Unit V

PART-A
1. What do you understand by degenerate modes in a wave guide?
Give examples of two such modes in a Rectangular wave guide
The higher order modes, having the same cut-off frequency, are called
degenerate modes. TEmn and TMmn modes in a Rectangular wave guide are always
degenerate
2. Explain wave impedance in rectangular wave guide
Wave impedance is defined as the ratio of electric to magnetic field strengths for
the positive directions of the coordinates
 Ex  Ey  Ez
z xy = z yz = z zx =
Hy Hz Hx

The wave impedance for the negative directions of the coordinates are

 Ex   Ez
z xy = z yz =
Ey
z zx =
Hy Hz Hx
For TE waves, the wave impedance is given by

Ey


z yx

=-   2
Hx   m 
   
2

 a 

 
z yx =
 fc2 
1   2 

 f 
For TM waves the wave impedance is


Ex 
z xy = 
Hy 

2
  fc 
z xy = 1   
 f 

3.Explain why TEM is not possible in rectangular waveguide ?(April/May-2004)

According to Maxwell’s first equation, the magneto motive force around a closed
loop is equal to the axial current. For a co-axial line the axial current is conduction
current whereas for a hollow wave guide, the axial current is displacement current.
But the displacement current requires an axial component of E which is not present in
TEM wave. Therefore the TEM wave cannot exist in a wave guide

Page 1
4. Define wave guide.
A hollow conducting metallic tube of uniform cross section used for
Propagation of electromagnetic waves is called wave guide. When the wave guide
take the form of rectangular cylinder it is called Rectangular wave guide and When
the wave guide take the form of circular cylinder it is called Circular wave guide

5. Why are Rectangular wave guide preferred over circular wave guide?
Rectangular wave guide preferred over circular wave guide because of following
reasons.
1. Rectangular wave guide is smaller in size than a circular wave guide of same
operating frequency
2. It does not maintain its polarization through the circular wave guide
3. The frequency difference between the lowest frequency on dominant mode
and the next mode of a Rectangular wave guide is bigger than in a circular
wave guide

6. For an air filled copper X-band wave guide with dimensions

a=0.9”( inches) and b = 0.4”(inches), determine the cut-off frequencies
for TE11& TM11 modes.
Solution a =0.9x2.54 cm=2.286cms b = 0.4x2.54 cm=1.016cms
For TE11 mode, m =1, n=1.
 m   n 
2 2
1
fc     
Cut-off frequency 2   a   b 

2 2
c m n
    
2 a b
2 2
 10 2 
3 X 10 8  10 2 
     
2  2 .286   1 .016 
 16.156GHZ
7. Draw a neat sketch showing the variation of wave impedance with
frequency for TE & TM wave in a wave guide

Region
Of no
Wave
Propaga TE
Wave impedance

tion

TM

Page 2
f
 8. What is the cut-off wave length and cut-off frequency of the
TM11 mode in a Rectangular wave guide?
2
Cut-off wave length c  2 2
1 1
   
a b

2 2
1 1 1
Cut-off frequency fc     
2  a b

9. Define attenuation factor (α) in a wave guide

It is defined as the ratio of power lost per unit length to the twice of power
transmitted. It is expressed as
powerlost / unitlength

2 xpowertransmitted

10. Explain why TM01 & TM10 modes in a Rectangular wave guide do
not exist?
For TM modes in Rectangular wave guide, neither m nor n can be zero because
all the field equations vanish(i.e., E z  E y  H x  H y  0 ).If m = 0,n = 1 or
m =1,n = 0 no fields are present. Hence TM01 & TM10 modes in a Rectangular wave
guide do not exist

11. Write down the general field components or electric & magnetic
field components of Rectangular wave guide
 j E z  H z
Hy   2
h 2
x h y
  E z j H z
Ex  
h 2 x h 2 y
j Hz  Ez
Ey  2  2
h x h y
 Hz j Ez
Hx   2  2
h x h y

Page 3
12. Write down the field components for Transverse electric waves
j
0
Hx  CBSinBxCosAy
h2
j
H y0  2 CACosBxSinAy
h
H z  CCosAyCosBx
0

j
E x0  2 CACosBxSinAy
h
 j
E y0  CBSinBxCosAY
h2
13. Write down the field components for Transverse Magnetic waves
 jC
E z0  BCos Bx SinAy
b2
 j C
E y0  ASin Bx CosA y
h2
jC
H x0  ASin Bx CosA y
h2
 jC
H y0  BCosB x Sin A y
h2

14. What is Dominant mode?What is the dominant mode for

rectangular waveguide.
The mode which has the lowest cut off frequency is called dominant mode. The
Lowest mode for TE wave is TE10 (m = 1. n = 0). This wave has the lowest cut-of
frequency. Hence the TE10 mode is the dominant mode of a rectangular waveguide.

15. Write down the first four modes of Rectangular wave guide or
Rectangular Co-ordinates & write formula for fc for TE11, TM11
First four modes of Rectangular wave guide are TE10 ,TE01,TE11,TE02
For dominant mode TE10

fc = c/2a
c  2a
TE11 , TM11

2 2
1 1 1
   
fc = 2  a b

Page 4
 2
c 
2 2
1 1
   
a b

16.State the boundary conditions to be satisfied for TE and TM waves

propagating in a rectangular wave guide in Z direction.
TE wave
Ey=0 at x=0 and x=a
Ex=0 at y=0 and y=b

TM wave
Hz=0 at x=0,x=a,y=0 and y=b

17. Calculate cut- off frequency of copper tube with 3 cm diameter

inside with air filled, in TM11 mode?

hnm 3
fc  ;a   102 m
2  2

h11 
ha 11
a
3.85  2
  ha11  3.85
3  10 2
= 2.566 x 102

2.566  10 2  
fc   3  108 
1
 c
2   

= 12.2 GHZ

Page 5
 PARTB
1. Write a note on Rectangular wave guide or Rectangular
Co-ordinates.

A hollow conducting metallic tube of uniform cross section used for

Propagation electromagnetic waves is called waveguide. Waves that are guided along
the surface (walls) of the tube is called wave guide. When the wave guide take the
form of rectangular cylinder it is called Rectangular wave guide. To determine the
electromagnetic field configuration within the guide Maxwell’s equations are solved
subject to appropriate boundary conditions. The boundary conditions for rectangular
waveguide are

E y  E z  0, at x  0 and x  a
E y  E x  0, at y  0 and y  b

Y
x

The Maxwell’s equation for non-conducting medium(   0 ),

 
  H  jE

ax a y az
  
 j a x E x  a y E y  a z E z 
x x x
Hx Hy Hz

Equating x, y, Z components

Page 6
 Hz Hy
  jEx ----1(a)
y x
Hx Hz
  jEy -----1(b) (1)
z x
Hy Hx
  jE Z ------1(c)
y x
 
Similarly   E   jH
ax a y az
  
  ja x H x  a y H y  a z H z 
x x x
Ex E y Ez
Equating x, y, z components

Ez Ey
   jHx -----2(a)
y z
Ex Ez
   jHy ------2(b) (2)
z x
Ey Ex
   jHz -------2(c)
x y

Similarly for wave equation

2H z 2H z 2H z
    2 H ----------(3)
2 2
x y z 2
 2 Ez  2 Ez  2 Ez
    2 E ------------(4)
2 2 2
x y z
Assume the wave propagation is in z direction. Therefore the variation of all field
components in this direction can be expressed as e z
0 z
Let Hy  H y e
Hy  z
 H 0
ye  Hy
z
Hx
Similarly  Hx
z
0  z
Let Ey  E y e

Page 7
 Ey  z
 E 0
ye  Ey
z
Ex
Similarly  Ex
z
Substitute above values in equation (1) (2) (3) & (4)

H z
 H y  jE x --------------- 1(a)
y
H z
 H x   jE y ----------1(b)
x
H y H x
  jEz ------------1(c)
x y
E z
 E y   jH x -----------2(a)
y
E z
 E x  jH y -------------2(b)
x
E y Ex
   jH z ------------2(c )
x y
Wave equations thus become
 2 Ez  2 Ez
   2 EZ   2 EZ -----------(3)
x 2
y 2

 Hz  2 Hz
2
   2 H Z   2 H Z ------------(4)
x 2
y 2

Solving the following equations 1(b) & 2(a)

H z
 H x   jE y
x
E z
 E y   jH x
y
from equation 2(a)
1  Ez 
 Hx     E y
j   y 
Substituting H X in equation 1(b)

Page 8
 H z  1  E 
    z  E y    jE y
x 
 j  y 

 Ez  E y
2
Hz
    jE y
x j y j
Hz  Ez  2Ey
   jE y 
x j y j
Hz  Ez   2 
 
 E y  j 
x j y  j 

Hz  Ez   2   2  
  Ey  
x j y  j  
 

j
Hz
x

Ez
y
 
  2   2  E y  h 2 E y

 Ez j Hz

Ey   
h 2 y h2 x
Substitute Ey in 2(a) to obtain H x

1  E z   Ez j Hz 

Hx         
j  y  h 2 y h 2 x 
1 E z  2 Ez  Hz
  
j y jh 2 y h 2 x
1 E z   2   Hz
 1 
j y  h 2  h 2 x
1 E z   h 2   2   Hz
 
j y  h2  h 2 x

1 E z    2    Hz
 
j y  h 2  h 2 x
 E z  Hz
 
jh 2 y h 2 x
 Hz j Ez
HX   
h 2 x h 2 y

Page 9
Solving 1(a) & 2(b)

Hz
 Hy  jEx
y
EZ
 E X  jH Y
x
1  H z 
Ex   
j  y 
H y


Substituting Ex in equation 2(b)

Ez  1  Hz 
    Hy   jHy
x  j  y 
E z  H z 2
  H y  jH Y
x j y j
Ez  Hz  2 
   j  H y
x j y  j 
Ez  Hz    2    2 
  H
x j y  j  y

j
Ez
x

Hz
y

   2    2 H y 
E z H z
j   h 2 H y
x y
 j E Z  H Z
HY  
h2 x h 2 y

Substitute HY in 1(a) to get E X

1  H z   j EZ  H Z 
Ex       
j  y  h 2 x h 2 y 
1 H z  EZ  2 H Z
  
j y h 2 x jh 2 y
 EZ 1 H z  2
  1  
h 2 x j y  h2 
 

Page 10
  E Z 1 H z  h 2   2 
 
h2 x j y  h 2 

 E Z 1 H z   2  
 
h2 x j y  h 2 

  E Z j H Z
EX  
h 2 x h 2 y
The field components are
  E z j H z
Ex   2 --------------(5)
h 2
x h y
 E z j H z
Ey    ------------(6)
h 2 y h 2 x
 Hz j E z
Hx    ------------(7)
h 2 x h 2 y
 H z  j E z
HY   ------------(8)
h 2 y h2 x

The above equations give the relationship between the fields in rectangular waveguide.
There must be either Ez or Hz component otherwise all field components would
become zero. The fields within the waveguide is divided into two sets (i) Transverse
Electric waves in which Ez is not present and Hz is present in the direction of
propagation. (ii) Transverse Magnetic waves in which Hz is not present and Ez is
present in the direction of propagation.

Page 11
2.Derive the expressions for the electric and magnetic field components for
Transverse Electric waves in a rectangular wave guide

The electric and magnetic field components of rectangular waveguides are

 j E Z  H Z
HY  
h2 x h 2 y
  E Z j H Z
EX  
h 2 x h 2 y
j Hz  Ez
Ey  
h 2 x h 2 y
 Hz j Ez
HX   2  2
h x h y
For TE waves EZ = 0
 H Z
Hy  
h 2 y
j H Z
Ex  
h 2 y
j Hz
Ey 
h 2 x
  H Z
Hx 
h 2 X
The wave equation in a rectangular wave guide is given by
 2 Hz  2 Hz
   2 Hz   2 Hz
x 2 y 2
The component Hz can be written as Hz x, y   H Z x, y  e
0 Z

Let H Z x, y   XY
0

X is function of x only
Y is function of y only

Substituting value of Hz in wave equation

d 2 X d 2Y
Y 2
 2   2 XY   2 XY
dx dy
d2X d 2Y
Y   h 2 XY  0
2 2
dx dy
Where h 2   2   2 
 XY

Page 12
 1 d 2 X 1 d 2Y
  h2  0
X dx 2 Y dy 2

1 d2X 1 d 2Y
 h2  
X dx 2 Y dy 2
The above equation relates a function of x alone to a function of y alone. This holds
only when they are equal to a constant say A2

1 d2X
 h 2  A2 Let B2=h2-A2 = 0
X dx 2
1 d2X
 B2  0
X dx 2

The solution of this equation is

X  C1Cos Bx  C2 Sin Bx
Similarly
1 d 2Y
 2
 A2
Y dy
1 d 2Y
 A2  0
Y dy 2

The solution of this equation is

Y  C3CosAy C 4 SinA y

w.k.T H Z0  XY
 C1C3CosAy CosB x  C 2 C3 CosAy Sin B x
 C1C4CosBxSinAy  C 2 C 4 SinAy Sin B x

j H z
Ex   .
h 2 y
 j
Ex    C1C3 ASinAY CosBx C 2 C3 ASinAY SinBx  C1C4 A cos BxCos AY
h2
 C2 C4 A cos AySinBx 
The constants C1,C2,C3,C4,A and B can be determined from the boundary conditions.
The boundary conditions are
Ex = 0 at y = 0, y = b
Ey = 0 at x = 0 and x = a

Applying boundary conditions, Ex = 0 when y = 0, y = b

If y = 0 , Ex=0

Page 13
 j
0 .C1C 4 ACosBx  C 2 C 4 A sin Bx 
h2
C4 = 0 (C4is common)
 j
Then Ex   C1C3 A sin AySinBx  C2C3 ASinAy sin Bx 
h2
If y = b, Ex = 0
 j
0  C1C3 A sin AbSinBx  C 2C3 ASinAb sin Bx 
h2
 j
0  sin Ab  C1C3 ASinBx  C 2 C3 A sin Bx 
h2
sin Ab  0
Ab  n

n
A
b
The general solution is
j
E x0 
2
C1C3 A sin AyCosBx  C 2 C3 ASinAy  sin Bx 
h
E 0y  j
H z0
Similarly  E z  0
h2 x
j  C1C3 BCosAySin Bx  C 2 C3CosAyCosBx  
EY0   
h2  C1C 4 BSinBx SinAy  C 2 C 4 BSinAy CosBx

Applying boundary conditions, Ey = 0 at x = 0 and x = a

If x=0 then E y0  0,
j
0  C 2 C3 BCosAy  C 2 C 4 B SinAy 
h2
C2 = 0
j
Then E y 
0
C1C3 BCosAy SinBx  C1C 4B sin Bx sin Ay 
h2
If x = a. then E y0  0,
 j
0 BC1 SinBa C3CosAy  C 4 SinAy 
2
h
SinBa  0
Ba  m
m
B
a
 j
E 0y  C1C3 BSinBxCosA y  C1C 4 BSinBxSinA y 
h2

Page 14
Substituting c2 = c4 = 0
j
E x0  C1C 3 ASinAyCosBx
h2
 j
E 0y  C1C3 BSinBxCosA y
h2
Let C = C1C3
j
E x0  CASinAyCosBx
h2
 j
E 0y  CBSinBxCos Ay
h2
n m
Where A and B 
b a
H  XY
0
z

 C1C3CosAyCosBx  C2 C3CosAySinBx  C1C4 CosBxSinAy  C2 C4 SinAySinBx

But C2 = C4 =0
H Z0  C1C3CosAyCosBx Let C = C1C3
H Z0  CCosAyCosBx
0
Similarly for H x
  Hz
H x0  2 .
h x
For propagation   j   0
j
H x0  CBSinBxCosAy
h2
Similarly for Hy 0
  H z
H 0y 
h 2 y
For propagation   j
j
Hy 0  CASinAyCosBx
h2
The field equations for TE was are as follows;
H z0  CCosAyCosBx
j
H x0  2 CBSinBxCosAy
h
j
H y0  2 CACosBxSinAy
h
j
E x0  2 CACosBxSinAy
h

Page 15
  j
E y0  CBSinBxCosAy
h2
n m
Where A  , B
b, a,
a & b are width and height of guide. m & n are Integers

Configuration of TE11 fields

Configuration of TE10 fields

Configuration of TE20 fields

Page 16
3. Derive the expressions of electric and magnetic field components of
transverse magnetic waves (TM) in Rectangular wave guide.

The field components for Rectangular wave guide are

  EZ j H Z
EX  
h 2 x h 2 y
j Hz  Ez
Ey  
2 x
h h 2 y
 Hz j Ez
HX   
h 2
x h 2 y
 j E Z  H Z
HY  
h2 x h 2 y

For TM waves HZ = 0
 Ez
Ey  
0

h 2 y
j E Z
H x0 
h 2 Y
 j E Z
Hy 
0

h 2 x
  E Z
Ex  2
0

h x
The wave equation in a rectangular wave guide is given by
 2 Ez  2 Ez
   2 E Z   2 E Z
2 2
x y
The electric field Ez which is function of x, y, Z can be written as

E z x, y, z   E z0 x, y e Z

Let E z0  XY

Where X is a function of x alone

Y is a function of y alone

Substituting value of Ez in wave equation

d2X d 2Y
Y 2
 X 2   2 XY   2 XY
dx dy

Page 17
 Y
d2X
dx 2
d 2Y

 X 2   2   2  XY  0
dy

Substituting h     
2 2 2

d2X d 2Y
Then Y X  h 2 XY  0
dx 2 dy 2
 XY ,
1 d 2 X 1 d 2Y
2
 2
 h2  0
X dx Y dy
1 d2X 2 1 d2y
h 
X dx 2 Y dy 2

The above equation relates a function of x alone to a function of y alone. This

holds only when they are equal to a constant say A2
1 d2X
2
 h 2  A2
X dx
1 d2X
 h 2  A2  0
X dx 2
2
Let B  h 2  A2
1 d2X
2
 B2  0
X dx
A solution of the equation is X  C1CosBx  C2 SinBx
2
1d Y
Similarly    A2
Y dy 2

1 d 2Y
 A2  0
Y dy 2
The solution of this equation is
Y  C3CosAy  C4SinAy
w.k.T E z0  XY
 C1CosBx  C2 SinBx C3CosAy  C4 SinAy 
 C1C3CosBx CosAy  C1C4 CosBx SinAy 
C2C3 SinBxCosAy  C2C4 SinBx SinAy
The constants c1, c2, c3, c4, A and B are determined by boundary conditions.
The boundary conditions are
E z0  0 , at x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = b

Page 18
Put x = 0 , E z0  0
C1C3CosAY  C1C4 SinAY  0
c1 = 0
Then the general equation is
E z0  C 2 C3 SinBx CosAY  C 2 C 4 SinBxSin A y
Put y = 0, E z0  0 in (3)
C 2 C3 SinBx  0
This is possible only if either C2 = 0 or C3 = 0. If C2 = 0, E z0 will become zero

So substitute C3 = 0
E z0  C 2 C 4 SinBxSinAy
Let C = C2C4
E z0  CSinBxSinAy
Put x = a E z0  0 in (4)
CSinB a SinAy  0
SinB a 0
Ba  m
m
B Where m =1, 2, 3 …………
a
Put y = b , E z0  0
m
CSin xS inAb  0
a
SinAb  0
Ab  n
n
A Where n = 1, 2, 3
b
Hence
m n
E z0  CSin xS in y
a b
EZ  C sin Bx sin Ay
0  E z0
Ey  
h 2 y
j E Z
Hx  2
0

h Y
 j E Z
Hy 
0

h 2 x
  E Z
Ex  2
0

h x

Page 19
E Z
 BC cos Bx cos Ay
x
E Z
 AC sin Bx cos Ay
y

E0y  AC sin Bx cos Ay
h2

E 0 X  2 BC cos Bx sin Ay
h
j
H 0 X  2 AC sin Bx cos Ay
h
 j
H 0y  BC cos Bx sin Ay
h2

For propagation   j   0 the field expressions are as follows;

 jC
E x0  BCos Bx SinAy
2
h
 jC
E 0y  ASin Bx CosA y
2
h
jC
H x0  ASin Bx CosA y
h2
 jC
H 0y  BCosB x Sin A y
2
h
n m
Where A  &B ,
b a
a & b are width and height of guide
m & n are Integers

Configuration of TM11 fields

Page 20
 Configuration of TM21 fields

4.Explain the characteristics of TE & TM waves in rectangular waveguides

The properties can be studied by investigating propagation constant for these waves
propagation constant can be determined by

h2 =2 +2

Substituting the value of h = m/a

= h 2   2  = (m / a) 2  (n / b) 2   2 

For very high frequencies 2  h2

The propagation constant becomes purely imaginary

 =   2   (m / a) 2  (n / b) 2 
 =j
=  2
  (m / a) 2  (n / b) 2 

Under these conditions attenuation of these waves will be zero & the waves will
progress in the z direction.

As the frequency is decreased, a critical frequency is reached at which

c 2  = (m / a) 2  (n / b) 2
(m / a) 2  (n / b) 2
c 2 =


Page 21
 (m / a) 2  (n / b) 2
c =

(m / a ) 2  (n / b) 2
fc 
2 

( m / a ) 2  ( n / b) 2
fc 
2 

The frequency at which the wave motion ceases, is called the cut-off frequency of
the guide.

cut-off wavelength is  c =v/ f c

1

c 
(m / a) 2  (n / b) 2
2 
2
c 
( m / a ) 2  ( n / b) 2

The phase velocity of the wave Vp=f  , Vp=/


Vp 
 2   (m / a) 2  (n / b) 2 
Substituting the value of (m / a) 2  (n / b) 2 =  c  we get
2

Vp=  /  2   c 
2


=

  1  (c /  ) 2 
Vp = v/ 1  (c / ) 2 (v = 1/  )
Vp = v / 1  ( f c / f 2 )

The guide wavelength  g =2  / 

 g =2/  2   (m / a) 2  (n / b) 2 

Substituting the value of (m / a) 2  (n / b) 2 =  c  we get
2

 g =2/  2
   c 2  

Page 22
 2 2
g =

  1  (c /  ) 2  =

2f  1  (c /  ) 2 
v
g = Where v = 1/ 
f  1  ( c / ) 2 
c 2
 2
But =
 2
2 c


g = (  0 = v/f)
 1  ( /  ) 2 
 c 
 
 g =   c / 2 c  2

5. Write short notes on Dominant mode current distribution on

Walls.
The Lowest mode for TE wave is TE10 (m = 1. n = 0) .This wave has the lowest
cut-of frequency. Hence the TE10 mode is the dominant mode of a rectangular
waveguide.
For TE10 (m = 1. n = 0)

 m   n 
2 2

h    
 a   b 
  
2

   0 
a a
The field expressions are

j
H x0  C B Sin Bx Cos Ay
h2
j    
H x0  C   Sin x 
2 a a 
 
 
a
jaC  
H x0  Sin x 
 a 
H y0  0
 
H Z0  CCos x
a 
E x0  0

Page 23
  j     j aC  
E y0  C. Sin x  Sin  x
  a 
2
a  a 
 
a
The field expressions for the dominant TE10 mode obtained by phasor
expression and taking only real part.

 aC
 
H x0 x, y, z , t   Sin x  Sin t   z
 a 
 
H Z0  x, y, z, t   CCos x Cost   z
a 
a  
E y0  x, y, z , t   CSin x  Sin t   z
 a 
E X0  H y0  0

For TE10 mode, m = 1, n = 0

2
1  
c   
 a
2
1   1 c
fc     
2  a 2a  2a
Where
1
C  3 108 m / sec
 0 0
2
C 
2
1
 
a
C  2a

6. Write short notes on wave impedance for Rectangular wave

guide.
In transmission line theory power is propagated along one axis only, and only
one impedance constant is involved. However in the three-dimensional wave
propagation Power may be propagated axis & three impedance is involved.

Wave impedance is defined as the ratio of electric to magnetic field strengths for
the positive directions of the coordinates
Page 24
  Ex  Ey  Ez
z xy = z yz = z zx =
Hy Hz Hx

 Ey Ez   E
z yx = - z zy = - z xz = - x
Hx Hy Hz
The wave impedance for the negative directions of the coordinates are
 E  Ey  E
z xy = - x z yz = - z zx = - z
Hy Hz Hx

 Ey  Ez  Ex
z yx = z zy = z xz =
Hx Hy Hz

It is the ratio of resultant transverse electric field to transverse magnetic field.

For TM waves
EX 
Z TM  
HY 
Where    2   h 2

But h 2  c2 
2
f 
    2
  c2     1   c 
 f 

2
f 
  1   c  2
 f   f 
Z TM   1   c 
   f 

2
f 
ZTM   1   c 
 f 

For transverse electric (TE) waves, the wave impedance is

Ex 
Z TE  
HY 
But,      h , h 2   2 c 
2 2

Page 25
 
Z TE 
 2    c 2 


 
2

  1   c 
 

   
   
2   
f   
1   c 
 f 

Z TE 
2
f 
1   c 
 f 
The variation of Wave impedance vs. frequency is shown in fig.

Region
Of no
Wave
Propaga TE
Wave impedance

tion

TM

fc f

KEY POINTS:
1. If X-band wave guide is given in problem it represents rectangular wave guide
2. If the parameters are given in centi meter first convert it into meter.
3.  Can be written as   r &  0  4X 10 7

4.  Can be written as  0 r &  0  8.854 X 10 12

5. If  r r value is not given in problem take it as 1.If given take given value.

6. The dominant mode in rectangular wave guide is TE10 (TEmn ) & first five modes
are TE10,TE01 ,TE11,TE20,TE02

Page 26
7. If the question is Does propagation takes place or not ,find  or fc value using
formula

 m   n 
2 2
(m / a) 2  (n / b) 2
       
2
or f c 
 a   b  2 
If we get  =imaginary value i.e., j54.3 we say propagation take place
If we get  = real value i.e., 54.3 we say propagation do not take place
Or
If operating frequency f >fc we say propagation take place

If operating frequency f <fc we say propagation do not take place

For rectangular wave guide

Cut-off wavelength
2
c 
2 2
m n
   
a b
Cut-off frequency:

2 2
1  m n
fc     
2  a b
Guide wave length:
0
g  This can be used if we have found out fc value
2
f 
1   c 
 f 

g 
2

1   
 c 
c
0    (General)
f
2
 (We can use this if we are having  value)


 m   n 
2 2

Propagation constant        
2

 a   b 

Page 27
  m   n 
2 2

Phase shift constant      

2
  
 a   b 
Phase velocity:
c
vp 
2
f 
1   c 
 f 
c2
vg  (vg v p  c 2 )
vp

 m   n 
2 2

where         
2
Velocity of propagation: v =
  a   b 
Wave impedance:

Z TE 
For TE: 2
f 
1   c 
 f 

2
f 
For TM: Z TM   1   c 
 f 

Show schematically methods of Excitation of dominant & higher

order modes in rectangular wave guide.
Excitation of modes in rectangular waveguides
The modes are excited in waveguide by using probes which will produce
lines of E and H that are roughly parallel to the lines of E and H of that mode. In
fig.(a) the probe is parallel to y axis and so produces lines of E in y direction
and lines of H in the xz plane. In fig.(b) the parallel probes fed with opposite
phase tend to set up TE20 mode. In fig.( c) the probe parallel to the z axis
produce magnetic lines in the xy plane to set up TM11 mode.

Page 28
 (a)TE10
(b)TE20

( c) TM11

Page 29
Page 30