s.F p) ts equa +e Katensiy 2 easing C& hence arareag amv) ts sata} From GD BO bs MK » ywben &-F is &etO oo ch anges sgn, @® the ex of coma flexvse in a bear jscttbe Locaign uanese the Sheor fete 1s MAX - from 2006p at born endg to" pow ab Wwe centze om at botta endg re 2 cead we 55> Simpy Sappos! ' 3 fedl beam with a Priangutcrs Lod verging grad! a a y case- &mo SEN gemi- cycle & . > 38a With a gooduaws OER (ead foor reed 70\ Pes meter of ofa! onal. [ sem cloile \ x- DET] creas fooce seg ave tpeve wo TC vesee Ni ah) oYoet coords, weft ane] a py wneze cheag fou ce 18 220. Rake of change of SF 1 €qual to aniensivy f loactieg the Gate Cf change <{ BM is Equal pe Sheae FOE BM jis max—- when of is gen gS Changes Sm. Point cf conjrafiexyse ." : BM chasges siqn & is equal to ew. @ paincFpay staess and stoi» Os © peincipay plane | is @ plane on which Shears gipess ig 2600. cind noarnal staess meg be Crowe ) @® reincipal cress is tne nowmal eisess wit be acsfeg on Peincipal Plan (t=) case ® Body subiected fo bi-acia} staess 40 gelbet aslth ~ $.§. Ct? oe) Normal 4, Taagenticll Stress Nocmel ope SOS SES case. + Tx, SINZO Specs ae at oe eS toy am Cc “31 ) sinae + Tay Cos2o o>-Resuthaah stsess a a:[RE 6 D> Angie of sbuiqu 4 ESHA §> Dizection of painciPal Plane. Taneaps CU, ot SP a) > Gea) Op, = Sp Op = p, 5 40° BD mangnftide of paincira ctoess % Cmax-) op CRS or. man: pont} = (B3 ey ay \e spas 3, «) Gren Secs ( 2 vgs mine PrincPed Z St )4 ean | | Ton: [Gaye te SB i Disection of pane of max- Sheas gress Tan2es = - SA) _ > Gm) ——_ — Zt Cay os ae Sinz Oey tds? Sere, a, Ae a CGwwo- ieoension) Sse @® Sody Subsected +o bi- -Oxfa) stoess ond i °> © Nowmay § Tangential etsess = Tayz0 = ORL oy Pe EE Seth coses Tes SS cinzo -» prod « Stes 7 ® Peincipay plane 3 peincigay Stress on D> FY Oo City ® Mlax- Shea Stress 5 ox a a ® oivection of pane of, max- Shea Steess GS) inclined t© Peindigal Place G) Nosma) steess om eiane & max. Bhear specs Tmax = SSeg 2 TUE AG ‘4 men > sase -@ ma eubsected to uni-aaiel stsess onl (G22. t20) SOME - pimensionD 5 2eos’s-5 Me Sy oe SE COS 209 Te 2, a Cest@ 2 Cuse~ sin’ nrewmel Om > sx coste pees emess Tes aon Sing9 - Fsinacoso Co ~ Lsinre WO ot Palnciea} 22 06h Plane & atoess i“ C 0 : Sto S192 BEMOCES — re Cmax 2 oe, aoe oa, q: TASt ag, a = a * Styes cal S Thduced bt diseeh Stress on a Plane inclined ake Veatical Shows tn ig ey — Oxy - a1 sk-5, 2 * St cosy Ray Sine o Ne Be os 8 Ton Tx 7 ~ a 1 sine. — = Tay Caso 5 @® swaln Rerarion * sy _ Bax cs G+ ey , Sar roe, Th enze a a © €or feo = DIFEOr SARTO © Pe. Ex-Sy ctor - Fr cosees Rae Shewr satin 2 = 2 Geo = QheaeNgy s PO @D pemcipar sqeain in 20 S{ste~ ee (Gat bx t& -& aes as Soh + (ES) ey Srey = jes7&F 2 ~ @® max- Sheqs Zain =z Sma, —&m* nays Brain ma tee _ CG Gd gr a ee Sy CHW gs & (2 G- Bo Coes eee XM . e7 o.%) “Moise oe MY oA (Ce BE TY ® = Saeed na Wwhege - - Elz frexasah Fedirl ©- Berctigg stress @= mor € Tame) @- Benetiag mormenk Cima) D> oterance ot she fiboe from ¢ Neural ores Soman 5 aoa a Mn ©= Modutus ¢ Shas Ht fy Cou/rnen® ®= Radius sf cusvehis Tée > same uU 4 A ; © the beaqm ts Subsecked +o pure bending and MnevePoxe Soan ave of acizere, . ® The beam as a const Cl$ aweq @ weam is stocughh @® Baceune isthe peimearg cause fede HS) sevcid 1s unifomn HSM the Lengin of beam *® Some section medults DO Reetansutax section Ez bd3 1D ® Hollow Rectanquias section B * xz Bob bd3 _ 1 cack 6429 Wa} p ee alt 6D @ rewas ceerion dn, FEM td «ED G eae 2. ollous civculae secti¢n f= Me cpt at) | ze Ic way 3n D © Symmetefe + Le -section apa? v2 |E = We z= end. eB-djd? po eB-djd y = |e FR © squase cls voith Auggonal % Beam of unifearn cr: tnx 2] Ab evens cocrion © Fow uniform Siocrdth usith Reacangulas ds zak [ma vat (sz bP y.d) © eepag width cb) consiaat & vaeding the depth cd) [med] ® aes depth cd} constaal & vaeging the wielth Cb) [mee | ® the eatio oF moment of sesictance Labean £¢cg-y*) Tags S Ase : a moe @® ciscutas seated ang” Beene cae )--B Soe) ee eee “ er? © Weianquar section, e Tmax = BC TAS = GQ )tory at hy fom afex or hace “oh Wh - “= &) tg A beam of digg and’ Placed nea @ We ek Ps Placed hoeiganthy EAtheoc Tession * Toaston \ : TH Homent is applied {no plane JS% +o the Longitudinal axis of he bear Cow) shaft, T+ Will pe Subsected to yousion BUS shalt transmitting Toque om poures. 2> L- Bears 3> porsice Bean 4) cqoved Beas DP cyosecd coited Bea, ® PASE Josque \- / When member aulblepied fe, SAUst aod’ opposite couple S27 tote place oh Ae ereeoPe*s | (De Tosque appied- Gas) > ®= jWrepad crvoss- seation - (gaetian) (Dz poras mor - Cam) = IwtTy CO)z max- shear arress daero prions GPS) (B= gadias distance Poors censTe ae ey Cea modus of eid Share ales) D= Length & shaft Or & Assam prions: @ Plave€ nowrmal secrion of Skolt wemains Plane attes awistn, @® Texssion is yaifeero anong dhe shot ® atesar ot the Shatt is homogenveotts 4 \sotwopic. @ (pa pati vemain Swight ates trelion, © axvess ig Propordey +0 steain ue, au the steess are with jw crastic Veit * Polas Modutus’ z= — Polaw moment of teeta Radius of Shed & Polas modus of. gotid Shel t al \ pid La efi ] Tee rat Gre 53) K Solid cirewaw shath 2 co tbr he Gd ace exe * PM of Hollow Sher}+ ; Tl G pete Spc tas SF = p> Ta: Ty, tly = of Toph atest colo aa! 1% ! 4 d h pt Teviahy HK Yomow cir ae Shatt ra) 2p. a aby We ts Te | 7 CF % cTossional pigidity Gay : Les cu quieting moment 7’! prodtce a Twist of O° wactian. 282 Gr Te , use Taek = vagy - nt eu os G eed RigiAtg, paceaew ese w Anale d Twist COD Te oT A” Powers Trans mined bk ashatr CW Jueit a a LAPS 446 Warts c o-7s he oz Py onwT 7 - ANG Jowque in N-ro 60 N- wpro pr Gynpd = en Crrersic system) * Tossiemay sti (ness: CKD } angquias disprace-ne The sao of terque pos uni of sheet, = wy Wath Nm/pacfon | HL shady . eee eQclosy Marc Peamissisic shea Stes Bia of shaft a’ = ey 3 [ier mt) F Tt, ce = 7 FOR Tt tA oe wae a> ad = . : 2 ig coms TH Wry + TUOME NO ne SG TAHas Ge) ae) C2 OES, asa ce os), Near “EC bay © Teresina Sheawsteess @ Besionay gheqe stoain Tran = we mpa Segue nat yu = = Radian . . 189 © RIR,? R OK EE Pegree * . an 1s Conse % Sratt in parallel qwist Rodi! Peer O@ = @zeq Geo eds ' ny Ja © ap hatlow Shalts ase bebe econoemicay compased tO oud shat Tek = Tere nec bencing anc] Toosiey Greess > Semsing srressiz] MSM eqs 2PRE Zy ord3 = sheave siress(E]2 Toe ps 2p xT / “ep > Tras G seevien D Pelocipal gtaess “er Sis St (eye “o8 aoa ain +. - 2T - Tan¢e= == = — Tora 7 o ray ie, tr] Tear 2 N-OL x aaa op Pavivatenh Torque SX Equivoren 4 hi ieasmenk Bending mors Te = [tr | Fe= Lemeceszl |me{eer \me= 5 Um Can A Lompersison of [Holtow]S (Rou d] Bhat}, O hen tne queas of [Satid] arc (Ronaa] Thon te Teh eA ® when wadius of sotid shat} is equal to exchemna TAWiUs seattuns ave equal bo =] of hollow shetty, ot hotow shat, They? | Te at ri-k s 5 Tu @ the gatio wt 7 Note Tes Ate cx Dg wa, (EF el We * Gna THs wt ex pues: | Dy "Ceres Stoain Energy Cv) A Resilionce:- mis the cbiuity of A metersoy to cb wbsoa When Tris clefocrmed ectast cou _ and TBElease at enewgy Upon umroae As, e *& Resistance - Defosmeanion curve: Eireain enesayh- is defines as ine encsay stored ih = bok due to defoornari - The arvain energy Pes uoi4 DUC yoiume ig ENO as Steain energy density and Ahe exmve awa udda the arsoess-spouin curve towards the Poink of dle Formats on , # DUE te Axicd Force on the Bar Stvain energy = wea done vu cher —O Zz as fs Pl = 4px Bt i A rr \ @z Tht > Ue Lxsress % strainx valume 02 Sw] Bx® > sively enewgy is UWAGS cL Positive Scatas vanity, x Baw subsected to pure Torque - Te Pusimal gS TH HRT * ae Proof pesivence:-CUmae) —> ante (n-om the max- enesgy +nek C49 be absovbed voranin « =the pro Beet ty Wenig, vorthour cvean ng a Sings = SHPeSS AE, nas c UO # modulus of pr : sine @eciuence Pers UNIt Wo\lore Eesivecce : > a+ ae" proof wesivente Umax PxQot SSSINEG ES at Urs = aad v = Se Ye a oe = : enrray = _ The max- amount Ves= > hone, SF EO oe can absesr, withoul *% Sheay stan enesg4 permantiy defssneng fu= @ . * Gras o UE e YN |. as K Stoain enewgy due to piyeperele Siwess ex ~ nowmal Steess/ prog / voIUMmereIC SFPESS ) nga static pressure %* Brain enesgy due to fessieo Ng eonews , = Tossiomal Shear Stress a ave ime of menmbon shot) = ALa=(ttra? Ls ax L * Stecsin energy due to Sen hing met M= Bencting moment * strain enes 7 Snesgy clue to ciffercn tapes v P ae PSS a oOnodni WD WTaduc| Loasting $ Subldlenty appcied Local ot aS SE ALA exdi dau th gy & 7 oor wt SS pays ex RL oe ¥AL Ee Kloot & A C> Empace Load: . S = max- stress intensity Bae JL enone 4 aor Wwoscedomes Srsotn mMengy pohed) = SeReL pons by sot daz . ce mur PLY pemugio of ET 2 PEALE eo (Ph en ences © wt We Px wh. ran Bx so In Cylindes.s and Spheres * If the tnickness of the wal of the Cytindelca) vessel is Less than|Vyol ot its inpemal diaretes, tne cgundel od VESSe| 16 Known ag 4hin cylinder. t only intemal pres suse, Bhel\. Assumpyions 2 Othe nowna eraess C+ \-€ hooP siwess and wry juin wreess a Ssrelbuted ovew the snickress of WAU. @® Rastiat araces wi) be groail anch oegUgbre., ® Thiceness ig gman compared +o wadUs @® where ave no cligconsinues in cuwves GB) Bencting of the wa Lane shoul 1s egieeted. *atesses in thin andes We os compressive) w]e WNFOzO VA © circumferential stress GB Hoop Staess G ) Bursting fowce = Pix C x1) Mena) Pressure yc PrOseckedt Resi axing qvea > AxtKr pusseiey foves =o eAfiaencg Sas “gesieting ewea, 2M | dane von eee diveted Safab TK EEL x [ene FA | inet C0 Be She) . ce Mies WH thy, Kk “et i 2% this Stress igtersite in naheg, Td fs netriciongy 4 s ©B)d Gens hoop tivesed Jofal- ® Loagituctina saves s Longitudinal Fooc-< Re 2isting Gwe px It qZ ena Thay Notes | 2 AS permissibie staes ¢ Bhowd be. equa to TCI af acthis airecs ig Noma) d tensile 19 nakire, Sreess coy , PS -exgxh Shes ciacumfesntial gyess = om Logi nedned Oy = WKOL Si = 2x Sa] ps \ * Vemi Hag tensive syeess = Hoop eress Co HS ) # stoaln in thin ejundess Sy cS © Hooe area ei ey = 1. Sh ay & ene, HS qd e a ee = ye = @2Y se Bre — ate : 5 a ~ S269 4) ee ae Pd a = Tt cCo-ay ate @ Longitadined seasio' eps Lh. ee a7 err ere Pd _y 4 a ge EE ~ e Ny dmveasteas wf Ww Chery € ip 1oNBTh ¢f V chan . \ we Wangs \seyt 289 Stacey IB sy oaairy a ahaa Sy Cyst eqr AQ Cize grea hh dy tq 8) Nodment ete oye wv v7 = @14 0ed — 22d ca.) = Pay rR Teh BOFE FL coy tqsda le Wap "i eve = Pecan Ate Othickmess spain ew padiy Sain ep He NG Te e G = -u Pl oy BL ote | (2kG ord aed ake agree . be - -au Pe err € are K Thin Spheeicas Aheljs or. Bunedtgg F. FoUrce PX Rat Pd © cunering foes ales Resisting ACCA Th AA ae SE= 52 ous oy = os Pd Peerage A at ae ® Change tn diamensivn Sphesical Sheus xe SNE mae ae eS Eee Ae PA Cyd ate ST aQ ee E 1-0) © @® thickness sioain os Radial Strs0 a gt ve Se Cae SY SS ey i t e eS # concert 6 absolute dheay stacss, 1s She Largest wadius of the Mohe's B49¢8S CCIE Gest Tata = MOF CL Tete | Sessler] Sil) = max ( |si-ea| ve\Se\e\5) ) = Max aise Sela (=2)| (3)) Case -) cylinder Sates ie (| EL (Ee ~\%u} J = 4. PA > tat Gh oy > 24 Ton? tran Oe case -@ Spheme cea = max [AX ew (Loo |B) a al zane Say = ee gory con Be case -@ zo increase in HooP Stes ou. Ft xt “ ©2 [28/2023 Fisiaysy Loaded colwms. {ec olumns aod ayes] @ a bate gubiected to Jax is caued as (eouma] lg. veetical SHU COR! Members ave Used fn Buiviog: @ struls?- Ag @Oa has Whieckd +o axial LOmMpressive Load ig called ag dysuts, > Compassion member in @cotumns\- foot ae Sennecting tol, Pistn Fds erc ® Slendewness sarin: gunna /so0 = Equivatear length Pore. Least wactiusch ayoulto® => ez Le ae C8. soe s,Q] Pore) A \< X Ceri ek Spec @® tapes > BHmes cengtn) tes da, @D medium comnts S Hmes to Zo times CULM) tes Ag, y Cd ® ong _coiumn t- Member cansidesabig WA i Cem pastson of Vatesal Hamension © — 4 &iimes move tran Leryn) © faiwse dacowen as eu @ foie f column GB sary qakes Place deronding 7 Sweine pa anne & teres coir) jag tle fall's dye ro puctung £ Whese, P= compatssive force aA on Az efg are f the column, W cBuching Lead \- the Load cowvecranding 40 Hoe coushing SAress, is couled cwushing Load , wet P A @ Bucking Lead > When attongy coumis gulosected +o cormpeessr Load , nem \4 Shaye bucteing c bending \ You! Load ct cahich the column suet buckles ts cuted Us. BL / estpe Ha load J ce@ricod \ood @ safe road» Pee) . Bucrun Ce S. load = Buckling Lacd Not buckle. FAO @® Ewes Meow @ Assumprems - ®D cowmn fs intauy pewteeng sont gars asian leaded. © seerion of coum As @ the coiumn maresian te Se eee & isomeric & the Sbeas hooks Law ® rongynot conmn V8 Veet lange co ge compared fo Lalewal dimencim @® the Shoeting SL caiicnn, due qo ckree ch comeresci on C being vor Smad is egleced, @ whe coven usin Rul Y buckting edone, Eliiess foomuafos ser ease, 0S ee esa) ye effective length Tis My & = Young's MOAWS Loe ctemal lngth . es's FowWA fF Ee ef pasn aed @ Bom ens Fixeg ¢ > "sa commectag: ead 1s Ae51GO © Both ends hinged Cr? ® one end is fixed ang otheox free 620) @ one ond isfwed and atnes Wingech © ) cecal Load um the © Baw end hiagech —_ col gmn efeciwe leagyy@) = & 1 a Lon certcal reach ¢9d = Wo er a oerectiory (® Sern end Fined. effective eng, Q) = Ya, cen ui = wt cat Load CPI = ep rs e -4Mer cs © one end fixed ancl othes end higged effective Ci) =e _ eas A OE cecal Look CP) = PIamTes i ye = ont P a5 er (@ ove end fixed and otres ond fxee effearive Nab (1) = eL CHkica wod CPS 2 Mer x 9 2 pe att a @ Lmidanins at Bules's foomuly © Cuterw's ceipting Load \n forms of. equiveteat long Be ex Le 2 -equivaled tomaiin cS Zt More apt Ge ‘te L = TN pear ae let > ten ss Ley %* ea EY) a © ewers Ceippupy eress = p OSound vay we tt yd dan Pee BE 64 AE add w= [ro = gadis ba okie, eae 1 Dd Bujews fowmula ic mot vag fore seledowness Bakien 128s Man 80, @® soxe of a css -seuivn, @ Rectangle sw Square > cose is a Thombs hese, dagpnals axe dy A b/g, area sheore= bd, : 7 re gh t dokod Aven ® Solid cirrewaw secon Ce eceenteicity Unit is@) +o avdid: Fensio ) ang cose avea is Wish d oxen d. chewtee Deore, ' © Horrow civeutas seaico eaten do=p sywlesnaldaca bia qu a> SS —— coxe dias br, 42 25 ; ee ee O In agg paeh et tne ce\aen Seaiijen, Note WD A Srsucnree made uP A sevewal teferbes Ss tenowe aS PE TaM| i ne (D Rankine’s treos{ ig verid Fos = CARICOM MOE au ryPes of cojunn, Za a = |X a ae = #-# ee (= 5 lee aye & 4 Cipcwar cyuader a No 4° paces, Evveried of welded] @ Springs 1. Spring: A device for storing up energy in the form of resilience (e.g. A spring in a clock) ot absorb excess energy (leaf spring). . Classification of Springs: a) Torsion Spring: A spring primarily 2 Subjected to Torsion or twisting moment, @ 2g} close coiled helical spring subjected to axial load. >) Bending spring: Primarily subjected to bending. E.g. Leaf or plate or laminated springs. ©) Combined bending and Torsional Spring: Open coiled spring. 3. Close coiled helical spring: Axial Pull (W):_ a) Assumptions: (i) each tum is practically a plane at right angles to the axis of helix \Gii) stresses in the material are due to ‘Pure Torsion’\Gii) Bending couple is negligible \Aiv)axial force need not be considered at a section, a rod: A section irect shear force (W) and a Torque (T= WR) — Maximum Shear Stress = (max) nd?” nd? ae d ee, nd* 4R R= Radius of coil, d= dia of circular wire or rod. D= dia coll (oz or) Spat RAW, “a Note: If ‘d’ is small compared to ‘R’, the effect of direct shearing force may be neglected. T Spring Indes: (m) 2R/d, Now tour = K.16 Where K = stress concentration factor for closely coiled springs.) pia ct me ceil ClO E> Dye a ee wee Note: ~(@ For heavy springs, the spring index is small and hence stress concentration factor “K’ becomes very important ii) For high spring index only (i.e., when dia of rod is small compared to radius of coil) equation (1) is valid. c) Equivalent length of shaft of dia ‘d’=/=2nRn where n = total number of coils ws ) Twist and deflection of free end: Twist 0 = 64WR'/Gd*, 64WRn Ga* deflection 8 = 8 ) Stiffness of Spring (S); Load required to produce unit deflectio EXEHEEVSNATTD) iin rea a Gea Wn as ae as RSS 293: Springs 4, Close coiled helical springs: \ ‘Axial couple (M): Assumption: The coil having considerable initial curvature behave like a beam of initial zero curvature. Total Twist © = 128 MRn/Ed* Torsional stiffness = M/0 = EV/2nnR™ T__Bl 8 2nnR 5. Carriage Springs: _Leaf__Springs (Semielliptic springs). Consists of a number of parallel strips of metal of same width placed one above other. The plates are bent to the some radius so that they contact only at their edges. Maximum B.M = Wa/ 2. In order that the radius of each plate after bending may remain constant, bending stress M/I is constant. This is possible only if the ends of the plates are triangular_in plan, the thickness being constant. a Deflection *6° =3W2? /SEnbt” Bending Stress f= 3W¢ /2nbt™ 6. Springs in series and parallel:- ‘Series : Hi t WwW Series Parallel 3=5,+8 Ce www Fe K K, K& ‘Parallel: w=Wit Wo *~ K=Kit+Ka Cee) (S282 Ee) = sing Teo I] Seed] In the analysis of a closely coiled helical spring under axial load, which of the following is/are negligible? i) Torsion ii) Bending iii) Axial force in wire Select the correct answer using the codes given below (a) 1 alone (b) 2 and 3 (©) Land 2 (@ land 3 Consider a close called helical spring of radius “R’ subject to a load *P”. The spring consists of ‘n’ tums of wire with wire radius ‘1’, The stiffness of spring is (a) PRYGIz (b) Gr'/4nR? (©) Glgnr*/2nR? (@) PR‘2nn/GIz In a close coiled spring, other quantities remaining the same if the wire diameter is doubled, then the stiffness of spring when compared to the original one, will be come (@) twice (b) four times (© eight times (@) sixteen times Two closely coiled springs (A and B of same material, same wire and same number of turns are subjected to an axial load ‘W’. The mean dia of spring ‘A” is half that of spring ‘B’. The ratio of deflection of spring “B’ to that of spring *A’ will be @)8 (b) 4 (©) 1/4 @s [EGRET ) sina ne acne inn aCe Ved Vg [Ta [Gam] av 294: Strength of Materials (8)ir ‘two springs of stiffness *K,” and ‘K2" are connected in series the stiffness of combined spring is (@) Kik2 / (Ki+K2) (0) Ki + Ky (b) (Kr K2V/KiKy (d) Kika When a closely coiled helical spring is subjected to an axial load, the deflection of the spring is directly proportional to (a) modulus of rigidity of spring material (b) diameter of spring wire (©) mean dia of spring (4) number of turns of the spring Two closed-coil springs of stiffness ‘S’ and “28? are arranged in series in one case and in parallel in the other case, The ratio of stiffness of springs connected in series to parallel is (@) 13 (028 () 1/9 (219 ‘Two springs of stiffnesses K, and Kp are placed one inside the other so as to compress by the same amount under an applied axial load. The combined stiffness of the two springs will be 1 1 K,K, yt ty) Kak ORK OR SK) KasKs) @K,+K, BS: ACE YGIY) eowincering Academy 295: Springs 9,) For the system of springs shown in the (a) 1.0mm (b) 1.3 mm figure, the equivalent spring stiffness is (c) 2.0mm (d) 40. mm 20kN/m: 30kN/m, P (b) 62 KN/im (d) 90 KN/m (a) 58 KN/m (c) 78 KN/m A close coiled helical spring shown in the fig. 1 is cut into two equal pieces’ and combined as a parallel spring as shown in fig, 2. The ratio of the stiffness shown in fig.2 to that of fig.1, due to the same load “Ww? will o Ele a a w we Fig. (1) Fig. 2) @4 (12 ©14 @I18 ‘Two springs of stiffness k:=100MN/m and ky = 300MN/m are connected as shown in the fig, A force of 400 KN is applied at the junction as shown. The deflection of this point is. pv wr} ic The deflection of a spring with 20 active tums under a load of 1000 N is 10 mm. The spring is made into two pieces each of 10 active coils and placed in parallel under the same load. The deflection of this system is (@) 20mm (6) 10mm (©) 5mm (4) 2.5 mm 02.(b) 03. (d) 07. (d) 11. (@) 04. (a) 08. (4) 12.() 06. (d) 10. (@) TTC Pas anew carr Lack Pa] Chena Vinyveds| Vig |Teupad [Gunar]Rulapally

You might also like