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Characteristic study of flat spray nozzle by using particle image velocimetry
(PIV) and ANSYS simulation method
Conference Paper in AIP Conference Proceedings · April 2017
DOI: 10.1063/1.4981150
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Characteristic study of flat spray nozzle by using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and
ANSYS simulation method
M. Rasidi Pairan, Norzelawati Asmuin, Nurasikin Mat Isa, and Farid Sies
Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1831, 020009 (2017); doi: 10.1063/1.4981150
View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4981150
View Table of Contents: http://aip.scitation.org/toc/apc/1831/1
Published by the American Institute of Physics
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AIP Conference Proceedings 1831, 020007 (2017); 10.1063/1.4981148
Characteristic Study of Flat Spray Nozzle by Using Particle
Image Velocimetry (PIV) and ANSYS Simulation Method
M.Rasidi Pairan 1, a), Norzelawati Asmuin 1, b), Nurasikin Mat Isa 1 and Farid Sies1
1
Department Energy & ThermoFluid Engineering,
FKMP, UTHM, Batu Pahat, Malaysia.
a)
uncle_sid@yahoo.com.my
b)
norzela@uthm.edu.my
Abstract. Water mist sprays are used in wide range of application. However it is depend to the spray characteristic
to suit the particular application. This project studies the water droplet velocity and penetration angle generated
by new development mist spray with a flat spray pattern. This research conducted into two part which are
experimental and simulation section. The experimental was conducted by using particle image velocimetry (PIV)
method, ANSYS software was used as tools for simulation section meanwhile image J software was used to
measure the penetration angle. Three different of combination pressure of air and water were tested which are 1
bar (case A), 2 bar (case B) and 3 bar (case C). The flat spray generated by the new development nozzle was
examined at 9cm vertical line from 8cm of the nozzle orifice. The result provided in the detailed analysis shows that
the trend of graph velocity versus distance gives the good agreement within simulation and experiment for all the
pressure combination. As the water and air pressure increased from 1 bar to 2 bar, the velocity and angle
penetration also increased, however for case 3 which run under 3 bar condition, the water droplet velocity
generated increased but the angle penetration is decreased. All the data then validated by calculate the error
between experiment and simulation. By comparing the simulation data to the experiment data for all the cases,
the standard deviation for this case A, case B and case C relatively small which are 5.444, 0.8242 and 6.4023.
INTRODUCTION
The term "water mist" is refers to very fine particle of water sprays in which 99% of the volume of the
spray is in drops with diameters less than 1000 microns and that remains suspended in air for an extended
period of time [1]. The first finding of the application on water mist is during 1950's and 1960'S about water
mist fire protection system [2]. This water mist system is rather cheap and effective system compared to
available system such as conventional sprinklers and halon gaseous agent [3]. The principle of this system is by
applied the high pressure to the water to generating very fine droplet of water and delivering them to the fire
zone in fact due to its high specific heat and heat of vaporation coupled with the increases surface area
allowing faster heat absorption [4]. Technically the mist system raised concerns due to the high pressures
required to produce a fine spray, the potential for blocking of the small orifice nozzles and doubts the long-
term ability to maintain the equipment [5]. Thus this research applied low pressure of water and air to
produce water mist by using external mixing technique to suitable used in industry sector.
METHODHOLOGY
In this study, ANSYS software and Particles Image Velocimetry (PIV) were used to conduct the project in
order to observing the velocity and angle penetration generated by the new development spray. ANSYS 16.1
software was used to simulate the output result generated by the virtual new development spray model
meanwhile PIV method was used to analysis the output result generated for fabricated new development
spray. Selected values of pressure of air and water are selected from 1 bar, 2 bar and 3 bar. “Air to liquid ratio”
and “standard deviation” are defined as:
7th International Conference on Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
AIP Conf. Proc. 1831, 020009-1–020009-10; doi: 10.1063/1.4981150
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1499-0/$30.00
020009-1
W 1 m1 / mA (1)
Where;
ṁl = mass flow rate of liquid
ṁA = mass flow rate of air
2
¦ U xinumerical U xiexp erimental
V (2)
n
Where;
U xinumerical = local numerical velocity
U xiexp erimental =local experimental velocity
n = number of data
Simulation was conducted by using ANSYS fluent 16.1, the new development nozzle model was constructed
using SOLIDWORKS. Two types of fluids were used in this simulation and experiment which are water and air.
Water and air temperature are set to 293K and 300K, the flow rate of the water for pressure 1bar 2 bar and 3
bar were set as 0.00128 kg/s, 0.00223kg/s and 0.003217kg/s meanwhile for air pressure 1 bar, 2bar and 3 bar
the flow rate were set as 0.00087kg/s, 0.00138kg/s and 0.00186kg/s.
Figure 1 show the computational domain of new development water mist model, this set of water mist
spray consist of three orifice holes which are one for water orifice another two for air orifice. The diameter of
each nozzle orifices was 0.5mm.
FIGURE 1. Computational domain new development nozzle
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TABLE 1. Boundary conditions and numerical setup
Item Physical Properties
General Steady State
Turbulence Model k-epsilon realizable
-1
Mass flowrate (kgs )
Pressure (bar)
Water Air
1.0 0.00128 0.00087
2.0 0.00223 0.00138
3.0 0.00321 0.00186
Experiment setup
This section will discuss the apparatus, set up and rig setting to carry out this experiment, A schematic
diagram of the experiment facility is shown in figure 2 and the real setup shown in figure 3. The experiment
setup as illustrated in the schematic diagram in figure 2 was follow by the previous researcher [6]. There are
consist of 5 important devices to run this project which are air compressor, pressure tank, pressure gauge,
flow meter, 6mm tube pipe, atomizer nozzle and lastly is spray catch basin. Clean water was placed in pressure
tank; the air from the air compressor was supplied to give some pressure to the water in the pressure tank.
Thus the water in pressure tank then flows out from the pressure tank through a 6mm tubing pipe. An inline
pressure gauge was connected at the pressure tank and water flow rate was connected to the 6mm tube
where the water flow rate and water pressure could be measure. The 6mm tubing then connected to the inlet
of the water nozzle.
1. The assist agent to atomize the water was supplied from the air compressor. The clean air from the air
compressor then connected to the air flow rate through 6mm tube where the air flow rate could be
read before supply to the inlet of nozzle spray. The water-air mixture was at the exit of the orifice
nozzle. By controlling the pressure regulator of the water pressure and the air pressure, various spray
pattern and droplet size could be produce.
2. The pressure tank used was from Spray System Co. the water in pressure tank was pressurized using
the air supplied from the air compressor. An inline pressure regulator was mounted at the top of
pressure tank then 6mm tube connected to flow rate meter.
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FIGURE 2. Schematic diagram of the apparatus to observe the velocity of droplet n flow pattern (6).
(1) Air compressor (5) Pressure gauge (liquid) (9) CCD camera
(2) Pressure gauge (air) (6) Flow meter (liquid) (10) Transverse
(3) Flow meter (air) (7) Nozzle (11)Power supply
(4) Pressure tank (8) Laser (12) Computer
FIGURE 3. Experiment setup
RESULT
A new development mist nozzle was tested and the results were compared between experimental and
simulations in order to observe the similarity of the water spray penetration angle and water droplet velocity.
From figure 4, it shows the graph of water particles velocity versus distance at 1bar of water and air pressure.
The graph consists of two lines which plotted depending on the experiment and simulation data. Based on the
graph in figure 4, the result for experimental and simulation has almost similar trend. At this pressure
-1 -1
condition the highest velocity generated by the experiment and simulation are 48.0224 ms and 50.1340 ms .
The highest water droplet velocity happened at the center of the orifice. However the water droplet was
decreased from 0 to 4 and 0 to -4. Figure 5 shows the water droplet velocity contour, it is clearly shows that
020009-4
the water droplet velocity was decreased from the high velocity to low velocity as the particles flowing out
from the nozzle orifice. The result validated by standard deviation as defined in equation 2. By comparing the
simulation data to the experiment data, the standard deviation for this case was 5.444.
FIGURE 4. Droplet velocity versus distance (1bar)
FIGURE 5. water droplet velocity contour and water droplet capture by camera (1bar)
For case B, figure 6 represent the result gathered from the experimental and simulation, as the pressure of
water and air was increased from 1bar to 2bar, the velocity of water particles was increased, it is shown in the
-1
graph in the figure 6, the highest water droplet velocity is 86.1780 ms for the experiment meanwhile for
-1
simulation 82.5479ms which happened at point 0. However, even though the velocity was increased, both of
the simulation and experimental shows the similar trend of water droplet velocity with significant different of
value. Referring to the water droplet velocity contour in figure 7, case B has more water droplet with high
velocity which indicated by yellow to oren velocity range. By comparing the simulation data to the experiment
data, the standard deviation for this case was 0.8242.
020009-5
FIGURE 6. Droplet velocity versus distance (2bar)
FIGURE 7. water droplet velocity contour and water droplet capture by camera (2bar)
Figure 8 show the result gathered for case C, based on the figure 8. Case C has the highest droplet velocity
of water compare to other cases, it has the highest droplet water velocity for all the point from 0 to 4 and 0 to
-4 compared to the case A and case B. The maximum velocity is at the mid line of the nozzle which are
-1 -1
115.5413 ms for experimental meanwhile 115.6980 ms for simulation.. Both of the plotted experimental
and simulation data show almost the similar trend. Based on the figure 9, the water droplet velocity contour
indicates that there are more number of droplet water with the high velocity for the particular position
compared to the case A and case B. By comparing the simulation data to the experiment data, the standard
deviation for this case was 6.4023..
020009-6
FIGURE 8. Droplet velocity versus distance (3bar)
FIGURE 9. water droplet velocity contour and water droplet capture by camera (3bar)
The water penetration angle were measured by using IMEJ J software, it is clearly shows that the water
droplet penetration generated by the simulation and experimental are almost identical. The water droplet
penetration angle produced by the experimental is 48 degree for case A. As the pressure of air and water was
increased to 2 bar, the angle of water penetration also increased to 56 degree. However when the pressure of
air and water were increased to 3 bar, the angle of water penetration is decreased to 50 degree. All the result
of water penetration angle shows in the figure 10, figure 11 and figure 12.
020009-7
48o
FIGURE 10. Penetration angle between experiment and simulation (1bar)
56o
FIGURE 11. Penetration angle between experiment and simulation (2bar)
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50o
FIGURE 12. Penetration angle between experiment and simulation (3bar)
CONCLUSIONS
Three cases were study to observe the velocity and the penetration angle for new development nozzle.
Based on the result, it is simply shows by increased the pressure of water and air, the velocity of the water
droplet will increased. However, for the penetration angle, the angle penetration was increased when the
pressure is increased from 1 bar to 2bar, while, when the pressure is increased to 3 bar, the water droplet
velocity still increasing but decreased for the water penetration angle. Hence, it can be concluded that the
water droplet velocity and water droplet angle penetration performance can be significantly improved by
controlling the ratio of water and air flow rate. It is noted that water and air pressure has a very strong effect
on the water droplet velocity.
FUTURE SCOPE
This study is for the future scope to implement the new development mist spray to the commercial kitchen
hood system as a tool to traps the small particles. It is very important to know the physical characteristic of the
new development nozzle.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to University Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia (UTHM) and Kementerian Pelajaran Tinggi
Malaysia for funding the grant FRGS vote 1540 and grant KTP vote 1277 for this research project.
REFERENCES
1. Mawhinney, J.R. and Solomon R. (1997). “Water Mist Fire Suppression Systems, Fire Protection
Handbook”, 18th ed. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA.
2. Milke, J. A. (1996). “Comparison of the Performance of Water Mist System Designs For Library Stack
Areas”, University of Maryland, College Park, Baywood Publishing Co., Inc.
3. Benjamin Piers Hume (Feb 2003). “Water Mist Suppression in Conjunction with Displacement
Ventilation”. School of Engineering University of Canterbury Christchurch, New Zealand,
4. Jones, A. and Nolan,P.F. (1955). “Discussion on the Use Of Fine Water Sprays or Mist for Fire
Suppression”. Journal Loss Prev. Process ind., Volume 8,Buterworth-Hainemann Ltd, Pp17-21
020009-9
5. Mawhinney, J.R. and Eng P. “Characteristics of Water Mist for Fire Suppression in Enclosures”. National
Research Council, Institute for Research in Construction, National Fire Laboratory, Canada.
6. Norzelawati Asmuin, (Jan 2011). “Investigation Into Novel Matched Valve-Actuator Atomiser (Insert)
Design For Compressed Gas Aerosols”. Thesis Phd, School of Computing, Science and Engineering
University of Salford,UK.
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