Chapter two

2.Functionality and Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

2.1 Functionality
• Organic compounds can be classified into families
according to their structural features.
The members of a given family often have similar
chemical behavior.
• The structural features that make it possible to classify
compounds into families are called functional groups.
• A functional group is a group of atoms that has a
characteristic chemical behavior in every molecule where
it occurs.

1
2
 2.1 Alkanes

• IUPAC Conventions

• Alkanes (CnH2n+2 )

• Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only C – C and C – H

single bonds.

• Saturated hydrocarbons.

• Alkanes always have the ending -ane.

• Side chains (substituents) are named as alkyl groups.

3
 The alkanes

• 1 carbon = ―meth‖
• 2 carbons =―eth‖
• 3carbons = ―prop‖
• 4carbons = ―but‖
• 5 carbons = ―pent‖
• 6 carbons = ―hex‖
• 7 carbons = ―hept‖
• 8 carbons = ―oct‖
• 9 carbons = ―non‖
• 10 carbons = ―dec‖

4
 Common alkyl groups
CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH CH2
Methyl Butyl
CH3

CH3 CH2 Isobutyl

Ethyl (2-Methylpropyl)

CH3
CH3 CH2 CH2
CH3 CH2 CH CH3 C
Propyl
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH
sec-Butyl tert-Butyl
CH3 (1-Methylpropyl) (1,1-Dimethylethyl)
Isopropyl
(1-Methylethyl)

5
 Cont…
 The name of every organic molecule has 3 parts:
1. The parent name indicates the number of carbons in the
longest continuous chain.
2. The suffix indicates what functional group is present.
3. The prefix tells us the identity, location, and number of
substituents attached to the carbon chain.

6
 IUPAC nomenclature of alkanes

Step 1- find the parent hydrocarbon

A. Identify the longest chain – parent

7
 Cont…

Step 2- Number the atom in the main chain

• A. Beginning at the end nearer the first branch point.

8
 Cont…

• b. If there is branching an equal distance away from both ends of

parent chain, begin numbering at the end nearer the second
branch point.

Step 3- Identify and number the substituents.

a. Assign a number to each substituent according to its point of

attachment to the main chain.

9
 Cont…

b. If there are two substituent on the same carbon, give them both
the same number.

10
 Cont…
Step 4- write the name as a single word

• Use hyphen to separate number from the name of substituent and

use commas to separate number from number.

• If two or more d/f substituents are present cite them in alphabetical

order.

• If two or more identical substituents are present, use one of the

multiplier prefixes di-,tri-,tetra- and so on

• Don’t use these prefixes for alphabetizing purposes

11
con

12
 Cont…

• Step 5- name a complex substituent just as thought it were itself

a compound. for the cpd shown above, the complex substituent is
substituted propyl group;

13
 Cont…
.

14
 Cont…
Some of the simpler branched-chain alkyl groups also have
nonsystematic or common names
1.Three –carbon alkyl group;

2.Four-carbon alkyl groups;

15
 Problems
1. what is the IUPAC name of the following alkane

16
 Cont…

2. Draw structures corresponding to the following IUPAC names

A. 3,4-dimethylnonane c. 3-ethyl-4,4-dimethylheptane

B. 2,2-dimethyl-4-propyloctane d. 2,2,4-trimethylpentane

3.Give the IUPAC name for the following hydrocarbon and convert

the drawing into a skeletal structure

17
 Cont…

Based on the number of carbons attached, carbons are classified as

• Primary carbon (1o) – a carbon bonded to one carbon

• Secondary carbon (2o) – a carbon bonded to two carbons

• Tertiary carbon (3o) – a carbon bonded to three carbons

• Quaternary carbon (4o) – a carbon bonded to four carbons

1o
• 4o
• CH3 CH3
• CH3CHCH2CH2CCH3
• CH3
• 3o 2o

18
 Cycloalkanes
o Cycloalkanes are alkanes that contain a ring of three or more
carbons.
o They have the general formula CnH2n , n = 3, 4, 5…..
o Cycloalkanes are named under the IUPAC system by adding
the prefix cyclo to the name of the unbranched alkane with the
same number of carbons as the ring.
o The smallest possible ring consists of cyclopropane, C3H6.

19
 Cycloalkanes are named by using similar rules, but the prefix
cyclo- immediately precedes the name of the parent.

20
Example #1

Example #2

Example #3
 In this example, the ring has four
carbons and the chain has eight.
 The chain is the parent and the ring is a
prefix.
1-cyclobutyloctane.  The ring is a cyclobutyl group on carbon
#1. 21
22
 PROPERTIES OF ALKANES
Physical properties of alkanes
 They are Nonpolar
 Are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents ( eg.
diethylether).
 Have lower density than water.
 Have low boiling and melting points.
 Alkanes with 1-4 carbon atoms (methane, propane, butane) are
gases.
 Alkanes with 5-17 carbon atoms(kerosene, diesel, and jet
fuels) are Liquids.

23
 Cont…

 Alkanes with 18 or more carbon atoms (wax, paraffin,

Vaseline) are Solids

 As number of carbon atoms ( molecular weight ) increases

Boiling point and melting point of alkanes show regular
increases.

 E.g pentane has higher boiling point than butane.

 As number of branches increases Boiling point and melting

point of alkanes decreases.

24
 Chemical reaction of alkanes
 Alkanes are typically non-reactive. They don’t react with
acids, bases, active metals, oxidizing agents, reducing agents,
halogens, etc.
 The following are the most common chemical reaction of
alkanes.
1) Combustion:
 Alkanes react with oxygen.
 Alkane + O2 CO2 + H2O + heat
 CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + energy
2) Halogenation:
 Alkanes react with Halogens.
 CH4 + Cl2 heat or light CH3Cl + HCl
Chloromethane

25
 Preparation of alkanes

1. Reduction of an alkyl halide

a) hydrolysis of a Grignard reagent (two steps)

I. R—X + Mg  RMgX (Grignard reagent)

II. RMgX + H2O  RH + Mg(OH)X

Example-1 :-CH3CH2CH2-Br + Mg  CH3CH2CH2-MgBr

n-propyl bromide n-propyl magnesium bromide

CH3CH2CH2-MgBr + H2O  CH3CH2CH3 + Mg(OH)Br

26
 Cont…
b) with an active metal and an acid
I. R—X + metal/acid  RH
active metals = Sn, Zn, Fe, etc.
acid = HCl, etc. (H+)
Examples
+ + SnCl2
CH3CH2CHCH3 Sn/HCl CH3CH2CH2CH3

Cl

sec-butyl chloride n-butane

CH3 CH3

H3C C CH3 + Zn/H+ CH3CH2CHCH3 + ZnBr2

Br

tert-butyl bromide isobutane

27
• Alkenes and Alkynes

• Unsaturated

 Alkenes: carbon-carbon double bonds

 Alkynes: carbon-carbon triple bonds.

Naming Alkenes and Alkynes

• IUPAC nomenclature rules for alkenes and alkynes are similar

to alkanes.

28
 Cont…

• Step 1. Name the parent compound. Find the longest chain

containing the double or triple bond, and name the parent
compound by adding the suffix –ene or –yne to the name of
the main chain.

• Step 2: Number the carbon atoms in the parent chain,

beginning at the end nearest to the double or triple bond. If the
multiple bond is an equal distance from both ends, begin
numbering at the end nearer the first branch point.

29
 Cont…
• Step 3: Assign numbers and names to the branching
substituents, and list the substituents alphabetically. Use
commas to separate numbers, and hyphens to separate words
from numbers.

• Step 4. Indicate the position of the multiple-bond carbon. If

more than one multiple bond is present, identify the position of
each multiple bond and use the appropriate ending diene,
triene, tetraene, and so forth

30
 Cont…
Eg.
1 2 3 4
CH2=CHCH2CH3 1-butene but-1-ene

CH3CH=CHCH3 2-butene but-2-ene

CH3CCCH3 2-butyne but-2-yne

31
Cont…

32
Cont…

33
Some common name of alkene

34
 Cycloalkenes

• Cycloalkenes are named similarly,the double bond is b/n C1and

C2 and the first substituent has as low a number as possible.

35
• Alkenes and alkynes are considered to have equal priority

• In a molecule with both a double and a triple bond, which is

closer to the end of the chain determines the direction of
numbering.

• In the case where each would have the same position number,
the double bond takes the lower number.

• In the name, ―ene‖ comes before ―yne‖ because of

alphabetization.

36
 Exercise
Write the IUPAC name for each of the following
unsaturated compounds:

A. CH3CH2CCCH3
CH3
B. CH3C=CHCH3
CH3

C.

37
 Physical properties of alkenes

o Most alkenes exhibit only weak van der Waals interactions, so

their physical properties are similar to alkanes of comparable
molecular weight.
o Alkenes have low melting points and boiling points.
o Melting and boiling points increase as the number of carbons
increases because of increased surface area.
o Alkenes are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water.

38
 Chemical Properties of Alkene

• Hydrogenation - addition of hydrogen

• This is addition of hydrogen to a double bond to produce
saturated hydrocarbons.

• Halogenation;-addition of halogen (X2) to an alkene.

39
 Cont…
• Hydration;-addition of water to an alkene.

 Hydrohalogenation—Electrophilic Addition of HX
• Hydrohalogenation is the addition of hydrogen halides HX
(X = Cl, Br, and I) to alkenes to form alkyl halides.

40
 Preparation of Alkenes

1) Dehydrohalogenation;

H H H H
H C2H5ONa
H
H Br H H
Mechanism
H H
H H
O H
H H H
H Br

•Dehydrohalogenation; E2 Elimination Reaction

• E2 Reactions Preferable Over E1 (Rearrangement; SN1

Products)

• Usually Heat These Reactions (Heat Favors Elimination)

41
 Cont…
2. Dehydration of alcohols
H H
H H
concd H2SO4
H H + H2O
180 oC
H OH H H

OH
85% H3PO4 + H 2O
o
165-170 C
H

CH3
CH2
20% H2SO4
H3 C OH
+ H2O
85 oC
CH2 H3 C CH3

42
 Cont…
o Mechanism
CH3 CH3

H 3C OH H3C OH2
H+
CH2 CH2
H H

-H2O

Base
CH2 CH3
+
-H
+ H2O H
H3 C CH3 C CH3
H2

Recall Carbocation Stablility: 3° > 2° > 1°

o Why Are More Substituted Carbocations More Stable??

 HYPERCONJUGATION (Donating Power of Alkyls)

43
 Physical properties of Alkynes
o The first three members are gases, next eight are liquids and
the higher alkynes are solids.
o They all are colorless and odorless except acetylene which has
a garlic odor.
o Their boiling points and melting points show a regular increase
with the increase in molecular weights.
o Alkynes generally have slightly higher boiling points than the
corresponding alkenes.
o They are only slightly soluble in water but dissolve readily in
organic solvent such as benzene, acetone, and ethyl alcohol.

44
 Chemical Reaction of Alkynes
1. Addition of Hydrogen (Reduction)
o In the presence of Ni, Pt, or Pd alkynes add up two molecules
of hydrogen first forming the corresponding alkenes and
finally alkanes.

o The reduction can be stopped at the alkene stage by using Pd

poisoned with BaSO4 + quinoline (Lindlar’s catalyst).
Pd-BaSO4
+ H2
quinoline
1-propyne propene

45
 Cont…
H2/Ni2B

H H
97%

R R
H2, Pd/CaCO3
R R
Quinoline
H H

• SYN Additions to Alkynes (Result in cis/Z Alkenes)

• Reaction Takes Place on Surface of Catalyst

• Examples of a HETEROGENEOUS Catalyst System

46
 Cont…

o ANTI Addition of H2 to Alkyne  E (trans) Stereoisomer

o Ethylamine or Ammonia can be used for Reaction

H
(1) Li, C2H5NH2
(2) NH4Cl
H

47
2. Addition of Halogens
o Halogens add to alkynes in two steps forming a dihalide and then
a tetrahalide
Br Br
Br

Br2 Br2
Br
CH2Cl2 CH2Cl2
1-Butyne
Br Br
(E)-1,2-Dibromo-1-butene 1,1,2,2-tetrabromobutane

48
 3. Addition of Halogen Acids
o Hydrogen halides add to alkynes to form alkenyl halides. The
regioselectivity of addition follows Markovnikov’s rule.
o A proton adds to the carbon that has the greater number of
hydrogens, and halide adds to the carbon with the fewer
hydrogens.

4. Combustion
 Alkynes are burnt in air to form CO2, H2O and heat energy.

49
2CH≡CH + 5O2→ 4CO2 + 2 H2O + heat energy
5. Alkylation of Terminal Alkynes

NaNH2 CH3Br
H 3C H H3C H3 C CH3
NH3

NaNH2 EtBr
H3 C H H 3C H3 C Et
NH3

• NaNH2 (-NH2) to Deprotonate Alkyne (Acid/Base Reaction)

• Anion Reacts with Alkyl Halide (Bromide); Displaces Halide

CH3 H3C H
H
+
H C H3C
H3C
C Br
H
H3C CH3
50
 Preparation of alkynes
1. Dehydrohalogenation

H H
2 eq. NaNH2
R R R R

Br Br

o Compounds with Halogens on Adjacent Carbons:

 VICINAL Dihalides (Above Compound: Vicinal Dibromide)

o Entails Consecutive E2 Elimination Reactions

51
 Assignment
1. Discuss about Physical properties, Chemical
Reactions and Preparations of :-
A. Alcohol
B. Ethers
C. Amines
D. Aldehydes and ketones
E. Carboxylic acids and its derivatives

52
 • Alcohols
• Has an -OH (hydroxyl) group bonded to a tetrahedral carbon
– methanol, CH3OH, is the simplest alcohol
• Classification of Alcohols
• Depends on the C which has the –OH group attached

CH3 CH2 OH OH OH

CH 3 CH CH 3 CH 3 C CH 3
ethanol CH 3
2-propanol 2-methyl-2-propanol

1o Alcohol—attached to
2o Alcohol—attached to
one C 3o Alcohol-attached to
two Cs three Cs
53
 Examples

 The common name of an alcohol consists of the name of the

alkyl group to which the OH group is attached, followed by
the word ―alcohol.

54
 Alcohol Nomenclature IUPAC
1.Find longest carbon chain that contains the -OH group
(parent chain)
2.Number chain from end that gives the -OH the lower
number
3.Change the ending -e to -ol
4.Use a number to show the location of the -OH group
For cyclic alcohols, the carbon with the -OH group is C-1
5.Name and number substituents and list them in alphabetical
order
6. If the same number for the functional group suffix is
obtained in both directions, the chain is numbered in the
direction that gives a substituent the lowest possible number.

55
 Examples
OH
OH OH
Ethan ol 1-Pro pan ol 2-Prop ano l
(Ethy l alco ho l) (Prop yl alco ho l) (Is op ro py l alco ho l)
OH
OH OH
1-Butan ol 2-Bu tano l 2-Meth yl-1-pro pano l
(Bu tyl alco ho l) (sec-Bu tyl alcoho l) (Is ob uty l alcoh ol)

OH OH

2-Methy l-2-p ro pan ol Cycloh exano l

(t ert -Buty l alcoh ol) (Cy cloh exyl alcoh ol)

56
Cont…

57
 Exercise
Write the IUPAC name for each alcohol

OH OH
(a) (b)

OH
(c) (d) OH

58
 Cont…
– Alcohols containing more than one hydroxyl groups are
named as a diol, a triol, and so on

– Compounds containing two hydroxyl groups on adjacent

carbons are commonly called glycols

CH2 CH2 CH3 CHCH2 CH2 CHCH2

OH OH HO OH OH OHOH
1,2-Eth anediol 1,2-Propan ediol 1,2,3-Propan etriol
(Eth ylen e glycol) (Propylene glycol) (Glycerol, Glycerin)

59
 Ethers
• Ethers have two alkyl groups bonded to an
oxygen atom.

60
 Cont…
• Simple ethers are usually assigned common names. To do so:

Name both alkyl groups bonded to the oxygen, arrange

these names alphabetically, and add the word ether.

For symmetrical ethers, name the alkyl group and add the
prefix ―di-‖.

61
 Cont…
• More complex ethers are named using the IUPAC system. One
alkyl group is named as a hydrocarbon chain, and the other is
named as part of a substituent bonded to that chain:

Name the simpler alkyl group as an alkoxy substituent by

changing the –yl ending of the alkyl group to –oxy.

Name the remaining alkyl group as an alkane, with the alkoxy

group as a substituent bonded to this chain.

62
EXAMPLES

63
 2.5 Amines
• Amines are compounds in which one or more of the hydrogen's of
ammonia have been replaced by alkyl groups.

• There are primary amines, secondary amines, and tertiary

amines.

• Primary amines have one alkyl group bonded to the nitrogen,

secondary amines have two, and tertiary amines have three.

64
 Cont…
• The common name of an amine consists of the names of the
alkyl groups bonded to N the nitrogen, in alphabetical order,
followed by ―amine.‖

65
 Cont…

• The IUPAC system uses a suffix to denote the amine

functional group. The ―e‖ at the end of the name of the parent
hydrocarbon is replaced by ―amine‖—similar to the way in
which alcohols are named. A number identifies the carbon to
which the nitrogen is attached.

• The number can appear before the name of the parent

hydrocarbon or before ―amine.‖ The name of any alkyl group
bonded to nitrogen is preceded by an ―N” (in italics) to
indicate that the group is bonded to a nitrogen rather than to a
carbon.
66
 Cont…

The substituent's—regardless of whether they are attached to

the nitrogen or to the parent hydrocarbon—are listed in
alphabetical order, and then a number or an ―N” is assigned
to each one. The chain is numbered in the direction that
gives the functional group suffix the lowest possible number.
67
 Cont…

• Nitrogen compounds with four alkyl groups bonded to the

nitrogen—thereby giving the nitrogen a positive formal
charge—are called quaternary ammonium salts.

68
 Cont…
• Their names consist of the names of the alkyl groups in
alphabetical order, followed

• by ―ammonium‖ (all in one word), and then the name of the

counter ion as a separate word.

69
 2.6 Aldehydes and ketones

• Carbonyl compounds—compounds that possess a carbonyl (C=O)

group.
 The carbonyl carbon of the simplest aldehyde, formaldehyde, is
bonded to two hydrogens.
 The carbonyl carbon in all other aldehydes is bonded to a
hydrogen and to an alkyl (or an aryl) group.
• The carbonyl carbon of a ketone is bonded to two alkyl (or aryl)
groups.

70
 Cont…

Many compounds found in nature have aldehyde or ketone

functional groups. Aldehydes and ketones are known for their
sweet and sometimes pungent odors.

71
 Cont…
In ketosis, a pathological condition that can occur in people with
diabetes, the body produces more acetoacetate than can be
metabolized.

72
 Aldehyde

• The systematic name of an aldehyde is obtained by replacing

the terminal ―e‖ from the name of the parent hydrocarbon
with ―al.‖

Example, a one-carbon aldehyde is methanal; a two-carbon

aldehyde is ethanal.

• The common name of an aldehyde is the same as the

common name of the corresponding carboxylic acid except
that ―aldehyde‖ is substituted for ―ic acid‖ (or ―oic acid‖).

73
 Cont…
• Examples

74
 Cont…
• If the aldehyde group is attached to a ring, the aldehyde is
named by adding ―carbaldehyde‖ to the name of the cyclic
compound.

75
 Cont…

If a compound has two functional groups, the one with the lower
priority is indicated by its prefix. The prefix of an aldehyde oxygen
that is part of the parent hydrocarbon is ―oxo.‖

76
 Cont…
• If the compound has both an alkene and an aldehyde functional
group, the alkene is cited first, with the ―e‖ ending omitted.

77
 ketone

• The systematic name of a ketone is obtained by removing the

―e‖ from the name of the parent hydrocarbon and adding ―one.‖

• The chain is numbered in the direction that gives the carbonyl

carbon the smaller number.

• In the case of cyclic ketones, a number is not necessary because

the carbonyl carbon is assumed to be at the 1-position.

• The substituents attached to the carbonyl group are cited in

alphabetical order, followed by ―ketone.‖

78
Examples

79
 Cont…
Only a few ketones have common names.

If the ketone has a second functional group of higher naming

priority, the ketone oxygen is indicated by the prefix “oxo.”

80
 Exercises
• Name the following compounds

81
 2.6 Carboxylic acids and its derivatives

• Carbonyl compounds

• Many play important roles in biological processes. Hormones,

vitamins, amino acids, drugs, and flavorings are just a few of the
carbonyl compounds that affect us daily. An acyl group consists
of a carbonyl group attached to an alkyl group or to an aryl
group.

82
 Cont…
• Acyl halides, acid anhydrides, esters, and amides are all called
carboxylic acid derivatives because they differ from a
carboxylic acid only in the nature of the group that has
replaced the OH group of the carboxylic acid.

83
 Carboxylic Acids

• In systematic nomenclature, a carboxylic acid is named by

replacing the terminal ―e‖ of the alkane name with ―oic acid.‖

• For example- methane- methanoic acid.

84
 Cont…
• In systematic nomenclature, the position of a substituent is
designated by a number.
• The carbonyl carbon of a carboxylic acid is always the C-1
carbon.
• In common nomenclature, the position of a substituent is
designated by a lowercase Greek letter, and the carbonyl
carbon is not given a designation. The carbon adjacent to the
carbonyl carbon is the α-carbon, the carbon adjacent to the α-
carbon is the β carbon and so on.

85
Cont…

86
 Cont…
• Carboxylic acids in which a carboxyl group is attached to a ring
are named by adding ―carboxylic acid‖ to the name of the cyclic
compound.

87
 Acyl Halides

• Acyl halides are compounds that have a halogen atom in

place of the OH group of a carboxylic acid.
• The most common acyl halides are acyl chlorides and acyl
bromides.
• Acyl halides are named by using the acid name and replacing
―ic acid‖ with ―yl chloride‖
• (or ―yl bromide‖). For acids ending with ―carboxylic acid,‖
―carboxylic acid‖ is replaced with ―carbonyl chloride‖ (or
―bromide‖).

88
Examples

89
 Acid Anhydrides

• Loss of water from two molecules of a carboxylic acid results in

an acid anhydride. ―Anhydride‖ means ―without water.‖

• If the two carboxylic acid molecules forming the acid anhydride

are the same, the anhydride is a symmetrical anhydride.

90
 Cont…
• If the two carboxylic acid molecules are different, the anhydride
is a mixed anhydride. Symmetrical anhydrides are named by
using the acid name and replacing ―acid‖ with ―anhydride.‖

• Mixed anhydrides are named by stating the names of both acids in

alphabetical order, followed by ―anhydride.‖

91
 Esters

• An ester is a compound that has an OR group in place of

the OH group of a carboxylic acid.

• The name of the group (R) attached to the carboxyl oxygen is

stated first, followed by the name of the acid, with ―ic acid‖
replaced by ―ate.‖

92
 Cont…
Salts of carboxylic acids are named in the same way. The cation
is named first, followed by the name of the acid, again with ―ic
acid‖ replaced by ―ate.‖

93
 Cont…
 Cyclic esters are called lactones.

94
 Amides
• An amide has an NH2, NHR, or NR2 group in place of the OH
group of a carboxylic acid.

• Amides are named by using the ―carboxylic acid‖ name, replacing

―oic acid‖ or ―ic acid‖ with ―amide.‖

95
 Cont…
• If a substituent is bonded to the nitrogen, the name of the
substituent is stated first (if there is more than one substituent
bonded to the nitrogen, they are stated alphabetically), followed
by the name of the amide.

• The name of each substituent is preceded by a capital N to

indicate that the substituent is bonded to a nitrogen.

96
 Cont…
• Cyclic amides are called lactams. Their nomenclature is similar to
that of lactones.

• They are named as ―2-azacycloalkanones‖ in systematic

nomenclature (―aza‖ is used to designate the nitrogen atom).

• In their common names, the length of the carbon chain is

indicated by the common name of the carboxylic acid, and a
Greek letter indicates the carbon to which the nitrogen is attached.

97
 Aromatic compounds

• Aromatic compound, any of a large class of unsaturated

chemical compounds characterized by one or more planar rings
of atoms joined by covalent bonds of two different kinds.

a. monosubstituted benzene derivatives are systematically named

in the same manner as other HC, with benzene as parent name.

98
 Cont…

• Alkyl-substituted benzenes, sometimes referred to as arenes.

• If the alkyl substituent has six or fewer carbons, the arenes are
named as alkyl substituted benzene

• If the alkyl substituent has more than six carbons ,the compound is
named as phenyl-substitued alkane

99
 Cont…

B. Disubstituted benzenes are named using one of the prefixes ortho

o, meta m, or para p.

• An ortho-disubstituted benzene has its two substituents in 1,2

relationship on the ring,

• meta-disubstituted- 1,3

• a para-disubstituted -1,4

100
 Cont…

• Benzene with more than two substituents are named by

numbering the position of each substituent so that the lowest
possible numbers are used. the substituent are listed
alphabetically when writing the name.

101
 Cont…
• The monosubstituted aromatic compounds can serve as a
parent name with the particular substituent CH3 toluene
assumed to be C1.

102