Subject: Project Management
Lecture# 09
Lecturer: Rahman Pakteen
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Networking Techniques
CHAPTER 8:
Objective
After compellation of this lecture students will be able to know:
1. To understand the concept of Scheduling/Networking
2. To learn the techniques of Scheduling
3. To learn how can we implement the project with the help of
Network.
4. To learn the method of constructing the schedules
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Outline
Title 1: Schedule/ Network
Title 2: PERT
Title 3: CPM
Title 4: Important Terminologies
Title 5: Constructing a AOA network
Title 6: Constructing a AON network
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Schedule/Network:
▪ A schedule is the conversion of a project action plan into an
operating timetable.
▪ It serves as the basis for monitoring and controlling project
activity and, taken together with the plan and budget, is
probably the major tool for the management of projects.
▪ These schedules are typically based on the previously
determined action plan and work breakdown structure (WBS),
and it is good practice to create a schedule for each major task
level in the WBS that will cover the work packages.
▪The basic approach of all scheduling techniques is to form a
network of activity and event relationships that graphically
portrays the sequential relations between the tasks in a project.
Network Techniques
The most common approach to project scheduling is the
use of network techniques such as:
1. PERT
2. CPM
In general, we will simply refer to either as a “network,”
1. PERT
The Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) was
developed by the US Navy in cooperation with Booz Allen
Hamilton and the Lockheed Corporation for the Polaris
missile/submarine project in 1958.
In application, PERT has primarily been used for R&D projects,
the type of projects for which it was developed.
The Project Management Institute (PMI) renamed PERT as
ADM (Arrow Diagram Method).
PERT (ADM) network where the activities are shown as
arrows on the network, we will call it an AOA (activity-on-
arrow) network.
Cont.…
CPM
The Critical Path Method was developed by DuPont, Inc.,
during the same time period.
CPM was designed for construction projects and has been
generally embraced by the construction industry.
The Project Management Institute (PMI) renamed CPM as
PDM (Precedence Diagram Method).
CPM network where the activities are shown as nodes, we will
call it an AON (activity-on-node) network.
Cont.…
Terminologies
Activity: A specific task or set of tasks that are required by the
project, use up resources, and take time to complete.
Event: The result of completing one or more activities. An
identifiable end state that occurs at a particular time. Events
use no resources.
Network: The arrangement of all activities in a project arrayed
in their logical sequence and represented by arcs and nodes.
This arrangement (network) defines the project and the
activity precedence relationships. Networks are usually drawn
starting on the left and proceeding to the right. Arrowheads
placed on the arcs are used to indicate the direction of flow—
that is, to show the proper precedencies.
CONT…
Path: The series of connected activities between any two
events in a network.
Critical Activities: Events, or paths which, if delayed, will delay
the completion of the project. A project’s critical path is
understood to mean that sequence of critical activities that
connects the project start event to its finish event and which
cannot be delayed without delaying the project.
Constructing the Network, AOA Version
We begin with a node (event) called “START.”
Activities “a” and “b” have no predecessors, so we draw arrows
labeled “a” and “b” from START and terminating in circle-shaped
nodes numbered “1” and “2” for easy identification.
Activity c follows “a”
Activity “d” follows “b”,
Activity “e” also follows “b”.
Note that activity “f” must follow both “c” and “d”, but any given
activity must have its source in one and only one node.
Therefore, “c” and “d” must terminate at the same node.
CONT…
We now add activity “e” following “b”,
And “f” following “c” and “d”.
Because “e” and “f” have no successors, they will
terminate at the END node.
Example
Task Precedence Time
a ___ 5 days
b ___ 4 days
c a 6 days
d b 2 days
e b 5 days
f c,d 6 days
Constructing the Network, AON Version
We begin with the node called “START.”
Activities “a” and “b” have no predecessors, so we draw arrows
out of START to each of them.
Activity “c” follows “a”
Activity “d” follows “b”
Activity “e” also follows “b”
Now, activity “f” follows both “c” and “d”.
We thus draw arrows from activities “e” and “f" to the node END,
as shown in the Figure.
Cont.…
Task Precedence Time
a __ 5 days
b __ 4 days
c a 6 days
d b 2 days
e b 5 days
f c,d 6 days
Assignment
Question 1
Given the following activities and precedencies, draw an AOA (PERT) or
AON (CPM) diagram:
Activity Predecessor
A —
B —
C A
D A, B
E A, B
F C
G D, F
H E, G
Question 2
Given the following information, draw the AOA and AON
diagrams:
Activity Predecessor
1 —
2 —
3 1, 4
4 2
5 2
6 3, 5
Question 3
Given the following information, draw the AOA and AON
diagrams:
Activity Predecessors
A —
b —
c a
d a
e c,b
f c,b
g d,e
Outline
Title 1: Project Organization
Title 2: Project as part of Functional Organization
Title 3: Pure Project Organization
Title 4: Matrix Organization
Title 5: Organization Structure selection
Title 6: Criteria for the selection of a project organization
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Conclusion
Topic 1: Schedule/ Network
Topic 2: PERT
Topic 3: CPM
Topic 4: Important Terminologies
Topic 5: Constructing a AOA network
Topic 6: Constructing a AON network
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References
1.Reference 1
2.Reference 2
3.Reference 2
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