ICSE Beit) scailen om -V WNT Strictly Based on the Latest Syllabus Prescribed by the CouncilGet Ahead with Top ICSE Class X Exam SUT Resources and Score High in your PYeplery rele ant yA) Explore Books https: = EEL DS ZA ICSE _ ,, QUESTION 3 BANK vue CHAPTERWISE & € CATEGORYWISE Word of Advice ae by Experts Competency Focused (3) iy Practice Questions Special Focus on New Pattern Questions Complete Explanations EG to all the MCQs Z BY PANEL OF AUTHORS (@ scanned with OKEN Scanner©COPYRIGHT RESERVED BY THE PUBLISHERS ‘Ail rights reserved No part of this publication may permission of the Oswal Publishers: be reproduced in any form without the price DISCLAIMER See Rut ra) Petr Kool! are EDITION : 2025 ISBN : 978-93-48145-09-3 PRICE : 8 421,00 PRINTED AT: Upkar Print House Pvt. Ltd, Agra PUBLISHED BY V2 tebstye Hang 146 Hoa Agra - 7m 007 (tan maT « Tan (hh smeriteastonsbans ins eeres eaceenmtiat an city 4 Some tH het Fink taser emagrteh sng Heth is Yer Fried caer @ scanned with OKEN ScannerPreface S th accordance with the latest ayllabus preserlbed by the Counell for the Indian Certificate of Secondary Educatton Examination, New Delht {Lica matter of immense prlce for Us to presen oul IGSE MOST LIKELY QUESTION BANK sotlos, especially propated for students appearing for Board exanrinations tn the Upcoming year, This setles fs up-to-clate with the latest syllabus Issued by CISCE, This book ts pettect for boosting the self-confidence of students dung exans, Jhe Chapterwise Catouorywiee format with Its exhaustive set oF questions allow the aludlents to Cover every category OF questions [hat ate asked [h (he Board exan from, every chapter In minute detall, This book Is designed Ih such 4 way that the students: eat reve (ho whole avllabus th less Une and [ha more effective way, This book covers all the probable questions that can be asked In the exams, covers the eaxy categotles Hist, thls will boost students! sel-esteery and the ascending level of difficulty will help then to Lake up challenging categories without teat, The solutions and explanations have been prepared by eminent subject matter experts With its simple and stucent-flendly language, this book ts the best pick for smart study, We ate confident that (he book will enable candidates to develop a bettor Understanding of (he curticulun and help theny to strategically organise thelt learning process, Vhis book shall definitely prove to be valuable for the students and due them towards scholastic excellence, eneau All suggestions for (improving the setlos are welcome and would be Incorporated in future editions Ate you looking for valuable Insights and expert perspectives? 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Publisher * | Oswal Communities Our communities provide you with- Onlino topic diacusston and live HC ] doubt aeasions, aeademio nowe anc updates, dally praction questions, (C® scanned with OKEN Scanner! “Characteristics of Group 1 and 7 j i a b Name Alkali metals Hologens ' ‘Atomic and lonic radit | Increases down the group Increases down the group Tonisation energy | Decrease down the group Decrease down the group Electropositive nature | Strongly electropositive Weok electropositve elements Increases down the group Cs is most__| Increases down the group lectroporilive Electronegativity | Weak electronegative elements Strongly electronegative elements | nature Decrease down the group Decrease doun the group F is the most | } electronegative | Oxidation state a Variable oxidation states :-1, +1, +3, “5,7 | Periodicit yee ‘Trend along groups| Trend along period Valence electron | Electrons present In outermost shell of | Remains same Increases from 1-8 an atom Number of shells or | Electrons revolve around nucleus in| Remains same Increases from 1-8 orbit definite circular path or shells Atomic radil/size ‘The distance between the centre of the | Increases Decreases nivelevs to the outermost shell of an atom Metallic character — | Tendency to lose valence electrons and | Increases Decreases form positive ion Non-metallic Tendency to gain valence electrons and | Decreases Trcreases character form negative ion Tonisation energy |The energy required to completely remove| Decreases increases lan electron from a gaseous atom or on. Electron Affinity |The energy change that occurs when an | Decreases [increases electron is added to a gaseous atom. Electronegativity |The tendency of an atom to attract | Increases increases electrons to itself when combined in a compound Tonic Radit The distance between the nucleus and the| Increases Decreases electron in the outermost shell of an ion. Acidic Character tis the measure of an element to Tnereases Decreases produce hydrogen gas when react with certain salts. Gridising Property |The tendency of an element to gain Decrease Increase electrons (@ scanned with OKEN ScannerMelting point The tendency of an element to lote electrons The temperature at which the solid and liquid forrns of a puro substance can exist Tedveing property In equilibrium. Poiling Point The lemperaturo at which ite vapour Increase, then pressure 1s equal to the pressure of the decrease gos above it DIAGONAL RELATIONSHIP) These elements are called bridge elements. The relationship between two elements that are diagonally present, Is calied Diagonal relationship. They thow similanty In properties AoA Dperod U fe a c Es — = . a benod Na Mg @ scanned with OKEN ScannerCAL bOI ATOM f MOLEcuLE { | The mala panicle of on element which dae rok | | The sais partie h wae lsh can era o | eas in the free etabe a hs 0 Werden to | free state. Uh is Cored wee Yas ut wer6 obi | combine with the atarn(s) of the other metal to | onibine reser ° 1 form 6 molecu. ~ SHARING or ELECTRONS ~ | et of eight electrons in the ovtarnentsell cure batlly Wome f ter ements itaeack ta oSint ‘leclrone In tholr aubermend, shells by electron trancter on by shaneg of Ceckrons | the osm reer of electrons Ua can be accommadoted in shal i 2, fr L hel i 2, tor ond for N shell ts 22 | The 2,0,1%, 92 ore Lermed os Mags Nur | Indie gatermrant shell of ory atom there could be o marimar of eighh electrons to ottain the reble gos _eaiguoin, is ei brn 04 Oke ~— TONS ~ | Uinen « cherrical compound, in fused state or aqueays solution, breais up into electrically charged ators or \ group of atoms, then they are collectively called tors S formation of Sons ¢ (Positively charged) and firions Wegatively charged) = —————(HEMICAL BOND & | ‘The attractive force which holds the two at ether ina molecule ir wnown as chemical bond. a. ~ELECTROVALENT OR IONIC BOND [HETEROPOLAR LOND) { The cherrical bond that is formed betwen two atoms by transfer of one or more electron i | 4, NaCl, MgCl, Ca0. nd boiling point due to strong electrotatc forces of attraction between their iore roctate forces of attraction between he PT —— (C® Scanned with OKEN ScannerFORMATION OF TONIC BOND POLAR COVALENT BOND Tn case of (NaCl) sodium chloride : A-covalent bond in which shared pair of electrons pe i“ Se te are unequally distributed between the atoms Is Me a Nats eon dag called a polar covalent bond, eg. HCl, HBr, HF. Sodium ted VAN DER WAAL'S FORCE Very weak forces existing between the molecules of f e ie oat, non-polar covalent compounds. 7 Joste>o ete || INTERMOLECULAR FORCES — the Weak electrostatic forces between the molecules of polar covatent compounds. Bo —— COVALENT —_Tj ; aa SN cs beset r—LONE PAIR OF ELECTRONS) combining atoms by mutual sharing of one or more | | The unshared pair or poirs of electrons around an electrons. eg. H., NH,,H,0 ete. atom. eg, In ammonia molecule N atom has one The melting and boiling points of such compounds {one pair of electron and in water molecule 0 atom are lower than those of electrovalent or ionic has two lone pairs of electrons. ‘compounds. C0-ORDINATE 80ND rFORMATION OF COVALENT BOND= | Aspeciat type of covalent bond which is formed by Hydrogen (H,] one side sharing of one electron pair between the @or H-H two atoms. The atom which donates the electron ihvhogen odo sh 2:22 pair Is called donor while the other atom which One pl et ctonicchawn byasnle |_| otePt the electen girs caled acceptor. Due to line, and is called a single covalent bond. oly Slghtly et Satie bode soni: poler, r~NON-POLAR COVALENT BOND A covalent bond in which shared pairs of electrons 20 = ‘are equally distributed between two atoms is called a non-polar bond. eg. CH, Sil, ‘0: Onygen_Orygen Molecule Molecule (@ scanned with OKEN Scanner‘ACIDS, BASES. AND SALTS } (CHAPTER: ac fe ‘compound which on dissolving in water furnishes 4 proton [Hydrogen ion (H')] as the only positively charged lon or itis a compound which dissolves in water to form hydronium ion, Le, HCI, H,S0, ete. CLASSIFICAITON OF ACIDS ay. THE BASIS OF THEIR ORIGIN Organic acid Ain acid derived from an animal or vegetable origin Is called organic acid. Examples : Acetic acid Rorskoniple: (CH,COOH), Oxalic Acid (COOH), Heer aa " eho =H" Inorganic acid Hydrogen on Hydronium ion The acids derived from minerals are called inorgonte GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS ES- + Sour to taste + Liberation of hydrogen in reactions with active metals. | + Tums blve litmus red gs + Uberation of CO, from carbonates and hydrogen 59) + Form salt and water when reacts with carbonates. alkalies @q + Nevtralisation of a base. 7 _I Classification of Acid Sy Epo nears bypass iis ine s Definition = | Examples Strength “Strong Acid | Dissociates completely in aqueous solution, prodeing| HC HNO, H,S0, high concentration of H* ions : Weak Aeid Partial decomposition in aqueous solution, producing |HCN, CH,COOH, HCO, ie low concentration of H* ions [Monobasie Acid Produce one H* ion per molecule, upon dissociation. HCI |[Pibasie Reid | Produce two H ions per molecule, upon dissociation. |#,S0, Tnbasic Acid | Produce three H" ions per molecule, upon dissociation |H,PO, Concentrated Acid Contain very little or no water. 99.9% H,80, | Dilute Acid Contain large amount of water. 20% H,S0, ao | BASE | ‘base Iso compound which combines wit the hydonlureton (H,0° of an acid to form salt and water only Or ts the oid or hydroxide of a metal which wll neutralise the acid For etample :No,0, NaOH, | CU(OH), ete. (@ scanned with OKEN ScannerClassification of Base Fi, "Strong Base | Distoclates completely in aqueous solution, producing] KOH, NoOH, Ba(OH), high concentration of OH" fons Weak Base Partial decomposition in aqueous solution, producing |Mg(OH)., NH,OH, low oncentration of OH- fons Cu(OH), Monacidie Base | Produce one OH" on per molecule, upon dissociation. |KOH Diacidie Base | Produce two OH’ Ions per molecule, upon dissociation | Ca(OH), ‘riacidic Base | Produce two OH- ions per molecule, upon dissociation. | AI(OH), ation| Concentrated Base| Contain very little or no water. 99.9% NaOH Dilute Base | Contain large amount of water. 20% NaOH ry gy NEW CONCEPT OF ACIDS ALKALIES A compound, which on dissolving in water furnishes AND BASE s OH" fons as only negative ions, eg, NaOH, KOH ete. Acids Compounds that are electron deficient, Le, acids. | | ————NEUTRALI SATION donate protons. eg, BF,, AIC, all (+ve) ions ete. ‘A chemical reaction in which the hydronium ions ‘Bases (1,0) derived from an acid ond the hydroxyl ions (OH) are derived from the base combine to form undissociated water molecules. For example = HCI (Acid) + NaOH (Base)—>NaCl (Salt) + H,0 (water) 7——pH OF SOLUTION sas 4 The negative logarithm to the base 10 of the Is.an ionic compound which when dissolved in |hydrogen ion concentration expressed in gram ions | | water, yields a positive fon other than hydrogen ion per litre or mole per litre. pl scale is a measure of (Hand a negative fon other than hydroxyl ion degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution. (OH). For example: pH = log, (H") + — pi scale ranges rom Oto 14 ee Compounds which contain lone pair of electrons ie, base accepts protons, eg, NH, all (-ve) ions ate. Classification of Salts & jl Salt |Does not contain any ionsable or replacable hydrogen atoms. [NaCl AgCl, FeCl Contains lonisable or replacable hydrogen ions. NaHCO, KHSO,, CatHCO.), ‘ait | Contains ionisable or replacable hydroxy} ions. CuCO, PbCO,, PL(OH), (@ scanned with OKEN ScannerWhen motals (cveh as Al or Zn) oF thair oxide, react with acids ae wo as alkalis to form soll ond water, hydrogen as tho producte, tho matals or thelr oxide aro gald to be amphotorie in nature ee AMPHOTERIC NATURE OF SOME METALS OR THEIR OXIDES ~——-~——PHYSICAL TESTS TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF ii AN ACID AND BASE ! Tasle + An acid tastes sour whoreas a base tastes bitter. « Tho mothod of tasto Is not advised ag an acid or a base could be contaminated or corrosive, Example: The flavours of curd, lemon Julce, orange juice, and vinagar are all sour because they contar ‘acids, these compounds have a sour flavour. Baking soda has a cour flavour. i L 1 — (C® scanned with OKEN ScannerWater sol Co0, 2n0, CuO, ete. Salts of metals like Ca, Zn, Pb, Mg, Al, Cu, Fe, etc, react with alkalies like NaOH, NH,OH to form precipitate of the metal hydroxides. Some of these metal hydroxides react with excess of alkalies to form water soluble complex compounds like sodium zincate, sodium plumbate, potassium metaaluminate, ete. Effects of hydroxides on solu aay the the table given bel ALYTICAL CHEMIST ON pu luble bases are called alkalies. eg. NaOH, KOH, ete. Water insoluble bases are called non-alkalies. eg. ion of salts can be better understood ow: ‘of NH,OH to givea (WH,),S0, + 2NH,OH colourless solution |Na, 2r0, colourless solution, is |—+ 2r(NH,),$0, lof sodium zincate, formed. Na,2n0,, is formed % Pb” — Pb | Auhite ppt. of PbINO,), + 2NoOH] A white ppt. of Pb(NO,), + 2NH,OH (HO), |PbCOH),, which J—+ 2NaNO, + | PbCOH),, insoluble in |» (NH,)SO, + (white) | dissolves In excess ‘PL(OH), ‘excess of NH,OH Is Pb(OH), of NaOH togivea = |— Pb(OH), + formed. [colourless solution | NaOH (Excass) + |of sodium plumbato, Na,PbO,, Na, PbO, Is formed. i E ' % 4 } (@ scanned with OKEN ScannerACTION OF ALKALI ON METALS These metals react wth caustic alkalies ike NaOH, KOH on heating, resulting in the liberation of W, gos In) + 2NaOH(aq) —+ No,2n0,(aq) + H,(g)T Seti tate 2A| + 2NaOH + 2H,0 —+ 2NoAIO, + 24,1 Sete ma cmwela & Metals like iron, magnesium, copper do not react with alkalies. p———— ACTION OF ALKALI ON METAL OXIDES The amphoteric metol oxides react with strong caustic alkali like NaOH, KOH to form complex salt and water In0 + 2NoOH —+ No,2n0, + H,0 fotinre PbO + 2NaOH — No,PbO, + H,0 4 Sotum phntte (@ scanned with OKEN ScannerARS (S ellis MOLE CONCERT & <"" STOICHIOMETRY CHEMICAL EQUATION The chemical equation: 2H,(g) + 0,(g) —+ 24,000. Te gives us the following information : + Hydrogen and oxygen combine in 2 : 1 molecular ratio and 2 : 1 volume ratio. + 2imoles H, combine with 1 mole 0, to form 2 moles H,0. + 4g H, combine with 22g 0, to form 263 H,0. + dig H, combine with 22kg 0, to form 36kg H,0. + Atons of H, combine with 32tons of O, to form 26tons of HO. A BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION /Abolanced chemical equation gives an idea of the ratio-proportions of the amount of reactants consumed and that of the products formed. Therefore, if we know the amount of any one substance of a reaction, we ccon compute the amount of other substances with the help of the balanced chemical equation. We have following types of calculations. = + Mole—mole calculations + Mass—mass calculations + Mass—volume calculations + Voiume—volume caleulations ae AVOGADRO’S LAW Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, equal volumes of all the gases contain tie same number of molecules. Example = & 28046) + Oa) — 20,6) ne tt GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW OF GASEOUS VOLUMES ———— At the same condition of temperature and pressure, the volume of gases taking part in a chemical reaction either as a reactants or products bear a simple whole number ratio to one another. Example: 4 cy@ He) y im Ratio of reacting gases nd products is 1:1: 2uhich fea simple ratio. (@ scanned with OKEN Scanner> SOME USEFUL RELATIONS -———___ + One mole of atom + One mole of molecule + One mole of a gas + Moles of an element + Moles of a compound «+ Mass of one atom + Mass of one molecule + Number of molecules + Total number of atoms + Vapour density + Molecular weight + Lamy + Molecular formula + Percentage composition = = 6023 x 10” atoms ‘= gram atomic mass of an element = 1g atom of the element = 6023 x 10® molecules = gram molecular mass of the compound = 1g molecule of the compound = 22-4 litres at S.1P, __ Mass of the element Atomic mass __ Mass of the compound Molecular mass Atomic mass 023 * 10" = Molecular mass 6.023 x 10” moles x 6-023 x 102 lumber of atoms in one molecule x moles x 6-023 x 10 _ Moss of certain volume of the gas Mass of an equal volume of hydrogen =2xUD (VD) = Vapour Density 1 a qyore-12 Weight of an element in a molecule of a compound Gram molecular weight of compound 1m = Empirical formula x n (@ scanned with OKEN Scanner(J AN — ELECTROLYSIS ELECTROLYSIS sy te process due to which, « chemical compaund in aqueous or fused state conducts direct electsie current rr atthe same time undergoes chemical decomposition, dve to the discharge of charged fons, is called electrolysl. | ELECTRODES ‘he graphite or metal plates or rods, through which current enters or leaves on electrolyte, are called electrodes. They are of two types : Cathode and Anode. ay an tl J aS ALLOY fny alloy or any metal uhich doesnot react chemically wth the electrolyte or with the products of electrolyls can be used to make electrodes. Commonly used substances are graphite (carbon), platinum, steel, copper ete. CEADIFFERENCE BETWEEN CATHODE AND ANODE Cathode Anode 1L Connected to negative terminal of battery 1. Connected to positive terminal of battery . Deficiency of electrons 2. Has excess of electron 2 3. Current from electrolyte leaves through cathode 3. Current enters the electrolyte from anode 4 5. Anions migrate towards anode A . Anions donate electrons to node gill 4, Cations migrate towards cathode §. Cations accepts electrons from cathode « Current flows in a direction opposite t6 the flow of electrons. «diwarbattery: Electrons enter from +ve terminal and leave from ~ve terminal. « dianvelestralgtie’Géll: Electrons enter from —ve terminal and leave from +ve terminal « Electrical Conductors: All metals eg, Cu, Ag, Alete ll alloys eg, steel and graphite (a non-metal) + Clactriealinion=conduetorsioriineulators:: (i) Non-metals except graphite eg, S, P etc i) All covalent compounds in pure state eg, AgCl (il) All ionic compounds in solid state e.g, solid NaCl. {iv) Substances like plastic, rubber, polythene ete. -———— ELECTROLYTIC CONDUCTORS (ELECTROLYTES) Aas An electrolyte is a compound that conducts an electric current when It Is in an aqueous solution or melted. ‘All ionie compounds in molten state or in aqueous solution eg, molten NaCl, aqueous NaCl, Polar covalent ‘compounds in aqueous solution eg. aqueous HCI, are examples of electrolytes (C® scanned with OKEN ScannerELECTROLYTIC NON-CONDUCTORS (NON-ELECTROLYTES)—— 4 non-electrolyte is a compound that does not conduct an electric current in either aqueous solution or , | the molten state. _Alionc compounds in solid state All non-polar and polar compounds in pure state. Compounds tke rite, Se plastic ete. ———ONISATION: The process of formation of positively and negatively charged ions from molecules which are ‘not initially in the ionic state is called ionisation. eg. Polar covalent compound, HCI REDUCTION ~ A process of gaining of electrons by a cation ty form neutral atom (or gaining of electrons by or electronegative atom to form an anion) is caled reduction. Reduction takes place at cathode HO H+ cr ———errrr—r—rrrvvwe DISSOCIATION — — OXIDATION &——— | The process of separation of ions which are already | Present in an ionic compound is called electric | dissociation. eg. lectrovalent compounds, NaCl , | Nak Na* + Cl si A process of loss of electrons by an atom to forma cation (or loss of electrons by an anion to form atom) is called oxidation. Oxidation ‘occurs at ‘anode, y J ro Uelications of Hecrlysi TH leetrometal EADIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONDUCTORS AND ELECTOLYTES Conductors Electrolytes 1 Allows current to pass through them in 1. Allows current to pass through them in fused solid state. state or in aqueous solution. Undergo chemical reaction during electrolysis, 3. Flow of electricity is due to discharge of ions 2 Donot undergo an electrolysis 2, How of electricity is due to free electrons, ¥y chemical reaction during 2 int sates be vasa | ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES “ Gre arranged in decreasing order of their tendency to lose electrons. The most clive metal (O which can lose electron most readily Is kept at the top while the least reactive metal (Av) is Placed at the bottom of the series, Cations | 2”, Pb, H', Cu, Hg”, Age (To cathode) ° “Anions 22 $0,*; NO, Cr, Br, T-, OH- (To anode) Ky Na’, Ca, Mg, al, In, (@ scanned with OKEN Scanner———ELECTROREFINING: PURIFICATION OF METALS ~~~) | Netols obtained after concentration and reduction of ores have o purity of about 90-97%. An aqueous outon of the metal salt with the impure metal at anode and o pure metal as the cathode is slectrolured | pure motal, of more than 99% purty, depots on the cathode and the impurtis ore collected ot the bottom a ‘as mud. Copper ond nickel are some examples of the metal purified by electrorefining. | ELECTROPLATING ~~ | tm ebject ean be, coated to the required thickness with a selected metal by electrolysic. The object to be, | | | | coated is, made cathode. An aqueous soloton ofthe metol sotto be coated i the electrolyte The some metal or any inert metal can be the anede. On electrolysis, metal ion from the electrolyte deposits on the object. The loss ‘of metal ions in the solution will be, compensated if the same metal is made the anode. | | the deposton can be, used to protect the metal from corrosion are for making ornaments ete. Coating of | iron with metals like zinc, lead, chromium, nickel improves the corrosion resistonce of Iron. Gold and slver \ coating on cheaper metals is used for making ornaments. & (@ scanned with OKEN Scanner—tienent ‘pure substance that consists of only one type of atoms, eg, Ag, N, 0, ete. sit) | A metal isan electropositve element which Is hard, Sonorous, lustrous, malleable, ductile with tensile strength and also good conductor of heat and stectricity. Metals form basic or amphoteric oxides. | NON-METALE— 4 non-metal is an electronegative element which Occurs os solids, liquids and gases. They are generally poor coriductors of heat and electricity, Solids are usvally soft and brittle. Non-metals form acidic or neutral oxides. ETALLURGY “CHAPTER ah METALLOI) ——— Elements which exhibit the properties of both metals ond non-metals are called metalloids The re also known as semi—metals, e.g, SI, Ge, Ay » ( vs 4 MINERAL A$. The metallic compounds occuring in nature ore called minerals, alice eer Sea ORE # naturally occuring mineral from which a metal Can be conveniently extracted, is called an ore. z Chemical Name Formula Bauxite Hydrated aluminium oxide |AL,0,H,0 Corrundum ‘Aluminium oxide Al,0, Tine blende Zine sulphide ing Calamine Zine carbonate 7n0, Haemetite Tron (ITD oxide Fe,0, i Tron pyrites Tron Sulphite Fes, MATRIX OR GANGUE—— The unwanted impurities which are associated with | fe are called gangue or matrix. eg, Stone, | clay ete, A substance which is added to the char METALLURGY. It's process of extracting metal in a pure state (0n a large scale from its ore by physical and | chemical process, ~ FLUX ge In the furnace to remove the gangue (impurities) is known as flux (@ scanned with OKEN ScannerVarious steps involved in the extraction of pure metals from their ores (D | Concentration or dressing of the ore - Removal of Froth flotation method lapuriles:from the.ora Hydrolytic method, Magnetic separation (ID | Conversion of the concentrated ore into metallic oxide Calcination Roasting |(11D| Crushing and grinding of the ore - pulverisation of the ore | Electromagnetic separation method Hadravlc washing method (QV) | Reduction of the metallic oxide inro free metal Redvetion by carbon, carbon monoxide, hydrogen Reduction by electrolysis Redvetion by Al luminothermic process (V) | Purification or refining of impure (crude) metals Electrolytic refining EACHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS “Metals Non-metals <> 1. Have 1, 2, 3 valence electrons. 1 Usually have 4, 5, 6, 7 valence electrons. 2. Electropositive in nature. 2 Electronegative in nature. 3. Good reducing agents 3. Good oxidising agents. 4. Form basic Oxides. A. Generally form acidic oxides. Ey PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS e 1. Have metallic lusture and can be polished. 2 Lack lustre. Metals Non-metals Generally hard solid and vapourize only 1. Generally soft and usually gases or liquids. at high temperature. Melting and boiling points are high Low melting and boiling points. (except alkali metals and Hg) High density except alkali metals like Na, K ete. 4. Low density. Generally malleable and ductile and have a 5. Non-malleable and non-ductile. very high tensile strength. They form alloys and amalgams. 6, Do not form alloys. Hard, but not brittle 7. Brittle in nature Generally good conductors of heat and 8. Bad conductors of heat and electricity. electricity, Do not generally dissolve in liquids except 9. Generally soluble in water or other solvents by chemical reaction. and do not react with them chemically. 1 (@ scanned with OKEN ScannerACTIVITY SERIES ————————. chemical activity, AMALGAM Itis an alloy of mercury with one or more than on metals, Most metals form amalgams which may The activity series of metals ia list of metals arranged in the order of thelr increasing or decreasing ALLO SF Tt isa homogenous mixture of two or more metals (or metal and non-matal) combined in a definite Proportion in their molten state. be liquid or solid, “Composition and uses of alloys Brass Cy & 2n (Copper and Zine) Decorative articles, taps ete. Brome Cu & Sn (Copper and Zine) Statues and medals Solder Pb & Sn (Lead and Tin) Soldering electronic cirevits Stainless Steal Fe, ©, Cr and Ni (ron, carbon, Chromium | Utensils, Surgical instruments cand Nickel) German Silver Cu, Mi, Zn (Copper, Nickel & Zine) Artificial Jewellery Gun metal Cu, Sn, Zn (Copper, Tin & Zine) Guns and frames of spectacles Duralumin Al, Mg, Cu & Mn (Aluminium, Magnesium, | Bodies of aireraft Copper & Manganese) Magnalium AL & Mg (Aluminium & Magnesium) Kitchen wares Steel Fe & C (Iron and Carbon) Ship construction ete aad (C® scanned with OKEN Scannersi * Molecular formula —+ HCI = Nature —+ Covalont Molecular Mass —» 36°5 [Le, HCl = LABORATORY PREPARATION +NoCl + H,S0, “4 NaHS0, + HC! (@) Sa «NaCl + NoHSO, “+ Na,HSO, + HCI (a) Sd pate PHYSICAL PROPERTIES + It sa colourless pungent smelling gas with actdle {taste and It fumes strongly In ar. + Tk Is heavier than air (V. D. = 18:25) and Is extromely soluble in water, at room temperature 1 volume of water dissolves 450 volumes of the gas. + Hydrogen gas can be liquified into a colourless ligud at 40 atm. pressure and 10°C temperature. it» Boiting point of liquid HC! is |¥= Frecting point of liquid HCI I USES * Its used In manufacturing of glucose from starch. + Tt Is used for the extraction of gues from animal tissue and bones. + Ite used In the manufacture of dyes, drugs, $&S, | Paints and Is widoly used In photography. Occurrence : (i) Present In gastric juices. (ii) Present in volcanic gases. 14355 = 365) — CHEMICAL PROPERTIES + It is nelther combustible nor supporter of combustion, + Due to its acidic nature, it turns moist litmus paper + It rapidly dissolves in water, to form hydronium Tons. Hel + Hy 0+ cr 8 + When hydrogen chloride gas is passed through silver nitrate solution, it forms white precipitate of silver chloride. AgNO, + HCl —+ AgCl 1+ HNO, ete at + Reaction with NH, : Dry HCI gas combines with ammonia (NH,) gas to give dense white fumes of ‘ammonium chloride. rN) NH,@) + HCl) — NACI tenes Hyg Siete contend) + When dilute hydrochloric acid Is added to lead titrate solution, white ppt. of lead chloride q nwanom Shonde pears. PbINO,), + HCIig) —+ PbCl, + 2HNO, lua te ease + Reaction of HCl gas with ammonia can be used as a test for HCI. (@ scanned with OKEN ScannerCHAPTER? 8 (b) + Molecular formula —+ NH, + Molecular Mass —+ 17 {Tt occurs in free state and Is present in atmosphere | | ir, natural water (traces), sewage water (higher | {proportion} decaying pant ond animal stves, urine ' ‘and excreta of animals. In combined form ammonia jis | found as ammonium chloride (NH,Cl) (Navsadar) and ammonium sulphate {WH,),$0,} Sources | Ammonia (s used commonly in three forms : | + Gaseous ammonia |+ Liquor ammonia + Uquid ammonia Liquor ammonia is a saturated solution of ‘ammonio in water and is stored in tightly | packed bottles in a cold place. ;— LABORATORY PREPARATION— ¥y warming any ammonium alt with an alkall | + 2HH,C+ CofOH), 4 CaCl, + 24,0 + 2NH,T |+ Iie colourless gos, that fumes strongly in ai |+ Ethos a sharp burning emell, which brings tears to ‘the eyes IC increases the heart beat in large dones Be «IL highly soluble in water. One volume of water | 2° Giszaive 1200 volumes of gas, at a pressure of | Tomen of mercuny [7 el Wahler tan oi. Its VO. & #6 as compared to| | Bi, wtch LA 4 tor tis reason iit callacted by | | Uie dowrucard dieptacement | i of ai. I cannot, bo | cAlected over water becane of ite extroma| * However, being basic In chavartereUil It Is non: poisonous In nature , [1 Tt damages respiratory tystem, | | | | | | * Vapour Density —+ 8:5 = Nature —+ Non-poisonous, basie in nature OCCURRENCE@——— CHEMICAL PROPERTIES + Ammonia changes red litmus solution to blue. it. does not affect the blue litmus solution. Se Ammonia produces a _ pink phenophthalein indicator. ¢3, + Ammonia reacts with acids to form corresponding ‘ammonium salts, NH, + Hel — nHcl fom ere + Ammonia dissolves in water to form an aque solution of NHOH NH, + H,O = NH,OH Ponsa de ——USES E]——— sLiquid NH, Is used in Solvay’s Process ot refrigerant in the ice plant. colour wi, + Ammonia water is used to remove grease and ink stains. B The solution of ammonia is also used fr cleaning glass windows, tles and porcelain + Ammonia Is used in the fertilizer industry for the manufacture of urea, Ammonium suiphate end + Ammonia is used in the Ostwald’s Process of ‘manufacture of nitric acid CATALYTIC OXIDATION ‘WF (OSTWALD PROCESS) ANH, + HO, 1 “i + 6H,0» 2NO 2NO, 2N0+ 0, , AHO, +0, + 21,0 —=» HNO, (C® scanned with OKEN Scanner* Molecular formula —+ HNO, « Molecular Weight —+> 63 OCCURRENCE, | Tt is naturally found in combined state in | compounds suchas Benga sotpeter or rite (10) and chile saltpetre (NaNO). During ‘thunder and lightening, traces of nitric acid are } formed in air. LAB PREPARATION By distillation of potassium nitrate > crystals with cone. sulphurie acid. KAO, + H,S0, “== KHSO, + HNO, oo | HNO, + KHSO, “SE= KHSO, + HNO, naan tment By heating a mixture of sodium nitrate and concentrated sulphuric acid at 200°C. | NaNO, + H,S0, "+ NoHSO, + HNO, | aiaNo, + H,S0, 225 No,S0, + 2HNO, Thenitric acid distills over is brown due to the dissolved oxides of nitrogen from thermal | decomposition of nitric acid; these may be removed | by bubbling dry air or CO, through warmand. cg net eee tere PHYSICAL PROPERTIES * Vapour Density —+ 15 + Nature —+ Corrosive, acidic in Nature CHEMICAL PROPERTIES + Pure nitric acid contained in the glass bottles, on exposure to light, slowly decomposes to liberate NO, which redissolves in it and makes it pale yellow. + Nitrié acid turns blve litmus red. «Nitric acid decomposes metal carbonates and hydrogen carbonates to corresponding salts with | liberation of CO, | «Nitric acid with bases, forms salts and water and nevtralises alkalis. + Nitric acid oxidises carbon, sulphur, phosphorus to their highest oxides or oxy-acids like carbon dioxide, sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid. USES Manufacture of explosives, fertilizers, nitrates, sulphuric acid, dyes, perfumes by, drugs, ‘aqua-regia, etc. nitrates The salt of nitric acid with metals are called nitrates, Only non-metallic nitrate is ammonium nitrate. |r Pure nitric acid is a colourless hygroscopic liquid | with choking smell |+ Commercial nitric acid is yellowish brown in colour || due to presence of dissolved nitrogen dioxide in it, + It hos a sour taste and highly corrosive in nature. If stains skin yellow and causes very painful blisters. Pure nitric acid bolls at 86°C and its specific form white crystals. o> It is highly soluble gravity 1s 1:54, On cooling it freezes at ~42°C to, water. (@ scanned with OKEN Scanner* Molecular formula —+ H,S0, * Molecular Mass —+ 98 MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID BY SULPHUR DIOXIDE + Sulphur dioxide is produced by burning sulphur or by roasting iron pytites. s+0, “0, E AFeS, +110, “*. 2Fe,0, + 880, | + Sulphur dloxide obtained above is oxidised to sulphur trioride in presence of vanadium pentoxide (V,0,) as catalyst. 280, +0, “*. 280, The above reaction is exothermic. The favourable conditions are : (6) Temperature, 450 to 600°C. | (b) Pressure, about 2 atmosphere. The reacting gases $0, and 0, must be free from all impurities as they poison the catalyst used. + Sulphur trioxide is then absorbed in sulphuric acid to get oleum which on dilution with water gives sulphuric acid of desired concentration. &) 50, +H,80, —+ 8,07 4H,S,0, + H,0 —+ 24,50, Sulphur trioxide is not directly dissolved in water as it forms a mist of fine drops of sulphuric acid which fills the factory. Platinized asbestos, silica gel, and V0, are all catalysts used in contact process because the tate of production of $0, is increased. * Vopour Density —- 18 + Nature —+ Corrosive, Acidic in nature PHYSICAL PROPERTIES —— + Colourless, odourless, syrupy liquid. + Density : 124g cm"? + Tis hygroscopic In nature. + Highly corrosive, and poor conductor KR electricty CHEMICAL PROPERTIES-— *Chemical nature of H,S0, changes with concentrations because dil H,S0, shows acidic properties while cone. H,S0, shows oxidising property + It changes blue litmus into red colour. «== + Tt changes methyl orange into red. + Sulphuric acid decolourises the pink @feolour of alkaline solution of phenolphthalein. + Concentrated H,S0, is a non volatile dibasic acid NaCl + H,S0, — NaHSO, + HCL BS + Oxidation of Carbon and Sulphur. C+ 2H,S0, — H,CO, + H,0 + 20,1 er Gre $+ 2HS0, —+ 380,1+2H,0 + It is used in making Fertilizers. «+ In the manufacture of Steel and Iron. + Also used in the petroleum refining. (C® scanned with OKEN Scanner= ® CP AS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY The branch of chemistry dealing with carbon and its compounds other than oxides, carbonates and carbides, ror ORGANIC COMPOUND The chemical compounds which are present in the living organisms, plants and animals. \ ORGANIC CHEMISTR the kind of atom present and their actual number Methane and ethane have the following structural Y MOLECULAR FORMULA The chemical formula of a compound, which tells >} inone molecule of a compound. MOLECULAR FORMULA A formula which tells the arrangement of various atoms in one molecule of a chemical compound. CATENATION Forawiae This property of self linking of carbon atoms " WH through covalent bonds to form long, straight or | il branched chain and rings of different sizes. Carbon HH HCH catams possess this property to a great extent and | 11 thus, forms large number of compounds. H HH HYDROCARBON S88 Compounds which are made up of only carbon and hydrogen, eg, CH, C.H,- + Organic Compounds on 2yelc (romati Molecular formula: C,H,, Condensed formula: [--————— HOMOL0G00 Tt is the series of ‘compounds of the same family In whict cone CH, ; corer es & nmi near 20 = el —— beter ofilene Allyn yet promatie a CONDENSED FORMULA —————— Ostet formula which indicates the group of atoms joined together to each of the carbon atom, in straight line or branched chains, CH;—CH.—CH,—Cl, Or oh cH, S SERIES h each member differs from Its adjacent member by unit go (@ scanned with OKEN Scanner| TUPAC NOMENCLATURE Te system of assigning a proper name to an organic compound was evlved by the International Union ure and Applied Chemistry and the scheme is referred as IUPAC nomenclature. Thi scheme is based on the following parameters: = Number of carbon atoms present in one molecule of the compound. + Kinds of covalent bonds between carbon atoms. + Arrangement of carbon atoms in space, Le. straight chain, branched chain or closed chain. | cH. c-c | -ane — | Methane cH, Ethane CH, — CH, CH, C=C | —ene | Ethene cH, = CH, Propene CH, — CH = Cl i | CHa C=C | —yne Ethyne CH = CH Propyne CH,-C =CH CHa cH -yl Methyl ~ CH,— Ethyl — C,H | CHayarOH -oH |-a Methanol CH, — OH | ~ | Ethanol CH, — CH, — OH CH,,.°COH —cHo | —al Methanal HCHO Ethanal CH, ~ CHO CH,,..-COOH = COOH | —oie acid] Methanoic Acid HCOOH Ethanoie Acid CH, ~ COOH { Isomerism 4 © Scanned with OKEN Scanner> ae eae 7 Chapter periodic Properties and variations of Properties 1 Word of Advice Topics Found Difficult by Students ‘> Usage of the sign < and > in showing trends in periodic properties. > Blectronegativity and Electron affinity _ > Arranging clements as per the trends in periodic properties across a period and down a group. > Ldentification of terms such as clectronegativity etc. on the basis of descriptions given. > Scientific terms for processes or properties. > Rexsons behind trends in properties across or down the periodic table. > Electron affinity and lonisation potential. > Application of trends in periodic table. } Confusion between period or group and determination of period ot group from the atomic number, Common Errors Made by Students: 1. Some students confused Helium with Hydrogen with highest ionisation potential. 2 Some students wrote electron affinity instead of electronegativity. Some students simply written the abbreviation form of clectronegativity. 3. A few students chose Sulphur over Chlorine, as highest electronegative element. 4. A few students mentioned that Aluminium is brittle which is incorrect 5. Some students identified the elements instead of using the given letters of alphabets. In a few cases, the position of metals and non-metals was not clear. Despite the clear instructions not to repeat elements, some students repeated certain elements, 6.Some students wrote that inert gases are stable without mentioning electronic configuration or 8 lectrons in the valence shell 7. Many students could not explain the reason for increase in ionisation potential across a period, from left to right, & Many students did not write the correct reason to explain alkali metals are good reducing agents. 9. Some students wrote only ‘ionisation’ or selected the incorrect term “electron affinity: This indicates that they were confused between ionisation energy and electron affi 10. Properties of electrovalent compounds on the basis of electrostatic force between ions, \ understood well. 11. Some students wrote atomic number 8 for a inert gas, lultiple Choice Questions ~ not perhaps 1. The metallic character . in a group as one moves from top to bottom. 46) Increases (0) Remains same (6) Decreaves fd) None of these 2. The metallic character ina period as one maves fron left to right (6) Decrestes (6) Remainy san ©) Increases 6) None ol these 3. The eloctroneyativity of elements across the pniod and stonvn the pronup (a) Increases, increases te} Anervases: devivanes (©) Decreases; increases Ll) Docteanen, dortnanen: (@ scanned with OKEN Scanner130 | tost question Bonk Chemletry-X 4A."The energy required to remove an electron from a neutral isolated gaseous atom and convert i iy, positively charged gaseous ion is called, (a) lonisation potential (©) Valency (©) Electronegativity (d)_ Electron affinity 5, The properties of elements are periodic function of their.. (a) Valeney (0) Atomic number (b) Atomic mass (d)_ Both (b) and (c) 6. The most reactive non-metals comprise Group of the Periodic Table. (@) 4 &) 15 () 16 (17 7. Acrange the following as per instruction given in the brackets :K, Cl, Na, 5, Si (increasing order ofionisy, energy) (a) ReNa 3" period 3-valence shells K=4" period 4 valence shells C35" period 5 valence shells ‘Thus, lithium is the element having least number of valence shells, BQ) Li Explanation: The elements with lower nuclear charges are those with lower atomic numbers because the nuclear charge (the positive charge in the nucleus) is determined by the number of protons in the atom’s nucleus, which is equal to the atomic number. So, here are the elements in order of increasing nuclear charge: (2) Beryllium (Be) has an atomic number of 4. (6) Magnesium (Mg) has an atomic number of 12. (©) Lithium (Li) has an atomic number of 3, (4) Potassium (K) has an atomic number of 19 Among these elements; lithium (Li) has the lowest nuclear charge because it has the lowest atomic number () indicating that it has the fewest protons in its nucleus. So, Li has the lowest nuclear charge among the Biven options, 0,2. (@ scanned with OKEN Scanner34 | 10st question Bank Chemistry =X 14.(d) Helium Explanation : When we move from left to right across the periodic table, ic, from an alkali-metal atom to a noe the n value of the outermost electrons remains the same, but the nuclear charge increases soya 2 this increased muctear attraction requires more energy to remove an clectron and as 2 result the ing? potential increases along. a period. Among the given options Helivm and Neon are inet gases and ae them, Helium will have the highest ionisation potential as it has the smaller size and higher ara between nucleus and electrons. 15.(¢) Br Explanation : In general, electron affinity inereases across a period from left to right in the periodic table because atoms become more eager to gain an electron in order to achieve a stable electronic configuration y, that of the noble gases. Halogens like bromine (Br), have high electron affinity because they requiren electron to complete their octet. Noble gases, like argon (Ar) have fully filled outer shell, and metals sy ‘98 magnesium (Mg) and lithium (Li), show lower tendency to gain electrons. 16.) When their oxides and hydroxides are treated with water, they produce alkaline solutions ‘Explanation: Group IA elements are called alkali metals because their oxides and hydroxides are soluble in watery form strong bases” 17.()_ Kis larger than Na* because K* belongs to period 4 |. Explanation: K; is larger than Na because the ionic radius increases in a particular group on moving from top? bottom due to increase in the principle energy shell though the number or electrons in the valence ste remain the same. 18. (4) The outer most shell is completely filled. Explanation Neon has the maximum ionization potential in the second period because its outer most valence sklli completely filled, making it very stable and requiring more energy to remove an electron. 19.(b)_ From left to right in period, the metallic character of an element decreases. And from top to bot in period, the metallic character of the elements increases Explanation: ‘The metallic character of an element depends on how readily it can lose its electrons and we can obser that: On moving down a group, the atomic size increases and the nuclear charge also increases. The effect of increased atomic size is greater as compared to the increased nuclear charge. Therefore, metalic nat! increases as one moves down a group ice, they can lose electrons easily. On moving across a period, nuclear pull increases due to the increase in atomic number and this atomic size decreases. Hence, elements cannot lose electrons easily. Therefore, the metallic nat” decreases across a period moving from left to right. 20.(b) B Explanation: As atomic size increases down the group and decreases across the period from left to right. Thus, ‘B'5® element having the largest atomic size. 21. (6) 1, 2and3 _ Explanation” As we move from left to right across a period, the new electrons starts getting added to the same s*! due to which nuclear charge increases. As a result, nuclear forces of attraction acting on the eles increases. Thus, atomic radius decreases. (@ scanned with OKEN ScannerPertodl Properties and Variations of Properties | 35 p.(d) Y-20° 9 Y* Explanation: Element Y is in Group IIA of the Periodic Table, which means itis an alkaline earth metal. Alkaline earth metals have two valence electrons and tend to lose these two electrons to achieve @ stable, noble gas configuration. By losing two electrons, Y forms a Y* jon. So, the equation that represents this ionisation process is: Y-2e"—> Y#* 23,(a)_ Electron Affinity oo) Explanation ‘Graph 1 is of melting point, Graph 2 is of First ionisation enthalpy, Graph 3 is of atomic radius: 24.0) 3 ‘Explanation? ‘Atomic number of aluminium is 13. $o its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 3. Since it has 3 electrons in its valence shell, it will lose 3 electrons to complete its octet hence its valency is +3. 25,(d) Selectron ~~” Explanation : ‘Aluminium has atomic no. 13 means its outermost shell contains 3 electrons hence, it can lose 3 electrons. 26,(a) Assertion and Reason both are correct statements and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion, ‘Explanation : “The elements of the same group have similar chemical properties because of the presence of same number of valence electrons. Thus, assertion is false but reason is true. 27.(b) Assertion and Reason both are correct statements, but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion. ( Beplanation Metalloids are present in zig-zag rows because they have some properties of metals and some properties of non-metals. Thus, both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion. 26.(a) Assertion and Reason both are correct statements and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion. Explanation Elements such as chlorine, bromine and iodine are called halogens because they react with metals to form salts. Thus, assertion and reason both are correct. >, Fillin the Blanks table has... periods. 0. eee ‘vm in the periodic table is comprised of elements having the same number of electron shells 31. Elements in a period, all have the same number of . 32, Elements in a group, all have the same number o 33. The elements of .. ‘are known as typical elements 34. The elements occupying left and right side groups of periodic table are called as... 35. The most active metals are present in 1 and 2 of the periodic table. 36. The rare gases are placed in... grOUp at the end. % Want to Practice mareMGQs? Ce A ontoomnalle or scan the GR code present on the back coverto practice ontheunends of MCs @ S . in their atoms. . elements. (@ scanned with OKEN Scanner136 | 10oR Qventon Bonk Chemtsery - 37. Theatomic size... __ as we move left to right across the period, because the But the eon nennn+ femains the samme, 38. Ina period or ina group, the larger the atomic size ofan element the ann MTOM eg 39. Moving across a... of the periodic table. the elements chow increasing chan 40. The metallic and non-metallic character depends upon Wie ann AN nnn Of the Clemenye 41. The amount of energy involved in the reaction X + Energy 9 X* +7 is known as the a clement X. $2. Across a perind, the ionisation potential 43. Down the group, electron affinity... 44. The higher the electron affinity of a non-metal, ..0n.--0-. chemically reactive the non-metal is 45, The tendency to gain an electron eon 9 moving down in group and OM Maing tony prion! in the periodic table. 4b Elements having high ionisation potential have... electron affinities 47. In general, non-metals are ... _. electronegative than metals. 46. On moving from left to right ina given period, the number of shells 49, Element X belongs to group 2 and period 3 af the periodic table. It has... electrons in the outer shel. $50, Each period except period 1 in the periodic table begins with .......... and ends up with a Ans. 29, 7 40. Atomic size, ionisation potentia} M0. Period 41. onisation potential 31. Electron shells 42 increases 32. Outermost valence electrons 43. Decreases 3. Period 3 44 More H. Representative 45. Decreases: increases 35. Groups 46. High 36. Zero 47. More 37. Decrease, nuclear charge, number of shells AS. Remains the ame 38. More 49.2 39. period, non-metallic SD. Analhali metal; noble gas a) Match the Column“ s1. Column A fe Column B (1) Proton ‘An alkaline earth metal | @) Sodium Halogen |@) Barium Noble gas |) Chlorine | An alkali metal (8) Electron Responsible for nuclear charge |(©)_Completed shell | Occupied sub-shell Ans. Column A Columa B () Proton Responsible for nudear charge Q) Sodium An alkali metal @) Barium | Analkaline earth metal @) Chlorine Halogen @) Electron | Occupied sub-shell (@_Compteted shel [Noble gas )) One Word or Technical Term 52 The law that groups elements in family of three. 53. The law where every St element repeats properties. (@ scanned with OKEN Scannerpertodte Properties and Variations of Properties | 37 4. The law where repetition of properties varies periodteally. 55, The horizontal arrangement of elements 6, The vertical arrangement of elements. 37, The elements present in the first period §8, The clement with the least ionisation poten 9, The amount of energy released when an atom in the gascous state ff. The element which has the highest electron affinity inthe third period, {1 The clectrons present in the outermost shel of an atom €2. Apositive charge present in the nucleus of an atom w! 63. Element X bolongs to period 2 and group 1 of the periodic table tement X. 64, Flements with 4, 5, 6 or 7 electrons in the last shell 6, Elements with S electrons in the last shell 66, The most metallic element in the third period, 67, The most non-metallic element in the third period. 68, The element which is the most electronegative in the third period, 69. The most active non-metal 70. A metal which is a liquid at room temperature. ‘71. Aliquid non-metal. 72. Anathaline earth metal present in group 2 and period 3. 73. The combining capacity of the atom of an element. 34, Elements lose electrons to complete their octet. in the third period. accepts an electron to form an anion. his equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. State the formula of the chloride of the [Board Question] ‘Ans. 52. Law of triads 64. Non-metals 53. Newland’s law of Octaves 65. Rare gases 54. Mendeleev’s Periodic law 66. Sodium 55, Periods 67. Chlorine 56. Groups 68. Chlorine 57. Hydrogen and Helium 69. Fluorine 58. Sodium 70. Mercury 59. Electron affinity 71. Bromine 60. Chlorine 72, Magnesium or Mg 61. Valence electrons Fe Maen 2, Nuclear chargs 7. Reduang agents 6. XC 6 w the Following 82, Electron affinity 83. Periodic properties: 84. Atomic radius or covalent radius: 85. Metallic radius: 86. Ionic radius 87. Electronegativity 75. Typical elements. 76, Transition elements 77. actinides 78. Rare earths, 79. Transuraniuim elements. 80. Bridge elements 81. Ionisation potential Ans.75. The elements ofthe third period (Na, Mg, Al, Si, P,, Cl Ax) are called the typical elements, Each of these elements represent the general properties ofall the elements of its group. 76 The elements which possesses partially filled d-orbital in its penultimate shell are called transition elements, 77. The Ls elements beginning with actinium and have atomic numbers 89 to 108 are called actinides 78. The sixth period has 15 elements with atomnic numbers 57 to 71 (La-Lu), beginning with lanthanum. “These 15 elements are very much alike chemically and are known as rare earths or lanthanides, 79. The elements beyond uranium U, in the seventh period Are called transuranium elements. These clements do not occur naturally: They all have been prepared artificially: (@ scanned with OKEN Scanner238 | ICSE Question Bonk Chemistry -X 80. The elements of second period are called bridge elements because they connect their own p.. elements with the elements of next group lying diagonally to them in the periodic table! (Lithium) and Mg (Magnesium). 4 81. Itis the amount of energy required to remove an electron from the outer most (valence) she isolated gaseous atom. 82. Itis the amount of energy released when an electron is added to the outer most (valence) sheep, isolated gaseous atom, 83. The variation in properties of elements with the gradual change in their electronic configuration, called as periodicity in properties or periodic properties. 84. The distance between the outermost electrons and nucleus of the atom or half the distance bets two nuclei of a diatomic molecule is called as atomic radius. 9. Half the distance of two nearest nuclei of a metallic crystal is called as metallic radius. The distance between the outermost electrons and the nucleus of an ion is called as ionic radius, The tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract the shared pair of electron towards itself is cae Electronegativity. KS Reasoning Based Questions 88. Explain why the elements placed in the same group of the periodic table have the same chemi Properties ? Elements placed in the same group (or column) of the periodic table have the same chemical properis ‘because they share a similar electron configuration in their outermost electron shell. Elements ints ‘same group have the same number of valence electrons, which are the electrons in the outerme: energy level (shell) of their atoms, These valence electrons are responsible for an element's chemiz’ reactivity because they are involved in chemical bonding. For example, elements in Group 1 of te periodic table (e.g,, lithium, sodium, potassium) all have one valence electron in their outermost shel Elements in Group 17 (e.g, fluorine, chlorine) have seven valence electrons. This common outer elect: configuration is primarily responsible for their similar chemical behaviour. 89, Why sodium is a metal while sulphur is a non-metal ? Ans. Sodium (Na) is located in Group 1 (Alkali Metals) of the. periodic table. It has an atomic number of I ‘which means it has 11 electrons. The electron configuration of sodium is 2-8-1. ‘This indicates that itt a highly reactive metal that readily loses its single valence electron to form a positively charged it (Na"). This behaviour is typical of metals, which tend to lose electrons and form cations in chemi reactions. On the other hand, sulphur (S) is located in Group 16 (Chalcogens) of the periodic tab! has an atomic number of 16, which means it has 16 electrons, The electronic configuration of sulphut! 26-6, which indicates that it has six valence electrons in its outermost energy level. It achieve a stl) electron configuration by gaining two electrons and become negatively charged anions, This behavio! is typical of non-metals as they gain or share electrons in chemical reactions, Thus, sodium is am? while sulphur is a non-metal. 90. Alkali metals are good reducing agents. Why? Ans. Alkali metals, such as lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), table, are known to be good reducing agents. This is due to the following reasons: 7+ Low ionisation energy: Alkali metals have very low ionisation energies, which means, itis" alkali metals (o lose electrons from their valence shell and become positively charged cation 2 Large atomic size: Alkali metals have relatively large atomic sizes due to which the outer elo experience weaker electrostatic altraction to the positively charged nucleus, making thers easily removed. GRE Ans. and others in Group 1 of the periol! Highly reactive: Alkali metals are highly reactive due to thei electronic configuration, usually by losing one electron, ‘Thus, the reactivity of alkali metals makes them re: ily donate electrons in reactions with ol ¢lements. This electron transer process is a reduction reaction, and the alkall metal steel gets OX in the process. Because alkali metals are effective a : at causing reduction in other substances, they ™ considered good reducing agents in chemical reactions ir strong, tendency to achieve a $ (@ scanned with OKEN ScannerPeriodie Properties and Varetions of Properties | 39 91. Why are the elements sodium and chlorine in the same period of the periodic table ? | ‘ans. In the periodic table, elements in the same horizontal row are placed in the came perio, and each | period represents the number of clectron shells an atom of the elements in that period has, Sodium has fn atomic number of 11, thus, the electronic configuration of sodium is 2.8.1. So, it has three electron shells. Chlorine, on the other hand, has an atomic number of 17, thus, the electronic configuration of chlorine is 2.87, so it also has three electron shells, Since both sodiim and chlorine have three electron shells in their respective electron configurations, they are placed in the same period ic, Period 3 of the periodic table 92, Potassium atom is larger than sodium atom, Why 2 ‘Ans. The size of an atom is determined by the number of electron shells (energy levels) and the effective nuclear charge experienced by the clectrons. Potassitm has 19 electrons and thus has four electron shells, while sodium has 11 electrons and has only three electron shells. With the addition of an extra electron shell in potassium, there isan increase in the electron-electron repulsion between the inner and fouter electrons. This increased electron-electron repulsion provides additional shielding or screening for the outermost clectrons from the positive charge of the nucleus. Thus, the weaker effective nuclear charge in potassium allows the outermost clecirons to be farther from the nucleus, leading to a larger atomic size. Hence, potassium atom is larger than sodium atom 93, Magnesium atom is smaller than calcium atom, Why ? ‘Ans, The size of an atom is determined by the number of electron shells (energy levels) and the effective nuclear charge experienced by the electrons, Caleium (Ca) has one more electron shell than magnesium (Mg). Calcium has 20 electrons and thus has four electron shells, while magnesium has 12 electrons and has only three electron shells. With the addition of an extra electron shell in calcium there is an increase in the electron-clectron repulsion betiveen the inner and outer electrons. This increased dlectron-electron repulsion provides additional shiclding or screening for the outermost electrons from the positive charge of the nucleus. Thus, the weaker effective nuclear charge in calcium allows the outermost electrons to be farther from the nucleus, leading to a larger atomic size. Hence, caleium atoms are larger than magnesium atoms 94. Why the atomic size decreases across the period as we move from left to right ? ‘Ans. In the same period, the number of electron shells (energy levels) remains the same and the electrons ane added to-the same energy level as you move from leit to right. While the number of electron shells comeing constant, the number of inner electrons (those in the same energy level or in energy levels Gower to the nucleus) increases. These inner electrons partially shield the outermost electrons from the fall effect of the increasing nuclear charge. However, the increase in nuclear charge outweighs the shielding effect, leading to a net stronger attraction between the electrons and the nucleus. Due to these factors, the atomic size decreases as you move from left to right across a period on the periodic table. 95, The reducing power of elements increases as one goes down a group. Ans. The reducing power of elements increases as one goes down a group in the periodic table due to following factors: : Number of electron shells: As you move down a group, each successive element has an additional clectron shell. This means that the outermost electrons in the elements lower down the group are farther from the nucleus which means they are less tightly held by the nucleus. As a result, they are easily donated in chemical reactions, making the element a better reducing agent. Larger atomic size: Elements lower down a group have larger atomic sizes which leads to greater clecronelectron repulsion among the outermost electrons, which further weakens the hold of the nucleus on these electrons. Asa result, the electrons are more readily available for donation in reduction reactions. Lower ionisation energy: Elements lower down a group generally have lower ionisation energies. This ‘means that it takes less energy to remove an electron from the outermost shell, making it easier for the elements to lose electrons and act as reducing agents. ‘Thus, elements lower down a group in the periodic table have lerger atomic sizes, more electron shells, and lower ionization energies, all of which contribute to their increased reducing power. 96, The reducing power of elements decreases as on one move from left to right in a period. ‘Ans. The reducing power of elements generally decreases as you move from left to Fight across a period in the periodic table due to following factors: (@ scanned with OKEN Scanner40 | I0SE Question Bonk Chemistry ~% Increasing eletronegtivity: As you move from lt to right across a period, the eecon, of elements generally increases which means they have a stronger tendency to attract and ne electrons. This makes it more difficult for them to donate electrons in chemical reaction, the, reducing their reducing power. ; ’ Smaller atomic ize: As you move from lft to right across a period the atomic size generally da, leading to a stronger electrostatic atraction which means that the outermost electrons are hay"? closely to the nucleus, making it harder forthe atom to lose electrons and act asa reducing apen Higher ionisation energy: As you move from left o right across a period, the ionisation ener increases which means that it takes more energy to remove an electron from the outermost clements, making it less likely for them to lose electrons and undergo reduction reactions, Thus, elements on the right side ofa period in the periodic table tend to have higher electronegy, smaller atomic sizes, and higher ionisation energies, all of which contribute to their reduced rej power. 97. Sodium atom, Na forms the positive ion Na’, Ans. shelly, but chlorine atom Cl, does not form the positive cs, Sodium, with an atomic number of 11,has one electron in its outermost electron shell (28,1). Tosch, a stable clectronic configuration, sodium can readily lose its single outermost electron and fom Positively charged ion with a charge of +1, represented as Na*. Chlorine, on the other hand, has, number of 17 and requires one additional electron to ai When chlorine gains an electron, it forms a negatively charged ion with a charge of -1, represenct Ch. This difference in electronic configuration and tendency to gain or lose electrons is why sog, forms a positive ion (Na’), while chlorine forms a negative ion (CI). 98. Mg?" ions is smaller than Ojon although both are iso-clectronic. Explain. Ans. Mg?" ion is smaller than O* ion though both are iso-electronic. The nuclear charge in Mg?" is + 129 O. is +8, so with the increase in nuclear charge the size decreases and, hence O2-> Mg", ‘Why ionisation potential of the element increases across a period ? As we move across a period, the number of electron shells (energy levels) remains the same. outermost electrons are added to the same ene: Positive charge exerts a stronger electrostatic at result, the outermost electrons are held more ti them, and therefore, it requires more energy to increases across a period. 100. Why the second ionisation ene ‘Ans. After the first ionization occu aM ato, ichieve a stable electronic configuration 24 99. incet tgy level as you move from left to right, the incre traction on the electrons in the same energy level. A ightly by the nucleus, making it more difficult to reme ise the atom. Thus, ionisation potential ofthe elene "gy of an element is greater than its first ionisation energy ? 5 and an electron is removed from the outermost shell, the remaiti clectrons are subject toa higher effective nuclear charge because there is less electron-electron reps and shielding for the remaining electrons, which leads to a stronger attraction between the post charged nucleus and the remaining electrons. The second ionisation energy involves the removal an electron that is more strongly held by the nucleus, it typically requires more energy than the £ ionisation energy. . Why is ionisation energy of O less than that of N? Nitrogen (N) has more stable electronic configuration than O. Therefore, required to remove valence electron from N-atom. Hence, ionization enes Why elements with low ionization potential exhibit metallic properties 2 Elements with low ionization potentials have outer electrons that are not strongly bound tothe nucle! allowing them to participate in metallic bonding, This results in the formation of « "sea of electrons imparts various metallic properties, such as electrical conductivity, malleaility, ductility, and bi! to the material. These properties make metals essential for various applications in technology everyday life. 3). Very Short Answer Type Questions MS ‘Ans, There are 18,18 and 32 elements inthe fourth, fifth and sixth peri of the periodic table respect"! 40s. , ‘are 496, 403, 20 and 419 Kol, respectively." elements belong to the same group in the Periodic Table, which element wll ‘occupy the top posi the group? Justify your answer. large amount of enevs} BY of Os less than that ol! 103. ‘Ans. Element C will tp the group because ionisation energy decreases down the group, (C® scanned with OKEN ScannerPerlode Properties end Varlations of Properties | 41 105, What are the main characteristic of the last elements in the periodic table? What is the general name given to such elements? ‘Ans. The main characteristic of the last elements in the periods is the presence of 8 electrons in their valence shell (Ze,, octet is complete). The general name of such elements are noble gases or inert gases. 406. What are typical elements? Give the ‘liquid elements in periodic table. ‘Ans, Na, Mg, AL. Si, PS, Cl, Arare the elements present in third short period in periodic table. These elements are known as typical elements. Francium, mercury and bromine are known as liquid elements. 107. What do you know about metallic character of an element? ‘Ans. It is the property of an element by virtue of which an element possess utmost of 3 electrons in its outermost shell and because of this itis able to form positive ions by loosing there electrons, 108, State the factors which affect or influence the atomic size of the elements in a periodic table. ‘Ans, Factors which affect the atomic size of the elements in a periodic table are : )) Magnitude of nuclear charge (ii) Number of shells (iii) Screening or shielding effect 109. State whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE. Justify your answer, 1. Inthe moder periodic table, metals are arranged on the leftmost side of the table and the rightmost + side of the table contains non-metals. 2. Halogens are the members of VII A group which have seven electrons in their outermost shell. ‘Ans. 1. True, In the modem periodic table, metals are primarily found on the left side and in the center, while non-metals are located on the rightmost side of the table. The dividing line between metals and non-metals is often represented by a stair-step or zigzag line, with metals to the left of this line and non-metals to the right. Elements that are adjacent to this line, such as silicon and germanium, are metalloids and have properties of both metals and non-metals. 2, True, Halogens are the elements found in Group 17 (formerly known as Group VIIA) of the periodic table. They have seven valence electrons in their outermost electron shell. This characteristic makes them highly reactive, as they tend to gain one electron to achieve a full outer shell, resulting in a negative one (-1) oxidation state. The halogens include fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (A) a Short Answer Type Questions 110, State Newland’s Law of Octaves. Why did the law of octaves fail? Write three important drawbacks of Newland’s classification. ‘Ans, Newlands’ Law of Octaves was an early attempt at classifying elements based on their properties. The law can be stated as: “When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic mass, every eighth element would have similar properties, just like the notes of a musical scale repeat every eighth note.” However, Newlands’ Law of Octaves had several drawbacks, which ultimately led to its failure and rejection by the scientific community: 1. Limited applicability: Newlands’ law worked well for the lighter elements, particularly those in the first two rows of the periodic table, but it failed for elements with higher atomic masses. The law of octaves did not account for the existence of transition metals and their unique properties. 2. Arbitrarily chosen starting point: Newlands’ law was based on an arbitrary choice of starting point, and it did not account for the fact that the periodicity of elements is related to their atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus), not just atomic mass. 3. Incomplete periodic table: At the time of Newlands’ proposal, the periodic table was incomplete, with some known elements missing. The law of octaves did not provide a framework for predicting the properties of these missing elements or accommodating their discovery. In summary, Newlands’ Law of Octaves had limited predictive power and did not accurately represent the underlying principles of element periodicity. It was eventually replaced by the modern periodic table, which is based on the atomic number of elements (the number of protons) and accounts for the periodic recurrence of element properties with much greater accuracy. 111. Answer the following questions regarding Mendeleev’s modified periodic table. (i) How many periods are there in Mendeleev’s periodic table? (@ scanned with OKEN Scanner142 | 10S Question Bank Chemistry -X 1m. m3. Ans. 14. 115. Ans. 116, Ans. 7. g 18, Ans. 19. (ii) How many groups are there in Mendeleev’s periodic table? s (ii) How many groups consist of normal elements and transitional elements in Mendeteey’, table? ae on (iv) Which group of elements was missing from Mendeleev’s original periodic table? (v) Whats the number of first and last vertical column? (vi) In which vertical column hydrogen is placed. (vii) What are horizontal rows known as? How many are they in number? (viii) How many elements are there in the first horizontal row? (ix). How many elements are there in the second and third horizontal rows each? (i) There are seven periods in Mendeleev's periodic table. (ii) There are eight groups, in Mendeleev’s periodic table. (ii) The normal elements were located in groups I to VII, transition elements were present in & Vu. (iv) Zero group (Noble gases). (%) The first vertical column is known as group I, and the last vertical column is known as (vi) Hydrogen is placed in IA group. (vii) The horizontal rows in periodic table are known as periods. There are seven periods in Mendel, periodic table. (viii) There are only two elements in the first period. (x)_The second and third periods have eight elements each. What is modern periodic law? Name the elements of ‘first transition series’, ‘The modem periodic law states that, “The properties of elements are the periodic functions of ty atomic number’. Scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copy ‘Who gave moder periodic law? What is meant by a group in the periodic table? Henry Moseley gave the modern periodic law. Vertical column in a periodic table are called groups How many vertical columns are there in the modem periodic table? State whether the ionisstn potential increases or decreases on going down a group. 18 vertical columns are ther down a group. How many elements are in the second period of modern periodic table? Write the names of first andl elements of second period. ‘There are cight elements in the second period of the periodic table. Lithium (Li) and neon (Ne) aeth first and last element of the second period. How many elements are in the third period of modem periodic table? Write the names of first and elements of third period. Eight elements in the third period of the periodic table. Sodium (Na) and Argon (Ar) are the first last elements of the third period. Which period is the shortest one? In which period maximum number of elements are present? The first period is the shortest period in the periodic table as it has only two elements ie, H and 1 The period in which the maximum number of elements are present is 6th and 7th period. They are longest period of the periodic table as they have 32 elements. What is shielding effect or screening effect? How does it govern the ionisation energy of an atom? The shielding effect, also known as the screening effect or electron shieldi ‘occurs within atoms and influences thi Broupy the modern periodic table. Ionisation potential decreases on goin ing, is a phenomenon ti! zation energy of an atom. It is related to the ability of in Clectrons to shield the outermost electrons from the full effect of the positive charge inthe mucleus! governs the ionisation energy of an atom by influencing the effective nuclear charge experienced by outermost electrons. Greater shielding leads to lower ionisation energy, while weaker shielding ™* to higher ionisation energy. This effect explains the trends in ionisation energy observed in the pes! table, (Whats the common fe and period 3? Gi) Wan element is in group 7 (or group 7A) ture of the electronic configurations of thee elements at the end of petio”? likely to be metallic or non-metallic character ? 4 = (@ scanned with OKEN ScannerAns. Ans. 1m. 12, Perlodle Properties and Varlations of Propertes | 43, (ii) Supply the missing word from those in brackets. Ifan element has one electron in its outermost energy level (shell) then itis likely tobe......(metallic! non-metallic) (i) Theatoms of the elements the end of period 2 and period 3 contains Belectrons in their outermost shell Gi) Non-metallic. (iii) Metal Identify the following: {@) Anelement in period 1 which can be placed in both group 1 and group 17 of the Periodic Table. (b) The element having electronic configuration 2, 8, 6. (©) The most electronegative element of period 3. (a) Hydrogen Electronic configuration of hydrogen is 1, soit can accept and complete its duplet as halogen (Group 17) while it can even donate 1 ¢ as alkali metals (Group 1). (b) Sulphur ‘The atomic number of Sis 16. Thus, its electronic configuration is 2,8, 6. (0 Chlorine This is because electronegativity increases from left to right (along a period). Chlorine [28,7] belongs to the 17th group of the periodic table. Based on this information, complete the following. (a) The electronic configuration of a chloride ion (CI!) is, (b) It combines with group 1 and 2 elements by. bonding. (©) _____isa strong acid formed by covalent bonding of_____with chlorine. (2) The electronic configuration of a chloride ion (Ct) is [2, 8, 8}. The electronic configuration of a chloride ion (Cr+) being {2, 8, 8] indicates that it has a total of 18 electrons. This configuration follows the octet rule, where the outer shell of an atom is most stable when it contains eight electrons. Fluorine (F) typically has nine electrons, but when it gains one electron to form the fluoride ion (F-), it achieves a full outer shell and becomes more stable. (b) It combines with group 1 and 2 elements by ionic bonding. Chlorine, a highly reactive nonmetal, readily forms ionic bonds with group 1 and group 2 elements due to its strong electronegativity. In these reactions, chlorine gains an electron from the metal atom, zesulting in the formation of chloride ions, Group 1 elements such as sodium and potassium lose their outermost electron to chlorine, while group 2 elements like calcium and magnesium lose two electrons to reach a stable electronic configuration. (© HClisa strong acid formed by covalent bonding of Hydrogen with Chlorine. This bond is created when a hydrogen atom shares its electron with chlorine atom, resulting in the formation of HCl The resulting molecule is highly polar due to the electronegativity difference between hydrogen and chlorine. ‘Arrange the following as per the instructions given in the brackets: (@) Carbon, Fluorine, Beryllium (decreasing order of atomic size). (©) Sulphuric acid, Phosphoric acid, Acetic acid (increasing order of number of replaceable H atoms per molecule), (© Potassium, Lithium, Sodium (increasing order of ionization potential). Ans, (a) Be>C>F {As these three are present in same period and as we move along a period size of atom decreases due to greater nuclear pull (b) Acetic acid < sulphuric acid < phosphoric acid. Acetic acid is CHyCOOH when it ionises it has only one H’ ion (CH,;COOH-> CH,COO- + H*) While sulphuric has 2 replaceable Hydrogen atoms (H,SQ, -» 2H" + S02>). Phosphoric acid is HPO, which ionises to give 3-H atoms (H,PO, — 3H" + PO). (@ scanned with OKEN Scanner‘44 [e8t Question Bonk Chemistry - x (0 KeNoct LU will have least ionisation potential as it has electronic configuration 2. 1, Sodiy umber 11 with electronic configuration as 2,8. 1. The atomic number of potassium shows it has electronic configuration as 2. 8,1. This shows the number of shells incr, to Na to K and will be the atomic radit increases. The distance from nucleus inerva, Pull decreases as size increases and thus electron can casily of the atom greater will be the nuclear pull 123. Arrange the following elements as directed TY has iy A SCS and py, Smale eave with less energy: (Ar He, Ne (in increasing order of electron shells) Gi) LE, C,O (in increasing arder of electron affinity) (ill) Cl, Mg, &, Na (in increasing order of atomic size) (W)_ CL Li FN (in increasing, order of clectronegativity) (0) CLS, Al. Na (in increasing order of ionisation patential) (i) LCI. Br, F Increasing order of atomic size) (vil) 1.Cl, Br, F (Increasing non-metalic character) (il) 1.C), Br, F (Increasing ionisation potential) (is) CBr. F (nereasing electron affinity) () LCI. Br, F (Ocereasing etectronegativity) Ans. () HeéNecAr () CleSMg >Al> Si eP< S< Ch Most reactive metal least reactive unt petive nants (8) Oxides of elements in a particular period become less basic and finally becomes sexlicin chance €.Q oxides of third period : Na,O MgO Al, SiO; Strongly basic Basic PO, $0, @,0, 125. The elements of one Amphoteric Feebly acidic Acidic Moreacidie Most 333 Short period ofthe Periotic Table are given below in order from left to right Li, Be, B,C, 0, E Ne @ To which period do these elements belong? Gi)“ One element ofthis period is missing. Which is the missin, {ii) Which one ofthe elements in this period shows the p (iv) Place the three elements fluorine, berylliumand. nitrogen in the order of increasing electronegativit (S) Which one of the above elements belongs to the halogen series? Ans. (i) Second period i) "Nitrogen. It should be placed between carbon and oxyge"- igclementand where should ithe placed roperty of catenation? Gi) Carbon Gv) Beryllium < Nitrogen < Fluorine () Fluorine 126. (i) Electron affinities of two element A=3.79 electron volts and B =3.56 electron volts Which of them will ionise more easily and why? 3s (A. and C are the elements or a Dobereiner’s triad. Uf the atomic mass of Ais 7 and that of C What should be the atomic mass of B? A.will ionise more easily. ‘than B because more is the electron affinity of an element, the more ™™ bethe tendency to accept electrons and hence get ionised easly. ts Aand B are given as follows: Ans. (i) t “ (@ scanned with OKEN Scannerwm. Ans. m8. Ans. 129. Ans, PeridteProperes ond Varictlons of Properes | 45 wo x 5 c 7 2 ‘Ab-mass of B= 7439 | 46 x 2°32 For each of the following pai affinity? "NG Palts, predict which one has greater ionisation energy and greater electron Oe He () Li, Lit [7 ronisatio ret ) C>B ae (© Litt ii) C> Two different elements A (ii) i> Lt and B have atomic num es (0) The groups ofpenodie eee omemumber 12 and H respectively write down p whi lon (0) The principal oxidation stateg Ym (© The formulae of their simplest (@) Giveexplanation — he chloride of one is a , The chloride of one i 00d conductor of electricity in molten state while the other whichis liquid, isnot The electronic configuration of A and B are A=28,2 Ba28,4 {@) Element 4 with atomic number 12 belongs to group 2, also known as the alkaline earth metals group. Element B with atomic number I belongs to group 1, also know as the carbon group. (©) The principal oxidation states of A and B are +2 and +, respectively (0 The formulae of their chlorides are ACI, and BCly respectively (€) The chloride of A is an electrovalent compound and conducts electricity in molten state, The chloride of B is aliquid covalent compound, hence isnot a good conductor of electricity. (An clement has an atomic number 16 State: {2) The period to which it belongs {@ Whether itis a metal or non-metal (0) The number of valence electrons (Within a group where would you expect to find the element with {a) The greatest metallic character (0) The largest atomic size (Electronic configuration -2, 8,6 (a) 3rd period (6) Six valenceetectrons (QNon-metal (i) (a) Atthe bottom of the group (b) At the bottom of the group , With reference to the first three periods of the modem periodic table, answer the questions given below (Write the formula of the sulphate of the element with atomic number 13. (ii) Name the element which has the highest ionisation potential. (iii) What features of the atomic structure accounts forthe similarities in the chemical properties of the ‘elements in group 17 of the periodic table? (jv) How many electrons are present in the valence shell of the element with atomic number 18 ? {v) What is the electronic configuration of the element in the third period which gains one electron to change into an anion? (vi) What is the name given to the energy released when an atom in its isolated gascous state accepts an electron to form an anion? (vii) What type of bonding will be present in the oxide of the element with atomic number 1? ()Al;(S0))5 Gi), Hetium {ii) All the elements in this group have seven electrons in their outermost energy level, and they all require one more electron to achieve a stable, full outer electron shell. This similarity in electron (@ scanned with OKEN Scannerrat ’ ae the Periodic Table, (01) Electron affinity (v1i) Covalent bonding lement Bs placed to the let of element A. On the fy, Wars g, )Theetement B would have (lowerMbigher) metallic character than A as metalic chars so” () Theelement a, ssa pectic! Theelement A would probably have lesser?higher electron affinity than 8. ti The 1A would have (jteater/smaller) atomic size than B Rt) Tee isher metallic character than element A as electron afin period. ite across ap Gi) The clement A would have probably higher electron affinity than element {ii) The element A would have smaller atomic size than element B a8 atomic size gene from left to right across a period in the petiodic table. Given below is the part of Periodic Table a Mg. Al | Si does metallic character of an element change as one moves from. (a). Left to right in period? (©). Top to bottom in group? (00) How does the valency of clements change with respect to hydrogen as one moves from les in period? (ii) (a) What is the valency of element silicon? (6) Will it form a covalent oF electrovalent bond with hydrogen? Ans, (i Which are the most metallic and the most non-metallic elements in above table? ARs. (i) (a) As one moves from left to right in period, the metallic character of np ‘element decrease, {2) "As one moves from top to bottom in group, the metalic character of the elemven tS nce (i) The valency of elements with respect to hydrogen is stated as under: Tgroup +1 Ugroup +2 BI Wi group +3 IV group +4 Vgroup -3 Vigroup -2 Vil group -1 | (ili) (a) The valency of element silicon is + 4 0) Silicon will form a covalent compound with hydrogen. (iv) Sodium is the most metallic and chlorine is most non-metallic element. 133. In the portion of the Periodic Table given below, the letters A, B, ..... Tepresent the eleme: Periods 2and 3 and groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 which are not the usual symbols of the elem, 1 2 | 13 4] sl wl Period 2 [a B ce joey ora k. Period 3 {1 I K_ | . [Mm N | o 7 Rj 8 Pe Study the table and answer the following questions: (i) Which is the most electropositive element ? (ii) Which is the most electronegative element? (iif) Which elements have properties that are similar to those of the element OP (iv) Which elements are the noble gases? (¥)_ Which elements have a valency of 4? (vi) Which is more metallic, Qor R? (vil) Which is more non-metallic, E or M? (vill) What is the collective name for the: ‘elements G and O? @ scanned with OKEN ScannerPerlole Properties ané Varlcions of Properties | 47 jx) Which elements are repre: Gomauenn reseed byte ts} Nand St Aes F Magnesi and P, (v) D, L and T, (vi) Q (vi) " Magnesium; N : Sulphur; 0 : Chl ge ty CR 5 {The lectronegativities (accor oral A , Taclesrone fing to pauling) ofthe elementsin peri areas ovecarhen the slements arranged i alphubetel order: al su ap Peo pate pete ters 15_| 3 12) 09 | 24 | 25 2. “Arrange the elements in the order in which they occur in the al ic at Che group 1 element first, followed by the group 2 element and s race oe {iy The element below sodium in the same group would be elon Higher lectronegatvity than sodium and the element abore ects ould be g (patil a3 {lowerhigher) ionisation potential than chlorine. ie at of ements inthe Utd group of period be given below :Na Mg, AS Na, Mg, Al, SL, $, @ ans Oo (ip Lower, Higher. The questions refers t0 the elements of the periodic table with atomic mm 310 hich of these fay4[ st ¢ 7Z se Tw la] 2 [3 fs [1s |e} 7 18 ste Step ete [tei e lM iN tote () Wsanoble gas? (i) Isahalogen? ii) Sanatkalt metal? (iv) Tsanelement with valency 2 y Pisanoble gos with atomic number 18, i, 2,8, 8. Hisa also a noble gas with atomic number 10, ie» 2.8. iy Gishalogen ‘with atomic number 9, ie, 2,7. i Cisalso a halogen with atomic number 17, i. 2,87. | (ay Aand Tare alkali metals, | Gy Dand Lare elements with valency 4 © 336.[ Group ‘Number IA TA | WA | VA | VA via | WA] 9 1 2 13 4 15 16 17 18 “nd period Li D o| 7 [Ne 3rd period A | Mg E Si | # [_M ‘th period x | T 1 o |e y this table, H does not represent hydrogen. + Some elements are given in their own symbol and position in te periodic table. 4 While others are shown with a leer. With reference tothe table answer the following questions {) Identify the most electronegative element. (i) Identify the most reactive element of group 1. (i) Identify the element from period 3 with least atomic size. (iv) How many valence electrons are present in Q? (v) Which element from group 2 would have the least ionisation ‘energy? (vi). Identify the noble gas of the fourth period. (vil) In the compound between A and H what type of bond would be formed and give the molecular formula for the same? Ans. (i) J qi R (ii) M (ws @ T wy la > AH (vi) Tonic bond. Molecular formal: (@ scanned with OKEN Scanner48 | 2552 Qoeren Bank Chemtary )_ Use the letters only writen in the Periodic Table given below to answer the questions that ay. a m WV vi yy State the number of valence electrons in atom J. o : § a : g i g & & 3 tables shows the electronic configuration of the elements W, X, Y, Z: Ww x T ¥ | Zz 281 287 25 ing questions based on the table above = a | 2 type of bond is formed between: () Wandx @) Yanaz (©) What is the formule of the compound formed between : @) XandZ @) Wandx (2) Five valence eleczons ®M 9 T @ (2) (1) lonicbond (2). Covalent bond a) x @ wx wing table represent the elements and the atomic number: [Woard Question ith reference to this, answer the following using only the alphabets given in the table, ‘clement combines with hydrogen to form a basic gas ? ch element has an electron affinity zero ? ne the element, which forms an ionic compound with chlorine. Ans. (i) Q(QH;is the basic gas) withZ=7 ) Reith atomic number = 10 ) P with atomic number = 13 Study the extract of the Periodic Table given below and answer the questions that follow. Give th bet corresponding to the elements in question. DONOT repeat an element. [Board ont 6 «i A ] 8 Which element forms electrovalent compound with G ? ‘he ion of which element will migrate towards the cathode during electrolysis ? ‘Which nom-anetallic element has the valency of 2? (Gv) Which a an inert yas ? ai @ scanned with OKEN ScannerPesos Properties and Varncis of Proper | AS ss () Awould form electrovalent compound with G @ Ben wil migrate to catide during decry (@) Ehas valengy of Gs) Fisan inert gas 2 Tes following ble shows the lerwonic configuration ofthe stom A.B Cand D. Element Write the form: (@)_ White the formula of the compound formed hetweers LAandB 2Dandc (©) Which of the above elements will exhibit catenation? as (a) Electronic Configuration —_Valency @ A:288,2 42° B:26 2 Formula: AB (i) Elecronic Configuraton :D:2,4C=2.8,7 Valency Disa C=-1 Formula: DC, (b) ‘D'will exhibit catenation. 41, With reference to the given periodic table, answer the following: bow Bb wb oT WA IVA _VA VIA VIA 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 oN my we WB VB VB vu BoB min te jx Jos] t6 to Ios Io Io in ES so in oe fs Ja fas ls lo [as |e [50 [51 ie iss smi jm |7a [74 [7s |76 | (7s (mo jm Ie_je2 (63 [e ‘78 S103 104 105/106 107 1051) O [ans Sea 6 (57 58 50 [0 (61 2 1G 6 6 6 71S 16 7 IN 6 7 (8990 91/92/93 94 95 96 197 98 99 | 100/101 102 | 1037 (2) 1. Mention the periodic trend of atomic size across a period. 2. Give the periodic trend of electronegativity across a period. (©) Which of the following element belongs to the halogen series ? Boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen. fluorine. (©) Which of the following element has most metallic character? Boron, aluminium, gallium, indium, thallium. 3S. (a) 1, Atomic size decreases from left to right across 2 period. 2. Electronegativity increases from left to right across a period. (©) Fluorine (©) Thallium \ \" (C® Scanned with OKEN Scanner' 550 | 10S Question Banke Chemistry -X 142. A student recorded melting and boiling point of following non-metal t Non-metal, mp bp. : E =n96°C | - 187°C 3 cl 101°C = MGC 4 Br 72°C + 588°C ; 1 #11369C_[ + 183°C What inference he could make about trend in periodic table? Ans. The melting and boiling point of non-metals increases on going down the group. Your Trusted Digital Practice Partner! @ Create Personalized Practice Tests [=] Free Sign Up Scan the QR code eo! boost your grades 40] @ Improve Time Management 1 Lakh+ Syllabus Aligned Questions ¢ ixpert Evaluation and Feedback load Handwritten Answers Easily (@ scanned with OKEN Scanner