NAVKIS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, HASSAN

KIADB, Thimmanahalli Industrial Area,

NH.75, Kandali, Hassan – 573217

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

MICROWAVE AND ANTENNA LAB MANUAL

Sub Code (21EC62)
Semester: 6th
Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Microwave & Antenna Lab Practical Component of IPCC

Sl. Experiments Page No

No
1 Measurement of Frequency, guide wavelength, Power and 3-4
attenuation in a microwave Test bench

2 Measurement of VSWR and reflection coefficient and 5-7

attenuation in a microwave Test bench
3 Determination of power division of micro strip power 8-11
divider
4 Coupling and isolation characteristics of micro strip 12-14
directional coupler

5 Determination of resonance characteristics of micro strip 15-19

ring resonator and computation of dielectric constant of the
substrate.
6 Obtain the radiation pattern of a Yagi-Uda Antenna array 20-24
and calculate its directivity

7 Calculate the aperture of a dipole Antenna 25-29

8 Obtain the near and far fields of a given antenna and 30-37
compare the fields.

9 Obtain the bandwidth of a given Antenna. 30-37

10 To measure unknown impedance using Smith chart through 30-37

test bench setup.

11 Characteristics of Magic Tee.

34-37

12 Study of characteristics of E plane Tee / H plane Tee. 39-41

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Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62

Experiment No. 1

Measurement of frequency, guide wavelength, power and attenuation in on

Microwave Test Bench

Objective:
Measurement of VSWR, reflection coefficient and attenuation in a microwave test
bench.

Components Required:

Microwave test bench, Reflex Klystron Power supply, Fixed Attenuator, Short Circuit
terminator, Matched Terminator, Parabolic Reflector, VSWR meter, CRO.

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Procedure:

1. Keeping all the variable knobs in minimum, switch on the reflex klystron power supply.
2. Apply beam voltage 0f 200 volts and rippler voltage of 100 volts.
3. Adjust the modulation amplitude and frequency to get a maximum output on the CRO.
4. Note down the frequency using meter.
5. Move the slotted line carriage to a position which gives the maximum output (Vmax).
Note down the position dmax1 of the carriage on the scale.
6. Move the slotted line carriage to get the next minima (Vmin).
7. Move the slotted line carriage to get the next maxima. Note down the position dmax2.
8. Calculate the VSWR using the formula:
VSWR= Vmax -Vmin.
Also calculate λg using the formula:
λg/2=dmax2 – dmix1.
9. Measure the internal width (a) of the waveguide. Calculate the cut-off wavelength for
dominate mode (TE10) using the formula:
λc=2a Where a=2.286 cm.
10. Calculate the operating frequency of the microwave source using the formula:
f=C/ λ0 where c=3x108 m/s, λ0=1/√(1/ λg)2+(1/ λc)2
11. Measure the power using VSWR (power) meter.
12. Insert the fixed attenuator before the detector and measure the power, compare this power
when there is no attenuator.
13. Measure the VSWR for parabolic reflector, open circuit and short circuit termination,
matched termination.
Before switching OFF the reflex Klystron power supply bring all the variable knobs to
minimum position.
Result:
a) Operating frequency =
b) Power =
c) Guided wavelength =
d) Cut-off wavelength=

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Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62
Experiment No. 2

Measurement of VSWR, Reflection Co-efficient and attenuation in on

Microwave Test Bench

Objective:
Measurement of VSWR, reflection coefficient and attenuation in a microwave test
bench.

Components Required:

Microwave test bench, Reflex Klystron Power supply, Fixed Attenuator, Short Circuit
terminator, Matched Terminator, Parabolic Reflector, VSWR meter, CRO.

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Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62
THEORY:
The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line, may be considered as the sum of 2
travelling waves: the “incident wave “which propagates from the generator and the “reflected
wave” which propagates towards the generator. The reflected wave is set up by the reflection of
incident wave from a discontinuity on the line or from the load impedance. The magnitude and
phase of the reflected wave depends upon amplitude of phase of the reflected impedance. The
presence of two travelling waves gives rise to standing waves along the line. The maximum field
strength is found when the two waves are inphase and the minimum where the two waves add
in opposite phase. The distance between two successive minima (or maxima) is half the guide
wavelength of the line. The ratio of electrical field strength of reflected and incident waves is
called reflection coefficient. The voltage standing wave ratio between maximum and minimum
field strength along the line.
VSWR, S=EMAX /EMIN = (EI +ER) / (EI-ER)
δ =ER/E I = (Z-ZO) / (Z+ZO)
Z is the impedance at a point on the line.Zo is the characteristic impedance
The equation above gives the following equation.
|δ|= (S-1)/(S+1)

Procedure:

1. Keeping all the variable knobs in minimum, switch on the reflex klystron power supply.
2. Apply beam voltage 0f 200 volts and rippler voltage of 100 volts.
3. Adjust the modulation amplitude and frequency to get a maximum output on the CRO.
4. Note down the frequency using meter.
5. Move the slotted line carriage to a position which gives the maximum output
(Vmax). Note down the position dmax1 of the carriage on the scale.
6. Move the slotted line carriage to get the next minima (Vmin).
7. Move the slotted line carriage to get the next maxima. Note down the position dmax2.
8. Calculate the VSWR using the
formula:VSWR= Vmax -Vmin.
9. Measure the power using VSWR (power) meter.
10. Insert the fixed attenuator before the detector and measure the power, compare this
powerwhen there is no attenuator.
11. Measure the VSWR for parabolic reflector, open circuit and short circuit
termination, matched termination.
Before switching OFF the reflex Klystron power supply bring all the variable knobs to
minimum position.

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Observation:

V Vmax Vmin S= Vmax/ Vmin |δ|=(S-1)/(S+1)

Result:
a. Operating frequency =
b. Power =
c. VSWR=
d. Reflection Co-efficient=
e. VSWR, S=EMAX /EMIN (i.e) VMAX/VMIN
f. Reflection coefficient, |δ|= (S-1)/(S+1)

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Experiment -3

Objective: Measurement of Power Division & Isolation Characteristics of a Micro strip 3dB
power divider.

Components Required:
Microwave signal source (2.2 – 3 GHz), VSWR meter, Detector, N (m) to SMA (F)
adapter, Attenuator pad (3 db, 6db, 10db), SMA / BNC connector fitted cables, Microstrip
3db power divider, Matched loads-50ohms.

Theory:
Power divider is a 3 port device in which one input port and two output ports. When the
power is fed at input port 1, power will emerge from the other two ports 2 and 3. It is
impossible to match all the ports of power divider. In order to match all the three ports, an
isolation resistance of 2Z0 is added between ports 2 and 3 With this proper isolation is
provided between ports 2 and 3. The function of a power division network is to divide the
input power into two or more outputs. As an equal split power divider, the power incident at
port1 gets divided equally between the two output ports 2 & 3. Power at 2 & 3 is half power.
i.e. -3dB down power.

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Circuit Diagram:

Fig: Test Setup for measurement of Power division and Isolation

Power Division:
Frequency:
Reference power:
Tabular column:

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Isolation:
Frequency:
Reference power:
Tabular column

1. Assemble the Setup as shown

2. Connect P & Q directly & set the frequency 2.3GHZ. Increase the RF power output of the
source till VSWRMeter shows a reading in 50dbrange (55db).

3. Increase the frequency in steps of 0.1GHZ up to 2.8GHZ & note down the VSWR meter
reading.
Procedure to measure power division property:
4. Insert power divider between P & Q with P connected to input port & Q to the coupled port.
Terminate port3 with matched loads.

5. Set the freq to 2.3GHZ& record VSWR meter up to 2.8 GHz.

6. Interchange the connection of port2 & port3 & connect port3 to Q & Port2 with matched load.
Record the VSWR meter readings up to 2.8 GHz.

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Procedure to measure Isolation property:

7. Set the freq to 2.3 GHz increase RF power to Show a reading say 48db this is as reference
power level.

8. Increase freq from 2.3-2.8 GHZ & note down VSWR reading.

9. Insert power divider b/w P&Q with port 2 as I/P and connected to P &port 3 to Q. terminate
port 1 with matched load.

10. Record VSWR reading by varying frequencies from 2.3-2.8GHz

RESULT: The characteristics of power divider and Isolation has been determined.

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Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62
Experiment-4
Determination of Coupling and Isolation characteristics of a Strapline
Directional Coupler
Objective:
Determination of Coupling and isolation characteristics of micro strip directional coupler.
Apparatus required:
Microwave Signal Source (2.2-3 GHz), VSWR meter, co-axial detector, attenuator 3dB, 6dB,
10dB, matched loads 50Ω, cables, micro strip branch coupler.
Theory:
Directional coupler is passive devices used in the field of radio technology. They couple part of
the transmission power in a transmission lone by a known amount out through another port, by
using two transmission lines set close enough together such that energy passing through one is
coupled to the other.
Directional coupler is four port waveguide junction consisting of 2 primary waveguide1-2 and
secondary waveguide 3-4. When all ports are terminated in either characteristic impedance, there
is free transmission of power without reflection between port1 and port2 and there is no
transmission of power between port1 and port3 or between 2 & 4 because no coupling exists
between these two pairs of ports.

Block Diagram:

Cross section view of a Directional coupler.

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Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62

Four Port network schematic of directional coupler

Fig: Test setup for measuring Coupling and Isolation

Procedure:
(a): To measure the coupling:
1. Measure ref. power level by connecting the cable end at P & Q directly at frequency 2.3GHz.
2. Assemble the setup as shown
3. Increase RF power till VSWR meter shows a reading in 55dB
4. Increase the frequency of the source in steps of 0.1 GHz up to 2.8GHz & note down
correspondingreading on VSWR meter.
5Next insert the coupler between P & Q with input port (Port 1) to P & coupled port (Port 3) to Q.
6. Terminate ports 2 & 4 of coupler with 50Ω matched loads.
7. Record the readings on VSWR meter by varying the frequency from 2.3 – 2.8 GHZ.

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Coupling:
Set the frequency = 2.3 GHZ, Set the reference power level = -55dB

To measure the Isolation:

1. Connect P cable end to Q directly, set fr =2.3Ghz increase RF power to get a reading in 40Db
range (say 48dB) in VSWR meter & note it as ref. power

2. Increase the frequency of the source in steps of 0.1GHz upto 2.8GHz & note down
correspondingreading on VSWR meter.

3. Connect the isolated port (Port 4) to Q. Terminate port 2&3 in matched loads.

4. Record the readings on VSWR meter by varying the frequency from 2.3 – 2.8GHz

Isolation:
Set the frequency = 2.3 GHZ, Set the reference power level = -48dB

Result: Coupling and Isolation characteristic of a micro strip and a directional coupler is
determined.

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Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62

Experiment -5

Aim: To measure the resonance characteristics of a micro strip ring resonator.

Apparatus required:
Microwave Signal Source (2.2-3Ghz), VSWR meter, co-axial detector, attenuator 3dB, fitted
cables, micro strip ring resonator.

Theory:

The ring resonator is known as a simple printed resonator that is useful for making approximate
measurement of dielectric constant. The open-end effect encountered in a rectangular resonator
of the feed long gaps can be minimized by forming the resonator as a closed off. Such resonator
is called as Ring resonator. The Ring resonator find applications in the design of filters, oscillator
and mixers. Resonance is established when the mean circumference of the ring is equal to
integral multiplies of guide wave length.

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Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62

Block Diagram:

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 Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62
Procedure:
1. Assemble the set up as shown

2. Before switching ON the signal source, rotate the RF power level knob on the front panel
anticlockwise to minimum position (10W power O/P).

3. Connect 3db attenuator pad at the RF O/P port of the source as shown.

4. Now switch ON the power then RF power is switched ON. Set the modulation switch to AM
and modulation frequency to 1 KHz preset position.

5. The VSWR is used in conjunction while the co-axial detector. Keep the range switch in 40 db
range and the variable gain knob to max or close to max.

6. Switch ON the VSWR meter.

7. Set the frequency of source to 2.2 GHz .connect P to Q directly. Increase the power o/p of the
source till the VSWR Meter Shows a Reading of about 45db next insert ring modulator between
point P & Q.

8. Vary the frequency of the source slowly from 2.3GHz and 2.8GHz and observe the frequency
at which the VSWR meter reading shows a sharp peak. If no peak is observed increase the power
o/p of source and vary the frequency again.

9. Note the frequency at which the VSWR meter shows a peak. This is the (first order) resonant
frequency (f1) of the resonator

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Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62

Calculations:
To calculate €r using the value of €eff:
€r = (2 €eff + [(1+10h/w)-1/2 – 1]) / [(1+ 10h/w)-1/2 + 1]

€r =
Where,
Strip conductor width (in the ring) w=1.84mm
Height of the Substrate h=0.76mm
Mean radius of the ring R=12mm

Calculate €eff given by equation:

(Resonance is established when the mean circumference of the ring is equal to integral multiples
of the guide wavelength in micro strip.)
2ΠR = n λg = nv0 ∕ (fr√€eff), for n=1(mode number)
If n=1,
√€eff= Vo/ 2ΠRfr

€eff = F / m

Where, Vo = free space velocity=3x108

R = mean radius of the ring
N= mode num

λg = guide wavelength in the micro strip

Vo = free space velocity
fr = resonant frequency of the ring

€eff = effective (relative) dielectric constant of the micro strip

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Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62
EXPECTED GRAPH:

Result:
The resonance characteristic of micro strip ring resonator is measured and the dielectric
constant ofthe substrate is determined.

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Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62

Experiment No. 6
Obtain the radiation pattern of a Yagi-Uda Antenna array and calculate its
directivity.

Objective:
a) To measure the E and H plane radiation patterns of an antenna.
b) To determine the half beam widths in the principal planes and calculate the directivity of
the antenna.
c) To measure the absolute gain of an antenna using two identical antennas.

Components Required:
a) Microwave signal source (2.2-3GHz).
b) VSWR Meter.
c) Co-axial Detector.
d) N(m) to SMA (f) adopter.
e) Attenuator Pads – 3dB, 6dB, 10dB.
f) SMA/BNC connector fitted cables.
g) Antennas stands.
h) Planar antennas: Yagi-Uda antennas (2).

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Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62

Procedure to measure the directivity:

1. Assemble the set up as shown in fig. mount the two identical yagi-uda antennas on the
two stands.
2. Procedure for switching on the microwave signal source.
a) Rotate the RF power level knob to minimum position in the anticlockwise position.
Connect a 3dB attenuator pad at the RF output port.
b) Switch power switch to ON position.
c) Switch RF power switch to ON position.
d) Set modulation switch to AM and modulation frequency to 1KHz present position
(click at extreme left).
3. Procedure for switching ON the VSWR meter.
a) The VSWR meter is to be used in conjunction with the co axial detector. Keep the
range switch in the 40dB position and the variable gain knob to maximum.
b) Switch on the VSWR meter. Then change the range setting to 50dB, 60dB
till the meter needle is within the reading range. You can vary the source RF
power to getreading in one of these ranges.
4. To measure VSWR meter readings: add the reading on VSWR meter’s dB scale and the
range switch and record them as negative dB.
5. Keep the receiving antennas such that the distance between the antennas, R>2D2/ λ0 (D –
maximum size of the antennas, λ0 – free space wavelength).
6. For E- plane pattern:
Align the two antennas along their main beam peaks and for horizontal polarization. Set
the pointer on the receiving antenna stand to read 00.
7. Set the frequency of the source near 2.4GHz and vary the frequency around this value to
get maximum reading on the VSWR meter.
8. Adjust the power output of the source to indicate high power in dB on the VSWR meter.
This is the reference value at the peak of the beam.
9. Rotate the antenna clockwise in steps of 50 at a time till 900 or till the meter reading falls
to 70dB. Tabulate the angles and corresponding readings.
10. Repeat step 8 for anticlockwise direction.
11. For H-plane pattern.

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Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62
Turn both the antennas by 900 and mount them vertical polarization. Align the antennas
for maximum reading on the VSWR meter. Repeat steps 8 through 10.
12. Plot the E and H plane pattern on a polar plot showing normalized values in dB versus
angle.
13. For both the patterns, locate the -3dB point on either side of the peak (0dB) and note the
angle between them. This gives the -3dB beam widths (∆θE0 and ∆θ H0) in the E and H
planes respectively.
14. The pattern directivity can be calculated using the formula,

32,400 32,400
D = -------------- or D(db) = 10log 10 x ------------------
∆θ 0 x ∆θ 0 ∆θ 0 x ∆θ 0
E H E H

D=((32,400)/(∆θE0 x ∆θH0 ))

15. Connect the attenuator pad at the source output and then connect the detector and VSWR
meter.
16. Switch ON the RF power with source in AM 1kHz modulation and frequency 2.4GHz.
Set the VSWR range switch to 40dB range and knob to maximum.
Increase the RF power such that the VSWR meter shows reading in 40dB range. This is
the reference power level/transmitted power (P1). Do not vary RF power setting on the
source throughout the gain measurement.
17. Switch OFF the RF power output without disturbing the power level setting of the source.
Disconnect the detector and VSWR meter from the source.
18. Connect the equipment as in the experimental arrangement shown. Mount the two
identical yagi antennas on the antenna stands. The distance between the two antennas
must satisfy the far zone criterion. Align the two antennas for the same polarization.
19. Switch ON the RF power. The VSWR meter gives the received power level Pr (dB) at a
distance R.
20. Increase the distance R by 10cm at a time and record the VSWR meter readings. Record
the receive power (Pr) for different value of R in tabular column.
21. For each value of R, calculate.

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Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62

𝑃𝑡 (𝑃𝑡(𝑑𝐵) − Pr(𝑑𝐵))
= 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [( )]
𝑃𝑟 10

22. Plot a graph with R (cm) analog the x-axis and power ratio √𝑃𝑡/𝑃𝑟 along the y-axis.
23. From the graph, find the slope which is equal to 4π / λ0 G . Find λ0 and the calculate the
gain (G).

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Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62

Result:

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Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62

Experiment No. 7
Calculate the aperture of a Dipole Antenna

Objective:
a. To measure the E and H plane radiation patterns of an antenna.
b. To determine the half beam widths in the principal planes and calculate the directivity of
the antenna.
c. To measure the absolute gain of an antenna using two identical antennas.

Components Required:
i) Microwave signal source (2.2-3GHz).
j) VSWR Meter.
k) Co-axial Detector.
l) N(m) to SMA (f) adopter.
m) Attenuator Pads – 3dB, 6dB, 10dB.
n) SMA/BNC connector fitted cables.
o) Antennas stands.
p) Planar antennas: Dipole antennas (2).

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Procedure to measure the directivity:

24. Assemble the set up as shown in fig. mount the two identical yagi-uda antennas on the
two stands.
25. Procedure for switching on the microwave signal source.
a) Rotate the RF power level knob to minimum position in the anticlockwise position.
Connect a 3dB attenuator pad at the RF output port.
b) Switch power switch to ON position.
c) Switch RF power switch to ON position.
d) Set modulation switch to AM and modulation frequency to 1KHz present position
(click at extreme left).
26. Procedure for switching ON the VSWR meter.
a) The VSWR meter is to be used in conjunction with the co axial detector. Keep the
range switch in the 40dB position and the variable gain knob to maximum.
b) Switch on the VSWR meter. Then change the range setting to 50dB, 60dB
till the meter needle is within the reading range. You can vary the source RF
power to getreading in one of these ranges.
27. To measure VSWR meter readings: add the reading on VSWR meter’s dB scale and the
range switch and record them as negative dB.
28. Keep the receiving antennas such that the distance between the antennas, R>2D2/ λ0 (D –
maximum size of the antennas, λ0 – free space wavelength).
29. For E- plane pattern:
Align the two antennas along their main beam peaks and for horizontal polarization. Set
the pointer on the receiving antenna stand to read 00.
30. Set the frequency of the source near 2.4GHz and vary the frequency around this value to
get maximum reading on the VSWR meter.
31. Adjust the power output of the source to indicate high power in dB on the VSWR meter.
This is the reference value at the peak of the beam.
32. Rotate the antenna clockwise in steps of 50 at a time till 900 or till the meter reading falls
to 70dB. Tabulate the angles and corresponding readings.
33. Repeat step 8 for anticlockwise direction.
34. For H-plane pattern.

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Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62
Turn both the antennas by 900 and mount them vertical polarization. Align the antennas
for maximum reading on the VSWR meter. Repeat steps 8 through 10.
35. Plot the E and H plane pattern on a polar plot showing normalized values in dB versus
angle.
36. For both the patterns, locate the -3dB point on either side of the peak (0dB) and note the
angle between them. This gives the -3dB beam widths (∆θE0 and ∆θ H0) in the E and H
planes respectively.
37. The pattern directivity can be calculated using the formula,

32,400 32,400
D = -------------- or D(db) = 10log 10 x ------------------
∆θ 0 x ∆θ 0 ∆θ 0 x ∆θ 0
E H E H

D=((32,400)/(∆θE0 x ∆θH0 ))

38. Connect the attenuator pad at the source output and then connect the detector and VSWR
meter.
39. Switch ON the RF power with source in AM 1kHz modulation and frequency 2.4GHz.
Set the VSWR range switch to 40dB range and knob to maximum.
Increase the RF power such that the VSWR meter shows reading in 40dB range. This is
the reference power level/transmitted power (P1). Do not vary RF power setting on the
source throughout the gain measurement.
40. Switch OFF the RF power output without disturbing the power level setting of the source.
Disconnect the detector and VSWR meter from the source.
41. Connect the equipment as in the experimental arrangement shown. Mount the two
identical yagi antennas on the antenna stands. The distance between the two antennas
must satisfy the far zone criterion. Align the two antennas for the same polarization.
42. Switch ON the RF power. The VSWR meter gives the received power level Pr (dB) at a
distance R.
43. Increase the distance R by 10cm at a time and record the VSWR meter readings. Record
the receive power (Pr) for different value of R in tabular column.
44. For each value of R, calculate.

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Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62

𝑃𝑡 (𝑃𝑡(𝑑𝐵) − Pr(𝑑𝐵))
= 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [( )]
𝑃𝑟 10

45. Plot a graph with R (cm) analog the x-axis and power ratio √𝑃𝑡/𝑃𝑟 along the y-axis.
46. From the graph, find the slope which is equal to 4π / λ0 G . Find λ0 and the calculate the
gain (G).

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Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62

Result:

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 Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62
Experiment No. 8
Obtain the near and far fields of a given antenna and compare the fields

Objective:
Obtain the near and far fields of a given antenna and compare the fields

Components Required:
q) Microwave signal source (2.2-3GHz).
r) VSWR Meter.
s) Co-axial Detector.
t) N(m) to SMA (f) adopter.
u) Attenuator Pads – 3dB, 6dB, 10dB.
v) SMA/BNC connector fitted cables.
w) Antennas stands.
x) Planar antennas: Patch antennas (2).

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Procedure to measure the directivity:

1. Assemble the set up as shown in fig. mount the two identical Patch antennas on
the two stands.
2. Procedure for switching on the microwave signal source.
a. Rotate the RF power level knob to minimum position in the anticlockwise
position. Connect a 3dB attenuator pad at the RF output port.
b. Switch power switch to ON position.
c. Switch RF power switch to ON position.
d. Set modulation switch to AM and modulation frequency to 1KHz present
position(click at extreme left).
3. Procedure for switching ON the VSWR meter.
a. The VSWR meter is to be used in conjunction with the co axial detector. Keep the
range switch in the 40dB position and the variable gain knob to maximum.
b. Switch on the VSWR meter. Then change the range setting to 50dB, 60dB
till the meter needle is within the reading range. You can vary the source RF
power to getreading in one of these ranges.
4. To measure VSWR meter readings: add the reading on VSWR meter’s dB scale and
therange switch and record them as negative dB.
5. Keep the receiving antennas such that the distance between the antennas, R>2D2/ λ0
(D –maximum size of the antennas, λ0 – free space wavelength).
6. For E- plane pattern:
Align the two antennas along their main beam peaks and for horizontal polarization. Set
the pointer on the receiving antenna stand to read 00.
7. Set the frequency of the source near 2.4GHz and vary the frequency around this
value toget maximum reading on the VSWR meter.
8. Adjust the power output of the source to indicate high power in dB on the VSWR
meter.This is the reference value at the peak of the beam.
9. Rotate the antenna clockwise in steps of 50 at a time till 900 or till the meter reading
fallsto 70dB. Tabulate the angles and corresponding readings.

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Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62
Turn both the antennas by 900 and mount them vertical polarization. Align the antennas
for maximum reading on the VSWR meter. Repeat steps 8 through 10.
10. Plot the E and H plane pattern on a polar plot showing normalized values in dB
versusangle.
11. For both the patterns, locate the -3dB point on either side of the peak (0dB) and note
E (∆θ and
H ∆θ ) in the E
0 0
theangle between them. This gives the -3dB beam widths
and H planes respectively.
12. The pattern directivity can be calculated using the formula,

32,400 32,400
D = -------------- or D(db) = 10log 10 x ------------------
∆θ 0 x ∆θ 0 ∆θ 0 x ∆θ 0
E H E H

D=((32,400)/(∆θE0 x ∆θH0 ))

13. Connect the attenuator pad at the source output and then connect the detector and
VSWR meter.
14. Switch ON the RF power with source in AM 1kHz modulation and frequency
2.4GHz. Set the VSWR range switch to 40dB range and knob to maximum.
Increase the RF power such that the VSWR meter shows reading in 40dB range. This is
the reference power level/transmitted power (P1). Do not vary RF power setting on the
source throughout the gain measurement.
15. Switch OFF the RF power output without disturbing the power level setting of the
source. Disconnect the detector and VSWR meter from the source.
16. Connect the equipment as in the experimental arrangement shown. Mount the
two identical yagi antennas on the antenna stands. The distance between the two
antennas must satisfy the far zone criterion. Align the two antennas for the same
polarization.
17. Switch ON the RF power. The VSWR meter gives the received power level Pr (dB)
at adistance R.
18. Increase the distance R by 10cm at a time and record the VSWR meter readings.
Recordthe receive power (Pr) for different value of R in tabular column.
19. For each value of R, calculate.
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Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62

𝑃𝑡 (𝑃𝑡(𝑑𝐵) − Pr(𝑑𝐵))
= 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [( )]
𝑃𝑟 10

20. Plot a graph with R (cm)

analog the x-axis and power ratio √𝑃𝑡/𝑃𝑟 along the y-axis.
21. From the graph, find the
slope which is equal to 4π / λ0 G . Find λ0 and the calculate the
gain (G).

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 Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62
Experiment No. 11

CHARACTERISTICS OF MAGIC TEE

An interesting type of T junction is the hybrid Tee, commonly known as `magic tee’
which is shown in fig. The device as can be seen from fig is a combination of the E arm and H
plane tees. Arm3, the H arm forms an H plane tee and arm 4, the E arm, forms an E plane tee
in combination with arms 1 and 2. The central lines of the two tees coincide and define the
plane of symmetry, that is, if arms 1 and 2 are of equal length, the part of structure on one side of
the symmetry plane shown by shaded area is the mirror image of that on the other. Arms1 and 2
are sometimes called as the side or collinear arms.

Magic of the MAGIC Tee

The name `magic Tee’ is derived from the manner in which power divides among
various arms. If power is fed into arm3, the electric field divides equally between arms 1 and 2
and the fields are in phase. Because of symmetry of the T junction, no net electric field parallel
to the narrow dimension of the waveguide is excited in arm 4. Thus no power is coupled in port
4. Reciprocity demands no coupling in port 3 if power is fed in 4.

Another property that results from the symmetry of the junction is, if power is fed in E
or H arm, it is equally divided between arms 1 and 2.

Further, magic tee being combination of E and H plane tees, if power is fed from arms
1 and 2, it is added in H arm (3) while is subtracted in E arm (4).

A simple E-H tee has disadvantage of not being matched when seen from E and H
arms when side arms are terminated in matched loads. The VSWR being > 2 the most commonly
used method to reduce VSWR is to introduce discontinuity such as port iris in or near T junction
to cancel out reflections occurring there in.

Magic Tee Parameter:

The basic properties and associated quantities to be measured for a magic tee are
defined as follows:

a) Input VSWR
Corresponding to each port of a magic tee as load to the line, there is a value of
VSWR. Thus there are four values of VSWR. VSWR is defined as the ratio of maximum
voltage to minimum voltage of the standing waves existing on the line when one port of the tee
terminates the line while other three ports are terminated in matched loads.

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 Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62

b) Isolations
The isolation between E-and H-arms is defined as the ratio of the power supplied by
the matched generator connected to E-arms (port-4), to the power detected in H- arm (port-3) by
a matched detector when collinear arms (1&2) are terminated in matched loads.

It is expressed in db.

I34 = 10 log10 P4/P3, I34 = 20 log 10 (V4 / V3)

P4 : power incident in port4(E-arm) P3 : power
detected in port3 (H-arm)

Similarly, isolation between other ports may also be defined and measured.

c) Coupling Coefficient:
-α/20
The voltage coupling coefficient from arm I to arm j is defined as Cij = 10

Fig: Block diagram of Magic Tee

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Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62

INPUT – VSWR: All other ports terminated with matched load termination except for
the load.

Load Vmax Vmin VSW

(mv) (mv) R
Port 1 3.6 2 1.8
Port 2 3.2 1.2 2.667
Port 3 2.8 2.2 1.2727
Port 4 3.2 2.0 1.6

ISOLATION AND COUPLING COEFFICIENTS

¾ Generator to port i
¾ Detector mount to port j (Vj)
¾ All other ports terminated using matched termination
¾ Iij = 20 log (Vi / Vj)
- Iij/20
¾ Cij = 10

Magic Tee orientation

Input Vi Vj Iij (dB) Cij
Arm-I / Output arm-j (mv) (mv)
2 1200 27 I12 = 32.95 C12 =
1 0.0225
3 1200 700 I13 = 4.68 C13 = 0.58
4 1200 600 I14 = 6.02 C14 = 0.5
1 1200 24 I21 = 33.97 0.02
2
3 1200 640 I23 = 5.46 0.533
4 1200 600 I24 = 6.03 0.511
4 1200 I34
3 1 1200 I31
2 1200 I32
3 1200 I43
4 1 1200 I41
2 1200 I42

Where α is the attenuation in db when I is the input andj the output arm.
Thus
α(db) = 10 log Pi / Pj
where Pi is the power delivered to I arm by a matched generator and Pj is the power
detected by a matched detector in arm j.

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 Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62

In the case of magic tee, there are 12 coupling constants, one for each of the arms as an
input to each of the other three arms as an output. However, if we have a perfectly
matched detector and generator, Cij = Cji and also the reciprocity desires C12 = C21,
C32 = C31 and C41 = C42.
Procedure:
VSWR
1. Setup the components as shown, with port 1 of Tee (E-plane/H-plane/Magic Tee)
towards slotted line and matched termination to other ports.
2. Energize the microwave source and set mode 3.
3. Calculate VSWR by measuring Vmax and Vmin by adjusting the slotted line carriage.
4. Similarly connect other arms and calculated VSWR as above.

Isolation and Coupling Coefficient

1. Remove the slotted line and Magic Tee/E/H Tee and connect the detector mount.
2. Energize the microwave source and set mode 3.
3. Note down the input voltage as Vi (mv) (should not alter the setting)
4. Now connect the magic tee/E-Plane/H-Plane Tee.
5. Determine the corresponding voltages V j (mv) for each pair of ports by
connecting one port to the source and measuring the output at other port while
the remaining ports are connected to matched termination.
6. Determine the isolation and coupling coefficients for the given Tee.

Result: Isolation, coupling coefficients and Input VSWR’s for Magic Tee determined.

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Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62

Experiment No. 12
Characteristics of E plane/H plane Tee
Objective: To determine isolations, coupling coefficients and input VSWR’s for E and H
plane waveguide Tee and Magic Tee junctions.

Apparatus Required

Klystron power supply, Klystron with mount, isolator, variable attenuator, slotted
section, Magic Tee, Matched termination, detector mount, CRO.

THEORY
H Plane Tee
Fig 1(a) shows the sketch of an H plane tee. It is clear from the sketch that an
auxiliary waveguide arm is fastened perpendicular to the narrow wall of a main guide,
thus it is a three port device in which axis of the auxiliary or side arm is parallel to the planes
of the magnic field of the main of the main guide and the coupling from the main guide to
the branch guide is by means of magnetic fields. Therefore, it is also known as H plane tee.

The perpendicular arm is generally taken as input and other two arms are in shunt to
the input and hence it is also called as shunt tee. Because of symmetry of the tee; equivalent
circuit of H plane, when power enters the auxiliary arm, and the two main arms 1 and 2 are
terminated in identical loads, the power supplied to each load is equal and in phase with one
another.

If two signals of equal amplitude and in same phase are fed into two main arms1
and 2, they will be added together in the side arm. Thus H plane tee is an `adder’.

E Plane Tee
Figure 2 and respectively show the sketch of the E plane tee. It is clear from the
sketch of the E plane tee that an auxiliary waveguide arm is fastened to the broader wall
of the main guide. Thus it is also a three port device in which the auxiliary arm axis in
parallel to the plane of the electric fields of the main guide, and the coupling from the main
guide to the auxiliary guide is by means of electric fields. Therefore, it is also known as E
plane tee. It is clear that it causes load connected to its branches to appear in series. So it is
often referred to as a series tee.

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Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62
As indicated in fig, the two main guide arms are symmetrical with respect to the auxiliary
guide arm. As such if power is fed from the auxiliary arm, it is equally distributed in the two
arms 1 and 2 when they are terminated in equal loads. However as depicted in the field
configuration, the power floeing out in arm 1 is 180 out of phase to the one in arm 2. As such
tis tee is known as `subtracter’ or `differencer’.

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Microwave and Antenna Lab 21EC62
E Plane, H Plane Tee Parameter
a) Isolation
The isolation of a T junction is the ratio of power supplied from a matched
generator to one of the arms, to the power coupled to a matched detector in any other
arm when the remaining arm is terminated in a matched load.

Isolation between port 1 and 2 is

I12 = 10 log10 P1 / P2 dB, I12 = 20 log10 (V1 / V2) dB,
And when matched load and detector are interchanged
I13 = 10 log10 P1 / P3 dB, I13 = 20 log10 (V1 / V3) dB,
Similarl
y I31 = 10 log10 P3 / P1 dB, I32 = 20 log10 (V3 / V2) dB,
And when matched load and detector are interchanged,
I33 = 10 log10 P3 / P2 dB, I32 = 20 log10 (V3 / V2) dB,

When arm 2 becomes the input, we will have other two values of isolation, I21 and
I23. Due to reciprocity Property, I21 will be the same as I12. Therefore, we shall
measure only the first four isolation coefficients.
b) Coupling coefficient

Corresponding to the values of isolation, we can

compute The coupling coefficient by the formula

C = 10-α / 20
Where α is the attenuation in db between the input and detector arm when the third arm
is terminated in a matched load. For example, the attenuation measured between arms 1
and 2 is 3 db when arm 3 terminated in matched load, that is, the coupling coefficient
between arms 1 and 2,

c) Input VSWR

-α / 20 -3 / 20
C12 = 10 = 10 = 0.708 db

They are three values of input VSWR associated with a tee, one for each arm. The VSWR of
any arm of a tee is the voltage standing wave ratio existing on a transmission line terminated
by that arm of the tee when the other two arm of the tee are terminated in matched loads.

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Advanced Communication Lab Manual 15ECL76

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Advanced Communication Lab Manual 15ECL76

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