Department of Botany

THE UNIVERSITY OF BURDWAN

M. Sc. SYLLABUS SEMESTER SYSTEM [CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM]

[w. e. f. 2020- ‘21]

Prepared by The Department of Botany

The University of Burdwan
Burdwan 713104

1
 Broad Structure of Syllabus under CBCS for the P.G.

Department of Botany, BU
Semester-I

Course Lect. Duration of Marks Credit

Course Type/ T/P Name Hour/Week the Exam I.A. E.T Total
code Cat. (in Hour)
MSBO101 Core T Microbiology 4T 2 10 40 50 4
MSBO102 Core T Phycology 4T 2 10 40 50 4
MSBO103 Core T Unit I: Mycology 4T 2 10 40 50 4
Unit II: Plant Pathology
MSBO104 Core T Unit I: Bryology 4T 2 10 40 50 4
Unit II: Pteridology
MSBO105 Core P Unit I: Microbiology 8P 4 10 40 50 4
Unit II: Phycology
MSBO106 Core P Unit I: Mycology & Plant 8P 4 10 40 50 4
Pathology
Unit II: Bryology &
Pteridology
Total Credit 24

Semester II

Course Lect. Duration of Marks Credit

Course Type/ T/P Name Hour/Week the Exam I.A. E.T Total
code Cat. (in Hour)
MSBO201 Core T Plant Physiology 4T 2 10 40 50 4

MSBO202 Core T Plant Biochemistry 4T 2 10 40 50 4

MSBO203 Core T Unit I: Taxonomy of 4T 2 10 40 50 4

Angiosperm
Unit II: Phytogeography
MSBO204 Core T Gymnosperm, 4T 2 10 40 50 4
Paleobotany & Palynology

MSBO205 Core P Unit I: Plant Physiology 8P 4 10 40 50 4

Unit II: Plant Biochemistry

MSBO206 Core P Unit I: Taxonomy of 8P 4 10 40 50 4

Angiosperm &
Phytogeography
Unit II: Gymnosperm,
Paleobotany & Palynology
Total Credit 24

2
Semester III

Course Lect. Duration of Marks Credi

Course Type/ T/P Name Hour/Week the Exam I.A. E.T Total t
code Cat. (in Hour)
MSBO301 Core T Ecology & Plant Anatomy 4T 2 10 40 50 4
MSBO302 Core T Pharmacognosy & 4T 2 10 40 50 4
Instrumentation
MSBO303 Core P Unit I: Ecology & Plant 8P 4 10 40 50 4
Anatomy
Unit II: Pharmacognosy &
Instrumentation
MSBO304 GE T Plant System and Function / 2T 2 05 20 25 2
Plant Diversity and Evolution
MSBO DE T 4P 4 10 40 50 4
305-1 1. Plant Physiology and
Biochemistry

305-2 2. Applied and Molecular

Mycology and Plant Pathology

305-3 3. Microbiology

305-4 4. Plant Genetics and

Biotechnology

305-5 5. Taxonomy of Angiosperms

and Biosystematics

305-6 6. Phycology

MSBO DE P 8P 4 10 40 50 4
306-1 1. Plant Physiology and
Biochemistry

306-2 2. Applied and Molecular

Mycology and Plant Pathology

306-3 3. Microbiology

306-4 4. Plant Genetics and

Biotechnology

306-5 5. Taxonomy of Angiosperms

and Biosystematics

306-6 6. Phycology

MSBO307 CE P Workshops on Awareness 05 20 25 2

campaign on preservation of
Biodiversity, agrobiodiversity,
medicinal plants etc.
Total Credit 24

3
Semester IV

Course Lect. Duration of Marks Credi

Course Type/C T/ Name Hour/Week the Exam I.A. E.T Total t
code at. P (in Hour)
MSBO401 Core T Genetics, Plant Breeding & 4T 2 10 40 50 4
Biostatistics
MSBO402 Core T Cell Biology & Bioinformatics 4T 2 10 40 50 4
MSBO403 Core P Unit I: Genetics, Plant Breeding 4T 2 10 40 50 4
(Floati & Biostatistics
ng) Unit II: Cell Biology &
Bioinformatics
MSBO DE T 4T 2 10 40 50 4
404-1 1. Plant Physiology and
Biochemistry

404-2 2. Applied and Molecular

Mycology and Plant Pathology

404-3 3. Microbiology

404-4 4. Plant Genetics and

Biotechnology

404-5 5. Taxonomy of Angiosperms

and Biosystematics

404-6 6. Phycology

MSBO DE P 4P 4 10 40 50 4
405-1 1. Plant Physiology and
Biochemistry

405-2 2. Applied and Molecular

Mycology and Plant Pathology

405-3 3. Microbiology

405-4 4. Plant Genetics and

Biotechnology

405-5 5. Taxonomy of Angiosperms

and Biosystematics

405-6 6. Phycology

MSBO406 Project P Based on DE 4P 10 40 50 4

/ Term
paper
Total Credit 24

4
 SEMESTER- I

CORE COURSE MSBO101: Microbiology (Theory) Credit – 4

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures
1. History of Microbiology and bacterial classification: - Early history and milestone 4T/W
discoveries in Microbiology.

2. Bacterial Taxonomy:- Brief idea about the modern approach of bacterial taxonomy.

3. Ultrastructure of prokaryotic cell:- Cell wall and cell membrane of bacteria and
archaea; Muerin biosynthesis; Mechanism of flageller movement and chemotaxis
Gliding movement.
4. Bacterial genetic material: – Structure and replication of bacterial chromosome;
Plasmid – structure type and properties, episome, plamid vector and their
applications; spontaneous and induced mutation of bacteria, Fluctuation test.

5. Bacterial growth and nutrition :- CFU, Growth curve, growth factor, growth
kinetics ; batch and continuous culture; synchronous culture , enrichment culture,
diauxic growth; Microbial growth control by disinfectant, antiseptic and
chemotherapeutic agents – a brief account of their types and mode of action. Brief
idea about Autotrophy, heterotrophy and Mixotrophy.

6. Genetic recombination in bacteria: – Molecular mechanism of Transformation,

Conjugation, Transduction, Gene mapping and Complementation test.

7. Gene regulation and metabolic inhibition in bacteria: - Operon concept; lac and
trp operon, arabinose operon; catabolic repression, attenuation and riboswitch;
allosteric control, types of feedback inhibition and isozyme.

8. Microbes in N2Cycle:-Nitrification, Denitrification, Ammonification; Mechanism

of biological N2 fixation; nitrogenase and alternative nitrogenase system; nif gene
structure and regulation.

9. Virus: - Organization and structure of Capsid, and viral genome.Lytic and lysogenic
cycle of bacteriophage ,molecular mechanism of regulation of lysogeny , induction
of lysogeny and significance of lysogeny; COVID19, genetic material,
epidemiology; Viroid and Prion.
10. Fundamentals of Immunology:- Innate and acquired immunity, T-cell, B-cell,
MHC, Cytokines, Antigen- types and characteristics; Structure and functions of
immunogloblins, Cell mediated and Humoral Immunity; Ag-Ab reactions and
Immunological techniques – RIA, ELISA .

11. Applied Microbiology: Application of microbes in agriculture (biofertilizer,

biocontroling agents), Industry (fermentation and Food), environment
(bioremediation) and medicine (sources of antibiotics)

5
Suggested readings:
Alexander, M. (1977).Introduction to Soil Microbiology .New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Atlas, R. M. (1984). Microbiology, Fundamentals and Applications. Macmillan.
Atlas, R. M. &Bartha, R. (1997).Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals and Applications, 4th
ed. Benjamin/ Cummings.
Black, J. G. (2001). Microbiology: Principles and Explorations, 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons,
New York.
Campbell, R. (1983). Microbial Ecology.2nd ed. Oxford, Blackwell.
Brocks et al Biology of Microorganisms
Davis, B. D., Dulbecco, R., Eisen, H.N. & Ginsberg, H.S. (1990).Microbiology, 4th ed.
Harper and Row.
Dimmock, N. J. & Primrose, S. B. (1994).Introduction to Modern Virology. 4th ed.
Blackwell Scientific Publications. London.
Holt, J.G., Krieg, N.R., Sneath, P.H.A. Staley, J.T. & Williams, S.T. Bergey’s Manual of
Determinative Bacteriology.Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Maloy, S. R., Cronan, E. J. &Freifelder, D. (1994).Microbial Genetics, 2nd ed. Jones and
Bartlett.
Pelczar, M. J., Reid, R. D. & Chan, E. C. (1993).Microbiology, 5th ed. Macmillan. London.
Pinehuk, G. (2003). Schaum’s outline Series: Theory and Problems of Immunology.
McGrawHill.
Presscott, L. M., Harley, J. P. & Klein, D. A. (1999).Microbiology, 4th ed. McGrawHill, New
York.
Schlegel, H. G. (1993). General Microbiology .7th ed. Cambridge University Press.
Slonczeweski, J.L. & Foster, J.W. (2009).Microbiology- An Evolving Science.Norton.
Stanier, R. Y., Adelberg, E. A. & Ingraham, J. L. (1986).General Microbiology.5th ed.
Macmillan.
Talaro, K. &Talaro, A. (1999).Foundations in Microbiology 3rd ed. Dubuque, McGraw Hill.
Tortora, G. J., Funke, B. R., & Case. C. L. (1999). Microbiology.An Introduction. 6th ed.
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing. Menlo Park Calif.
Voyleys, B. A. (2002). The biology of viruses, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill.
Abbas, A. K., Lichtman, A. H. &Pillai, S. (2006). Cellular and molecular Immunology.6th
ed. Saunders.
Abbas, A. K. &Lichtman, A. H. (2006).Basic Immunology.2nd ed. Elsevier.
Chakraborty, A. K. (2003). Immunology II.2nd ed. N. L. Publishers Siliguri.
Coico R, Sunshine, G., Benjamini, E. (2003). Immunology: A short Course. 5th ed. Wiley-
Liss: New Jersey.
English, L. S. (1994). Technological Applications of Immunochemicals (BIOTOL).
Butterworth- Heinemann, Oxford Freeman & Co.
Goldsby, R. A., Kindt, T. J., Kuby, J. & Osborne, B. A. (2003).Immunology.5th ed. W. H.
Freeman & Co.
Khan F. H. (2009) The Elements of Immunology. Pearson.
Kindt, T., Goldsby, R. Osborne, B. (2007).Kuby Immunology.6th ed. W.H. Freeman & Co.
Male, D., Brostaff, J., Roth, D. &Roitt, I. (2006).Immunology.7th ed. Mosby.
Rao, C. V. (2002). Immunology.Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
Roitt, I. M. & Delves, P. J. (2001). Roitt’s Essential Immunology. 10th ed. Blackwell
Science.Ltd.

6
 SEMESTER- I

CORE COURSE MSBO102: Phycology (Theory) Credit – 4

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures
1. Modern criteria of algal classification with special emphasis on chloroplast 4T/W
ultrastructure, flagella, molecular data and pigments.

2. Endosymbiosis and its significance in algae.

3. Cyanophyta: General features & ecology; genetic recombination; heterocyst

structure and function; affinities, economic aspects.

4. Rhodophyta: General features; specialities in sexual reproduction and post-

fertilization changes, economic aspects.

5. Chlorophyta: Characteristic features of different classes highlighting distinctive

features of different orders; evolutionary trends in light of modern findings; origin of
land plants from algae.

6.
Photosynthetic Stramenopiles: distinctive features
a) Diatoms: Features and ecology, applications in forensic science.
b) Xanthophyceans: General features, parallelism with green algae &
affinities.
c) Phaeophyceans: General features & ecology; lifecycle patterns,
economic aspects.

7. Algal biotechnology: aquaculture, bioremediation, biodiesel, bioethanol and

hydrogenproduction by algae, carbon sequestration by algae, algae as
health food; Industrial use of algae, photobioreactors and raceway ponds,
modern trends.

Suggested Books for Phycology

1. Phycology by Robert Edward Lee, 5th Edition

2. Algae by James E. Graham , Linda E. Graham, Lee W. Wilcox , M.E. Cook, 3rd Edition
3. Freshwater Algae: Identification, Enumeration and Use as Bioindicators by Edward G. Bellinger,
David C. Sigee, 2nd Edition
4. Algae: Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology, By Laura Barsanti, Paolo Gualtieri, 2nd
Edition.
5. The Algae World, by Dinabandhu Sahoo and Joseph Seckbach.
6. A beginner's guide to freshwater algae, by Hilary Belcher , Erica Swale.

7
 7. Freshwater Algae of North America, by John Wehr Robert Sheath, J. Patrick Kociolek, 2nd
Edition.

SEMESTER- I

CORE COURSE MSBO103: Mycology and Plant Pathology (Theory) Credit – 4

Unit-I (Mycology)

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures
1. Position of fungi in modern systematic: Modern approaches towards classification 4T/W
of fungi. Classification of the kingdom Mycota beyond G. C. Ainsworth (1973)
system; Phylogeny and evolution of fungi. Mechanisms behind the spore dispersal
in different groups of fungi like, Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes.
Deuteromycotina: A general account of the asexual fruitbodies and sporulating
structures of the members, classification of this group with special reference to
conidial ontogeny.

2. Life cycle patterns: Basic pattern of sexuality, sexual mechanisms and their
correlations in different groups of fungi. Parasexual cycle and its significance.
Hormonal regulation of sexes in lower groups of fungi and sexual differentiation.

3. Ultra-structural features of fungal cell structures- Fungal cytology and

genetics: Fungal cell wall and its biochemical composition and classification of
fungi on the basis of cell wall composition. Fungal Nucleus and its division.

4. Fungal symbionts: Mycorhizae-basic concept, types and their applications.

Lichen-Phycobiont and mycobiont, histology, biology and physiology of lichen
thallus, economic importance of lichen.

5. Beneficial uses of fungi: Fungi producing medicines, alcohol and organic acids;
Industrial production of Ethyl alcohol and Penicillin.
Cultivation of edible mushroom (Oyster mushroom and Button mushrooms);
nutritional and medicinal properties of mushrooms.
6. Fungi as Human and Animal parasites: Mycoses of vertebrates- types, symptoms
and clinical measures; insect fungus association.

Unit-II (Plant Pathology)

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures
1. Plant diseases: Basic concept and Classification of plant diseases. Pathogenesis- 4T/W
Contact, entry and penetration, establishment of the plant pathogens inside the host
plant. Plant pathogens in offence: enzymes and toxins.

2. Host plants in defense: Plant defense responses- structural and biochemical defense
and host plant’s resistance- horizontal and vertical resistance- basic concept.

8
 3. Plant disease epidemiology: Factors responsible for development of plant disease
epidemic; Disease forecasting and Remote Sensing; Computer simulation technique.

4. Strategies of plant disease management: Cultural, Chemical, Biological and

Integrated Management of Plant Diseases; Modern approaches of Biocontrol for
insect pest management. Biopesticides and their applications in management of plant
diseases.
5. Seed deterioration: Factors responsible for seed deterioration, effect of fungal
deterioration of seeds and grains.
6. Mycotoxins- production with special reference to aflatoxins– effects of mycotoxin
contaminations in food and feed. Control of seed deterioration.

7. Study of plant diseases: Symptoms, etiology, disease cycles and control measures
of some important diseases of the following crops:
Rice, Wheat, Potato, Sugarcane and Tea.

Suggested Readings:
1. Introduction to Fungi- John Webster and Roland W.S. Weber
2.Introductory Mycology -Alexopoulos C.J., C.W. Mims and M. Blackwell
3.TheMycota- Esser, K. andBennet J. W. (Eds.)
4.An Introduction to Mycology - Mehrotra, R.S. and Aneja, K.R.
5.Fundamentals of Mycology -Burnett, J. H.
6.Chemical fungal taxonomy -Frisvad, J.C. Bridge, P.D. and Arora, D.K.
7.The Filamentous Fungi - Smith, J.E.
8.Fungal Nutrition and Physiology - Garraway, M. O. and Evans, R. C.
9.Mushroom Biology - Miles, P.G. and Chang, S.T.
10.Mycorrhizae- Verma - A. and Hock, B.
11.Ectomycorrhizal Fungi - Cairney, J.W.G. and Chambers, S.M.
12.Industrial mycology -Berry, R.
13.Plant Pathology - Agrios, G.N.
14.Plant Pathology -Mehrotra, R.S.
15.Annual Review of Phytopathology - APS Press
16.Biotechnology in Plant Disease Control- Cheet,I.
17.Postinfectional defense mechanisms - Mahadevan, A.
18.Pathogenesis and host specificity in plant diseases. Vol. III.- Rudra P. Singh, Uma S. Singh
19.The nature of disease in plants - Scheffer, R.P.
20.Principles of Plant Pathology - Tarr, S.A.J .

9
 SEMESTER- I

CORE COURSE MSBO104: Bryology and Pteridology (Theory) Credit – 4

Unit-I (Bryology) Credit – 2

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures
1. Introduction: Diversity in forms, habitats, economic importance and ecological 4T/W
values.

2. Classification of Bryophytes – traditional and modern systems.

3.
Idea about different classes and orders of Bryophytes

4. Origin & evolution of Byrophytes: Basic ideas

5. Peristome characteristics and their importance

6. Indicator Bryophytes

Unit-II ( Pteridology) Credit – 2

Sl. no. Chapter No. of
lectures
1. Introduction about pteridophytes. 4T/W

2. A general account and outline of recent system of classification of Pteridophytes

(upto order level).

3. Comparative studies on the vegetative and reproductive organographies,

evolutionary tendencies and affinities of the members belonging to different groups
of Zosterophyllopsida, Trimerophytopsida, Lycopsida (Drepanophycales,
Protolepidodendrales, Lycopodiales, Selaginellales, Lepidodendrales and Isoetales)
and Sphenopsida (Hyeniales, Sphenophyllales, Calamitales and Equisetales).
4. A comparative study of the members belonging to the following taxonomic groups
and evolutionary tendencies and affinities: (a) Coenopteridales, (b) Marattiales, (c)
Ophioglossales, (d) Filicales (Schizaeaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Cyatheaceae,
Polypodiaceae), (e) Salviniales, (f) Marsileales.
5. Stelar concept, types and evolution
6. Soral evolution in ferns
7. Spores: Types, germination pattern, gametophyte development and types.
8. Mating systems in ferns, control of sexuality in homosporouspteridophytes by
Antheridogen activity, Apogamy and Apospory, polyploidy.

10
 SEMESTER- I

CORE COURSE MSBO105: Microbiology and Phycology (Practical) Credit – 4

Unit-I (Microbiology)

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures
1. Aseptic method:- Autoclave, hot air oven, Incubator, bacterial filter and Laminar air 8P/W
flow.
2. Preparation and sterilization of culture media :- Idea about different kinds of
bacterial media, preparation of media, slants, stabs and pouring of plates.

3. Methods of isolation of pure culture by streak plate and pour plate method.
4. Morphological characteristics of bacteria and microscopic examination of stained
cell preparation - Simple staining,Gram staining, Endospore staining.

5. 5. Direct examination of root nodule bacteria in microscope and isolation of

Rhizobium from root nodule.

6. Measurement of bacterial growth by turbidimetry and by direct cell count by

Haemocytometer method.

7. Isolation and enumeration of microorganisms from natural samples (soil and water)
by agar plate technique.

8. Physio-biochemical test for identification of bacteria:- a) Catalase b) Protease, c)

Amylase e) Indole production

9. Determination of antibiotic sensitivity of some bacteria by disc diffusion method.

10. Demonstration of the following experiments:- a) Replica plating technique for

isolation of auxotrophic mutants. b) Isolation of pure culture from streak plate
method c) Agarose gel electrophoresis, d) SDS-PAGE, e) Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer ..

11. Blood grouping by Ag-Ab reaction (Kit based method).

Suggested readings:
Alexander, M. (1977).Introduction to Soil Microbiology .New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Atlas, R. M. (1984). Microbiology, Fundamentals and Applications. Macmillan.
Atlas, R. M. &Bartha, R. (1997).Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals and Applications, 4th
ed. Benjamin/ Cummings.
Black, J. G. (2001). Microbiology: Principles and Explorations, 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons,
New York.
Campbell, R. (1983). Microbial Ecology.2nd ed. Oxford, Blackwell.
Brocks et al Biology of Microorganisms
Davis, B. D., Dulbecco, R., Eisen, H.N. & Ginsberg, H.S. (1990).Microbiology, 4th ed.
Harper and Row.
Dimmock, N. J. & Primrose, S. B. (1994).Introduction to Modern Virology. 4th ed.
11
Blackwell Scientific Publications. London.
Holt, J.G., Krieg, N.R., Sneath, P.H.A. Staley, J.T. & Williams, S.T. Bergey’s Manual of
Determinative Bacteriology.Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Maloy, S. R., Cronan, E. J. &Freifelder, D. (1994).Microbial Genetics, 2nd ed. Jones and
Bartlett.
Pelczar, M. J., Reid, R. D. & Chan, E. C. (1993).Microbiology, 5th ed. Macmillan. London.
Pinehuk, G. (2003). Schaum’s outline Series: Theory and Problems of Immunology.
McGrawHill.
Presscott, L. M., Harley, J. P. & Klein, D. A. (1999).Microbiology, 4th ed. McGrawHill, New
York.
Schlegel, H. G. (1993). General Microbiology .7th ed. Cambridge University Press.
Slonczeweski, J.L. & Foster, J.W. (2009).Microbiology- An Evolving Science.Norton.
Stanier, R. Y., Adelberg, E. A. & Ingraham, J. L. (1986).General Microbiology. 5th ed.
Macmillan.
Talaro, K. &Talaro, A. (1999).Foundations in Microbiology 3rd ed. Dubuque, McGraw Hill.
Tortora, G. J., Funke, B. R., & Case. C. L. (1999). Microbiology.An Introduction. 6th ed.
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing. Menlo Park Calif.
Voyleys, B. A. (2002). The biology of viruses, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill.
Abbas, A. K., Lichtman, A. H. &Pillai, S. (2006). Cellular and molecular Immunology.6th
ed. Saunders.
Abbas, A. K. &Lichtman, A. H. (2006).Basic Immunology.2nd ed. Elsevier.
Chakraborty, A. K. (2003). Immunology II.2nd ed. N. L. Publishers Siliguri.
Coico R, Sunshine, G., Benjamini, E. (2003). Immunology: A short Course. 5th ed. Wiley-
Liss: New Jersey.
English, L. S. (1994). Technological Applications of Immunochemicals (BIOTOL).
Butterworth- Heinemann, Oxford Freeman & Co.
Goldsby, R. A., Kindt, T. J., Kuby, J. & Osborne, B. A. (2003).Immunology.5th ed. W. H.
Freeman & Co.
Khan F. H. (2009) The Elements of Immunology. Pearson.
Kindt, T., Goldsby, R. Osborne, B. (2007).Kuby Immunology. 6th ed. W.H. Freeman & Co.
Male, D., Brostaff, J., Roth, D. &Roitt, I. (2006).Immunology.7th ed. Mosby.
Rao, C. V. (2002). Immunology.Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
Roitt, I. M. & Delves, P. J. (2001). Roitt’s Essential Immunology. 10th ed. Blackwell
Science.Ltd.

Unit-II (Phycology)

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1. Collection & identification of local algae of West Bengal. 8P/W

2. Study of common phytoplankton and its method of collection.

3. Study of representative marine algae.

12
 SEMESTER- I

CORE COURSE MSBO106: Mycology& Plant Pathology, Bryology &Pteridology(Practical) Credit – 4

Unit-I (Mycology and Plant Pathology)

Sl. no. Chapter No. of
lectures

1. Methods of sterilization: Autoclave, hot air oven, incubator, laminar air flow; 8P/W
principles and methods of sterilization – demonstrations and operations.

2. Preparation of fungal culture media; Basic idea about different types of fungal
culture media, media preparation and preparation of slants, stabs and petri-plates.

3. Demonstration on sub culturing-- fungal and bacterial sub culture techniques.

4. Isolation of fungal and bacterial pathogens- Isolation of fungi and bacteria from
soil and water samples and establishment of pure culture by dilution plate and streak
plate technique. Isolation of fungal and bacterial pathogens from diseased plant
tissue, demonstration on Koch’s postulates.

5. Study of fungal tissue organisation and histopathology of some common

diseases- Study of fungal tissue organisation and different spore forms. Study of the
symptomology, histopathology and identification of some common plant diseases
caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses.

6. Study of the vegetative and reproductive structures of some common fungi of

the following groups and their identification upto genus level –
a) Phycomycetes b) Ascomycetes c) Basidiomycetes and
d) Deuteromycetes.

[Students are required to submit field and laboratory records, preserved and
dried specimens and permanent slides]

13
 Unit-II (Bryology)

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1. Methods of collection and preservation of Bryophytes 8P/W

2. Identification of unknown bryological specimen up to genus level using a suitable

artificial key.

3. Methods of preparation of permanent slides.

[Students are required to submit field and laboratory records, preserved, dried
specimens and permanent slides].

Unit-II ( Pteridology)

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1. Anatomical, morphological and palynological studies of some members of 8P/W

Pteridophytes occurring in West Bengal, Identification up to the genus.
2. Study of some fossils (slide and megafossils).
3. Field work including submission of field and laboratory records.

14
 SEMESTER- II

CORE COURSE MSBO201: Plant Physiology (Theory) Credit – 4

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures
1. Hormone physiology: General concept of phytohormones and plant growth 4T/W
regulators; Phytohormone families and members of each family; growth promoting
and retarding chemicals; general mode of phytohormone action; hormone binding
proteins; second messengers; gene activation; examples of target cells for hormone
action; Modern techniques for hormone assay.
2. Physiology of Auxins: Chemistry, mode of action, auxin mutants and signaling.

3. Gibberellins: Chemistry, mode of action, mutants and signaling.

4. Physiology of Cytokinins: Chemistry, mode of action, mutants and signaling.
5. Physiology of Abscisic acid: Chemistry, mode of action, ABA mutants and
signaling.
6. Physiology of Ethylene: Chemistry, mode of action, mutants and signaling.
7. Photophysiology: Photosynthesis - Light harvesting complexes & mechanisms of
electron transport; CO2 fixation-C3, C4 and CAM pathways, their energitics and
significance. C2 pathway- Compartmentalized reactions, regulation, energetics and
significance. Photosensory mechanisms: Basic concept.
8. Solute transport and photoassimilates translocation: uptake, transport and
translocation of water, ions, solutes and macromolecules, mechanisms of loading
and unloading of photoassimilates.
9. Seed Biology: Dormancy - Types, control mechanism, chemical and physical
manipulative methods of breaking seed dormancy; biological significance of
dormancy. Seed aging.
10. Flowering Biology: Photoperiodic control, hormonal regulation; nature of floral
stimulus; experimental evidence to prove the mobile nature of floral stimulus, gene-
induced regulation floral development, ABC model, second messengers and
flowering.
11. Senescence Biology: Types of senescence, biochemical indices of senescence,
biochemical changes occurring during leaf senescence, senescence regulatory genes,
Regulation of Senescence.
12. Stress Physiology: Basic concepts of plant responses to abiotic and biotic stress.
Tolerance mechanisms, Concept of Oxidative stress, Genes in stress tolerance.

Reference Books for CORE COURSE MSBO201: Plant Physiology (Theory)

1.Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants Buchannan B, Gruiseem W, Jones R, ASPP, Maryland; First
Edition 2.
2. Plant Biochemistry Hans-Walter Heldt; New Edition
3.Plant Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyLea PJ, Leegood RC; New Edition 1999John Wiley & Sons
4.Plant PhysiologyTaiz L and Zeiger E; New Edition , Sinauer Associates, INC
Massachusetts, USA
5. Plant Biochemistry by P.M. Dey& J. B. Haroborne, Indian Edition, Academic Press
6. Natural Products from Plants (2006)by Leland J. Cseke, CRC

15
 SEMESTER- II
CORE COURSE MSBO202: Plant Biochemistry (Theory) Credit – 4

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1. Principles of biophysical chemistry (pH, buffer, reaction kinetics, general concept of 4T/W
thermodynamics, colligative properties).
2. Carbohydrate metabolism: Glycolysis & TCA cycle and their control mechanisms;
Oxidative Phosphorylation; Pentose phosphate pathway and its control and
significance; biological energy transducers. Gluconeogenesis and Glyoxalate cycle
and their control and significance.
3. Lipid metabolism: biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids.
4. Proteinschemistry: Amino acids and peptide bonds, determination of amino acid
sequence in a polypeptide; Conformation of proteins (Ramachandran plot, secondary
structure, domains, motif and folds) Post translational modification of protein,
chaperone and protein folding, protein targeting.
5. Nucleic acids: Conformation of helix (A, B, Z), t-RNA, micro-RNA). Stability of
proteins and nucleic acids.
6. Enzyme kinetics: Deduction of Michaelis-Menten equation, Lineweaver-Burk plot;
enzyme inhibition, isozymes, allosteric enzymes, ribozymes and abzymes.
7. Secondary metabolites and chemical defense: Plant natural products (secondary
metabolites), their range and eco-physiological functions.
8. Overview, second messengers, receptors and G-proteins, phospholipid signaling, role
of cyclic nucleotides, calcium-calmodulin cascade, diversity in protein kinases and
phosphatases, specific signaling mechanisms and their regulation.
9. Biochemical genetics: Chemistry of nucleic acids, genetic methods, Analysis of RNA,
DNA and proteins by one and two dimensional gel electrophoresis, Isoelectric
focusing gels. Protein sequencing methods, detection of post translation modification
of proteins.DNA sequencing methods, strategies for genome sequencing, gene
therapy.

Reference Books for CORE COURSE MSBO202: Plant Biochemistry(Theory)

1.Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants Buchannan B, Gruiseem W, Jones R, ASPP, Maryland; First
Edition 2.
2. Plant Biochemistry Hans-Walter Heldt; New Edition
3.Plant Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyLea PJ, Leegood RC; New Edition 1999John Wiley & Sons
4.Plant PhysiologyTaiz L and Zeiger E; Fourth Edition, Sinauer Associates, INC 5, Massachusetts, USA
5. Plant Biochemistry by P.M. Dey& J. B. Haroborne, Indian Edition, Academic Press
6. Natural Products from Plants (2006) by Leland J. Cseke, CRC

16
 SEMESTER- II
CORE COURSE MSBO 203: Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Phytogeography (Theory)
Credit – 4
Unit-I Taxonomy of Angiosperms ( Credit-3 )
Unit-II Phytogeography ( Credit-1 )

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

Unit- I Taxonomy of Angiosperms lectures
1. Principles and practices in plant taxonomy, systematic and biosystematics: concepts, 4T/W
components and importance; brief history of Taxonomy(Theophrastus to
recent);character concept; evolution of system of classifications (herbalists, artificial
system, natural system, phylogenetic system, phenetic concept, cladistic concept);
concepts, categories, methods and limitation of biosystematics.
2. Plant nomenclature: History; pre-Linnean concept; Linnean concept; de Candolle
rules; Kew Rule; Paris code to Shenzhen code; Important dates of ICN; Principles of
Botanical Code; Rules & Recommendations- Rank of taxa, Author citation, Effective
and Valid publication, Type concepts, Rejection of names, Conservation of names,
Orthography and Gender of name; Important terminologies.
3. Species concept and speciation: different species concepts- Biological Species
Concept (BSC), Evolutionary Species Concept (ESC), Morphological Species
Concept (MSC), Phylogenetic Species Concept (PSC), Recognition Species Concept
(RSC), Successional Species Concept (SSC), Taxonomic Species Concept (TSC) etc.;
speciation- variation and source of variation in plant population, reproductive
isolation barriers, speciation types- allopatric, sympatric, parapatric and geneic view
of speciation.
4. Taxonomic literature and e-taxonomy- flora, monograph, revision, manual, journal &
periodicals, bibliography, icon or illustrated book, dictionaries, indices, catalogues,
identification keys, Index Herbriorum; e-flora, e-catalogue, e-index, GBIF, BHL,
WCSP, POWO, Jstor-Global Plants, virtual herbaria and other web resources of
taxonomy.
5. Phenetics & cladistics- principles & methods.
6. APG classification: principles &salient features; major angiosperm clades- ANA
grade, Magnoliids, Commelinids, Monocots, Eudicots, Core-eudicots, Rosid I /
Fabids, Rosid II / Malvids, Asterids / Lamiids, Asterid I / Campanulids, Asterid II /
Campanulids, interrelationships among the clades, apomorphies of the major clades.
7. Plant identification: methods of plant identification, traditional versus modern
approach.
8. Biodiversity and Conservation:components, levels, values of biodiversity; types of
conservation; concept ofhotspots and hottest hotspots, role in conservation.

9. Evolution of flowering plants: Floral diversification- reproductive innovations

&radiation (floral phyllotaxy, floral symmetry, floral merism, perianth, androecium,
gynoecium, ovule, fruit, seed, pollination syndromes), evolution and diversification of
major angiosperm groups; parallel and convergent evolution (parasitism, carnivory,
halophytes).
Unit-II Phytogeography
10. Concept of plant biogeography: Endemism- causes, types, levels, endemism in
relation to chromosome number, endemism in India; Plant migration as a process-
concept of ‘front’ and ‘jump’, long distance migration, basic components of plant
17
 migration- Fecundity, dispersal, establishment and growth to reproductive maturity;
Disjunction and Vicariance.
11. Major phytochoria of the world and India: basic principles, four ‘realms’
classification, A.Takhtajan’s (1986) six kingdom classification, levels of
Takhtajan’sphytochoria, levels of endemicity in Takhtajan’s kingdom, Indian
phytochoria.

Suggested readings for Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Phytogeography

1. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for
the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society 181: 1-20.
2. Armen Takhtajan (1991) Evolutionary Trends in Flowering Plants-Columbia University Press.
3. Briggs David 2009. Plant microevolution and Conservation in Human-influenced Ecosystems.Cambridge
University Press.
4. Cronquist, A. 1981 .An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants Columbia University
Press, New York.
5. Cronquist, A. 1988. The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants (2nded.) Allen Press, U.S.A.
6. Davis, P. H. and V. H. Heywood 1991. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy. Today and Tomorrow
Publications, New Delhi.
7. Devis, P.H. and Heywood, V. H. 1973.Principles of angiosperms taxonomy. Robert E. Kreiger Pub. Co.
Newyork.
8. Grant W. F. 1984. Plant Biosystematics.Academic press, London.
9. Heywood, V. H. and Moore, D. M. 1984. Current concepts in Plant Taxonomy. Academic Press, London.
10. Hislop-Harisson, J. 1967.Plant Taxonomy.English Language Book Sco.And Edward Arnold Pub.Ltd, UK.
11. Jones, S. B., Jr.and Luchsinger, A. E. 1986. Plant Systematics (gd edition). McGraw -Hill Book Co., New
York.
12. Judd W. S., Campbell, C. S., Kellogg, E. A., Stevens P. F. and M. J. Donoghue 2008. Plant Systematics: A
phylogenetic Approach.Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
13. Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S, Kellogg, E.A., Stevens, P.A. and Donoghue, M.J. 2016. Plant Systematics: A
Phylogenetic Approach. Sinauer Associaes, Inc., Massachusetts.
14. Lawrence George H. M. 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants.Oxford and IBH Publ. Co. Pvt. Ltd. New
Delhi.
15. Leadlay E. and S. Jury (ed.) 2006. Taxonomy and Plant conservation.Cambridge University Press.
16. Manilal, K. S. and M. S. Muktesh Kumar [ed.] 1998. A Handbook of Taxonomic Training. DST, New
Delhi.
17. Nordentam, B., El Gazaly, G. and kassas, M. 2000.Plant systematic for 21st century.Portland press.Ltd,
London.
18. Pamela S. Soltis et al. (2005) Phylogeny & Evolution of Angiosperms, Sinauer Associates.
19. Quicke, Donald, L. J. 1993. Principles and Techniques of Contemporary Taxonomy.Blakie Academic &
Professional, London
20. Radford, A. E. 1986. Fundamentals of plant systematic. Harper and Raw publication, USA.
21. Simpson M. G. 2006. Plant systematics (Second Edition) Elsevier.
22. Simpson, M.G. 2010. Plant Systematics. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
23. Stuessy TF 2009. Plant Taxonomy: The systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data. Columbia University
Press, New York.
24. Stuessy, T.F., Crawford, D.J., Soltis, D.E. and Soltis, P.S. 2014. Plant Systematics: The origin,
interpretation, and ordering, of plant biodiversity. Koeltz Scientific Books, Konigstein, Germany.
18
25. Takhtajan, A. L. 1997. Diversity and classification of Flowering Plants. Columbia University Press, New
York.
26. Woodland, D. W. 1991. Contemporary Plant Syatematics, Pentice Hall, New Jersery.
27. Hennig, W. 1966. Phylogenetic Systematics. Urbana: Univ. Illinois Press (an English translation of a book
published earlier in German).
&
On line Journals available on UGC website

SEMESTER- II
CORE COURSE MSBO 204: Gymnosperm, Paleobotany, Playnology (Theory)Credit: 4
(Gymnosperm)
Credit: 2
Sl. no. Chapter No. of
lectures
1. Introduction to gymnosperms: general features of gymnosperms; economic 4T/W
importance of gymnosperms; general idea of endangered and endemic taxa of
gymnosperms.

2. Origin of seed-habit: Origin and evolution of nucellus and integument; switchover

from zooidogamy to siphonogamy - hydrasperman reproduction, prepollen and
evolution of typical gymnospermous pollen grains.

3. Progymnospermopsida: Geologic distribution, characteristic features, range of

vegetative morphology and reproductive structures and classification; evolutionary
significance.

4. Classification of gymnosperms: Andrew (1961), Sporne (1974), Steward (1983),

Gifford & Foster (1989), Bhatnagar&Moitra (1996), Linear Sequence of Extant
Gymnosperm.

5. Biogeography, distribution and phylogeny of Extant Gymnosperm: disjunctive

distribution in two hemisphere- Northern hemisphere &Southern hemisphere; major
clades of gymnosperm and their interrelationship, Anthophyte hypothesis, Gnetales-
other seed plant hypothesis,Gnetiferhypotheis,Gnepine hypothesis, Gnecup
hypothesis.

6. Development of female gametophytes among extant gymnosperms.

(Palaeobotany)
Credit: 1
Sl. no. Chapter No. of
lectures
1. Fossil: Definition, types and mode of preservation. Principals of correlation and 4T/W
stratigraphy; dating of rocks; outline of Standard Geologic Time Scale.
2. Chemical evolution and origin of life; early life forms as known from Precambrians;
origin of eukaryotes.
3. Basic concepts of continental drift and plate tectonics; importance of fossil plants in
palaeoecological studies.
19
 Suggested Readings for Gymnosperms and Palaeobotany

1. Stewart, W.N. and Rothwell G.W. (1993), Palaeobotany and the Evolution of Plants, Cambridge University
Press.
2. Foster A.S. & Gifford F.M. (1967): Comparative morphology of vascular plants, FreemanPublishers, San
Fransisco.
3. Eames, A.J.(1974): Morphology of Vascular Plants-lower groups, Tata Mc-Graw Hill publishing Co., New Delhi.
4. Arnold, C.A. (1947): Introduction to Palaeobotany, Mc-Graw Hill Book Co. Inc., New York and London.
5. Kubitzki K. ( 1990), The families and genera of vascular plants Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms, Springer
Verlag, New York
6. Agashe, S.N. (1995), Palaeobotany, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
7. Biswas, C & Johri, B.N. (2004), The Gymnosperms, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
8. Coulter J.M. & Chamberlain C.J.(1978): Morphology of Gymnosperms, Central Book Depot, Allahabad.
9. Kakkar, R.K.and Kakkar, B.R. (1995), The Gymnosperms (Fossils & Living), Central Publishing House,
Allahabad.
10. Sharma O.P. (2002) Gymnosperms, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut.
11. Siddiqui, K.A. (2002) Elements of Palaeobotany, Kitab Mahal, Allahabad.
12. Bhatnagar, S.P. and Moitra A. (1996), Gymnosperms, New Age International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
13. Singh, H. (1978), Embryology of Gymnosperms, Encyclopedia of Plant Anatomy X, Gebryder, Bortragear,
Berlin.
14. Pant, D.D. (2003): Cycas and allied Cycadophytes, BSIP, Publications.
15. Bierhorst D.W. (1971): Morphology of vascular plants McMillan, New York.
16. Thomas, B.A. & Spicer R.A. (1987): The Evolution and Palaeobiology of land plants. Discordies Press, Fortland,
USA.
17. Spicer, R.A. & Thomas, B.A. (1986) Systematic and taxonomic approaches in Palaeobotany. Systematic
Association Special Volume.
18. Chamberlain C.J. (1986); Gymnosperms, structure and Evolution, CBS publishers anddistributors, New Delhi.
19. On line Journals available on UGC –VSAT

(Palynology)
Credit: 1
Sl. no. Chapter No. of
lectures
1. Spore-pollen morphology: polarity, symmetry, shape, size, aperture patterns, NPC 4T/W
system for numerical expression of apertural details; exine stratification, surface
structure and sculptures of sporoderms; LO analysis;sporopollenin- chemical nature,
biological significance; development of pollen wall-Ubisch body;viscin threads,
pollen kitt.
2. Pollen dispersal units, concept of anthesis, pollination modes, floral construction,
pollination syndromes with special reference to melittophilous, miophilous,
sapromyophilous, lepidophilous flowers.
3. Application of palynology& paleopalynology: forensic palynology, aeropalynology
with reference to allergy; Melissopalynology; exploration of fossil fuel.

Suggested Readings for Palynology

1. Fageri, K and J Inversen, 1964: Text book of pollen analysis.

2. Nair, P K K1964 : Advances in Palynology.
3. Nair, P K K1966 : Essentials of Palynology.
4. Heslop-Harrison, Y. 1971: Pollen development and physiology.
20
 5. Gregory, P H, 1973: Microbiology of atmosphere.
6. Erdtman, G.1988 : Pollen morphology and plant taxonomy.
7. Tilak, S T. 1989 : Airborne pollen and fungal spores.
8. Shivanna K R and N S Rangaswami 1992 : Pollen Biology, A Laboratory manual.
9. Bhattacharya, K., M R Majumdar and S G Bhattacharya 2006: A Text book of Palynology.

SEMESTER- II
CORE COURSE MSBO205: Plant Physiology & Biochemistry (Practical) Credit 4
Unit – I: Plant Physiology

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures
1. Determination of chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocynanins from normal and stressed 8P/W
plants
2. Effect of high temperature stress on membrane deterioration of plants.

3. Effect of drought stress on Root metabolic activity of seedling

4. Determinationof water potential of plant samples by Chardakov’s method.
5. Isolation of chloroplast and Study of photolysis of water by Hill reaction.

6. Demonstration of cytokinin-induced deferral of senescence by chlorophyll retention

test in leaves of different chronological ages.

7. Assessment of viability status of aged and fresh seed lots by standard physiological
test.

Unit – II : Plant Biochemistry

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures
1. Assay and compare activity of an antioxidant enzyme (catalase) from drought 8P/W
stressed and untreated control supplied experimental seedling
2. Assay and compare activity of a hydrolytic enzyme (protease)from from drought
stressed and untreated control experimental seedling
3. Estimate Reducing sugar, amino acids, Protein, phenolics present in supplied
unknown solutions by Spectrophotometric methods
4. Purify and quantify proteins present in a supplied plant tissue.

5. Demonstration of Biochemistry tools: Different Centrifuges, Spectrophotometry,

Chromatography (Paper & Thin layer), 1D SDS-PAGE (Demonstration), 2 DE, RT-
PCR, GC-MS .

21
 SEMESTER- II
CORE COURSE MSBO 206: Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Phytogeography, Gymnosperm,
Palaeobotany and Palynology (Practical)
Credit: 4
Unit- I: Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Phytogeography (Practical)
Credit: 2
Sl. no. Chapter No. of
lectures
1. Application of taxonomic methods for identification of locally available Species 8P/W
according theory syllabus: Workout, descriptions, illustration (drawing with analysis),
photography (plate to be prepared) and identification of the members of the following
angiosperm taxonomic groups:
MONOCOTS (Poaceae, Cyperaceae); COMMELINIDS (Commelinaceae);
EUDICOTS (Menispermaceae, Ranunculaceae, Nelumbonaceae); CORE
EUDICOTS(Nyctaginaceae, Portulacaceae, Polygonaceae, Loranthaceae, Santalaceae);
ROSIDS (Vitaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Oxalidaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rhizophoraceae,
Passifloraceae, Polygalaceae); ASTERIDS (Lamiaceae, Rubiaceae, Apiaceae,
Asteraceae) and other locally available plants according to theory syllabus.
2. Acquaintance with different types of Taxonomic Literature–Flora, Manual, Monograph,
Glossary, Index, Dictionary, Keys and Periodicals etc.
3. Acquaintance with different types of e-taxonomic resources- e-Flora, e-Catalogue, e-
Index, BHL, Jstor Global Plant.
4. Study of inter- and infra- specific variation of locally available taxa. Determination of
polarity of character states according to evolutionary concepts.
5. Preparation of Artificial keys: Artificial key to be prepared at the family, genus, species
and infra-specific level on the basis of worked out specimens.
6. Students are to submit herbarium specimens (at least 25).

Unit- II: Gymnosperm, Palaeobotany and Palynology (Practical)

Credit: 2
Sl. no. Chapter No. of
lectures
1. Spore and pollen morphological study: selected pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and 8P/W
angiosperms using acetolysis/alkali maceration method; preparation of key to pollen
sample.
2. Extraction of pollen grains from honey sample and qualitative and quantitative analyses
of pollen morpho-types.
3. Study of the vegetative and reproductive parts of extinct gymnosperms.
4. A comparative study of the vegetative and reproductive pars of extant cycads and
conifers.
** (Submission of laboratory records including permanent slides)

22
 SEMESTER- III
CORE COURSE MSBO301: Ecology and Plant Anatomy (Theory) Credit 4

UNIT-I: Ecology 3 Credits

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures
1. The Environment: Physical environment; biotic environment; biotic and abiotic 4T/W
interactions; plant adaptations to the environment.

2. Ecosystem: Structure and function; energy flow and mineral cycling (Carbon, Nitogen,
sulphur); Gross & Net primary productivity and decomposition.

3. Habitat and niche: Concept; niche width and niche overlap; fundamental and realized
niche; resource partitioning; character displacement.

4. Population ecology: Characteristics of a population; population growth curves;

population regulation; life history- Trade-offs, strategies (r and K selection); concept of
metapopulation – demes and dispersal, interdemic extinctions, age structured
populations.

5. Species interactions: Types of interactions, interspecific competition, predation,

keystone species.
6. Community ecology: Nature of communities; community structure and attributes; levels
of species diversity and its measurement; edges and ecotones.

7. Ecological succession: Types; mechanisms; changes involved in succession; concept of

climax.
8. Applied ecology: Environmental pollution; global environmental change.
9. Conservation of Biodiversity: Brief idea about In-situ ( Biosphere Reserves, National
Parks, Sanctuaries and Sacred Groves) and Ex-situ (Botanical Gardens,
Cryopreservation, Gene Banks, Seed Banks, Pollen Banks, Sperms Banks, DNA Banks,
Tissue Culture and Biotechnological Strategies); Afforestation, Social Forestry, Agro
forestry, ecorestoration, environmental education.

Suggested Readings for Ecology

1. Patterns of primary production in the biosphere. H.F.W. Lieth (1978).

2. Fundamentals of Ecology. Agarwal S. K. (1992).
3. The Biosphere. Bradbury I. K. (1990)
4. Handbook of Limnology and water pollution with practical methodology Das S. M. (1989).
5. Environment and Plant Ecology. Etherington J. R. (1975).
6. Deterministic mathematical models in population ecology. Freedman H. I.(1980).
7. Quantitative Plant Ecology. Greig Smith P. (1983).
8. Comparative Plant Ecology. Grisms J. P. et .al (1988).
9. Quantitative and dynamic ecology. Kershaw K. S. (1964).
10. Concept of ecology. Kormondy E. J. (1966).
11. Ecology. Krebs C. J. (1978).
12. Manual of plant Ecology. Misra K. C. (1989).
13. Proceedings of the school of plant ecology. Misra R. and Das R. R. (1971).
14. Ecology. Odum E. P. (1971).
15. Fundamentals of Ecology. Odum E. P. (3rd ed. 1996).
23
16. Fundamentals of Ecology. Odum E. P. and Gary W. Barrett (6th ed. 2010).
17. Principles of Environment Sciences. Pandeya S. C. eta .l (1963).
18. on the Origin of Species. London: John Murray (always seek out the first edition, facsimile version, and avoid later
editions). Darwin, C. 1859
19. Genetics and the Origin of Species. New York: Columbia Univ. Press (there are several later editions, and the title
changed in the last). Dobzhansky, T. 1937.
20. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press (there is a later edition). Fisher, R. A. 1930.

UNIT II: Plant Anatomy 1 CREDIT

Sl. no. Chapter No. of
lectures
1. Organization of shoot and root apical meristems. Changes in shoot apex during transition 4T/W
to flowering.
2. Development and differentiation: Polarity, symmetry, pattern formation (brief idea of
genetic control of differentiation and organogenesis).
3. Origin, differentiation and phylogeny of xylem and phloem.
4. Leaf morphogenesis (brief idea of genetic control of differentiation and organogenesis).
5. Xylotomy and its importance.
6. Ultra structural features of sieve tube elements and their importance.

Suggested Readings for Anatomy

1. Barnova, M A. 1987: Historical developments of the present classification of morphological types of

stomata. Bot.Res.53:53-79.

2. Cutter, E G 1971 Plant Anatomy

3. Dilcher, D D 1974: Approaches to the identification of angiosperms leaf remains. Bot.Rev. 40:2- 157

4. Emmes, E J. and M C Danials, 1947: An introduction to plant anatomy.

5. Easau, K. 1962: Plant anatomy –anatomy of seed plants.

6. Fahn, A.1969: Secretary Tissue system

7. Foster, A S 1942: Practical plant anatomy

8. Haberland, G.1965: Physiological

9. Masueth, J D. 1936 : Plant anatomy

10. Metcalfe, C R and L Chalk, 1950: Anatomy of the dicotyledons

11. Solender, H. 1908 : Systematics anatomy of the dicots

12. Tomlinson, P S 1961: Anatomy of the monocotyledons.

24
 SEMESTER- III
CORE COURSE MSBO302: Pharmacognosy and Instrumentation (Theory) Credit 4

UNIT I: Pharmacognosy
2 CREDITS

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures
1. Definition. History and scope of Pharmacognosy. 4T/W

2. Drugs: Various systems of classification of drugs of natural origin, Morphological and

microscopic examination of drugs.

3. Extraction and purification of natural products; Chromatographic study of drugs; Spectroscopic

techniques; Methods of identification and analysis of results; Applications of phytochemical
analysis.

4. Importance of Crude drug; Preparation of drugs for commercial market: a) Collection,

Harvesting, Drying, Garbling, Packaging, storage and preservation. b) General idea of drug
evalution, pharmacopoeial standards, Adulteration, contamination and substitution.

5. Pharmacological activities of natural products, its’ importance in pharmaceutical industries.

6. Silviculture: Definition, scope and objective; Farm forestry, social forestry and agro Forestry.

7. Plants as a source of petroleum substitute.

UNIT I: Instrumentation

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1. Isolation and purification of Protein, RNA, DNA (genomic and plasmid); 4T/W
Analysis of and proteins, RNA and DNA by one and two dimensional gel
electrophoresis,
isoelectric focusing gels;

2. Protein sequencing methods, detection of post-translation modification of proteins;

Isolation, separation and analysis of carbohydrate and lipid molecules

3. DNA sequencing methods, strategies for genome sequencing;

Methods for analysis of gene expression at RNA and protein level, Micro array based
techniques;

4. Molecular cloning of DNA or RNA fragments in bacterial; expression of

recombinant 23

5. Proteins using bacterial and plant vectors; Isolation of specific nucleic acid
sequences;
generation of genomic and cDNA libraries in plasmid BAC and YAC vectors;

25
 6. RFLP, RAPD and AFLP techniques

7. Analysis of biomolecules using UV/visible, fluorescence, NMR; Structure

determination
using X-ray diffraction
8. Different Radiolabeling techniques, Incorporation of radioisotopes in biological
samples, molecular imaging of radioactive material.

SEMESTER- III
CORE COURSE MSBO303: Ecology and Plant Anatomy, Pharmacognosy and Instrumentation(Practical) Credit
4

UNIT I: Ecology
1 CREDIT

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures
1. Application of quadrat method in determination: 8P/W
Species-area relationship
Relative frequency
Relative density
Relative dominance
Importance value index
2. Determination of species diversity: Simpson index, Shannon index etc.
3. Estimation of Organic matter, Nitrogen and phosphate of soil.
4. Determination of total soluble salts in soil/water.
5. Determination of soil texture.
6. Determination of DO in polluted and non-polluted water.
7. Ecological observation during field study.

UNIT I: Plant Anatomy

Credit: 1
Sl. no. Chapter No. of
lectures
1. Study of stomatal index, palisade ratio, vein-islet number. 8P/W
2. Comparative study of nodal vascular: Unilacunar, Trilacunar, Multilacunar.
3. Comparative study of laticifers.
4. Structural analysis of secondary xylem and secondary phloem in section.
5. Study of sieve elements in Angiosperms and Gymnosperms.
[Submission of laboratory records including permanent slides]

26
 UNIT II: Pharmacognosy
Credit: 1
Sl. no. Chapter No. of
lectures
1. Organoleptic and microscopic studies in crude drug materials of plant origin in form of 8P/W
intact (fresh) and powdered samples: leaf, stem, rhizome, root, fruit and seeds – drugs.
2. Study of unorganized drugs - grains, resins, latex, oils etc.
3. The fluorescence characteristics of powedered drug samples treated with inorganic
acids and solvents under ordinary light and UV light.

UNIT II: Instrumentation

Credit: 1
Sl. no. Chapter No. of
lectures
1. Demonstration of instruments; Electrophoretic techniques (1D, 2D); Chromatographic 8P/W
Techniques (Paper, Thin Layer, HPLC, GC), Restriction Mapping, RAPD,
Transformation,
PCR, SEM, Confocal and TEM.

2. Microscopy: Principles of light and electron microscopy; Light, Fluorescence,

Confocal,
SEM, TEM and AFM.
3. Demonstration of immune-fluorescent technique like ELISA.

SEMESTER- III
CORE COURSE MSBO304-1: Plant System and Function (Theory) Credit 2

Sl. Chapter No. of

No. lectures
1. Central dogma and its role. 4T/W
2. The proteins –the control molecules of metabolic orchestra
3. Photosynthesis as only mechanism for fixing radiant energy
4. Plant Secondary metabolism & its role
5. Plant System Biology

27
 SEMESTER- III
CORE COURSE MSBO 304-2: Plant Diversity and Evolution (Theory) Credit 2

Sl. Chapter No. of

No. lectures
1. Origin and diversity of unicellular protists. 4T/W

2. Adaptation of plants for migration to land

3. Early diversification for greening of land.

4. Origin of bifacial cambium and phenerogamic mode of reproduction in the

development of higher forest canopy.

5. Origin and advantage of angiosperms reproductive mode. Early diversification of

angiosperms.

6. Diversification of floral construction with special reference to plant animal

interaction.

7. Significance of rhizospheric microorganisms (PGPR, PGPF), Role of mycorhizal

fungi in mobilization of nutrients for plants in terrestrial habits. Fungal endophytes
and their significance.

8. Plant diversity with reference to biodiversity hotspots.

28
 SEMESTER- III
CORE COURSE MSBO305-1: Plant Physiology & Biochemistry (Theory)Credit 4

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1. Stress physiology: Responses of plants to abiotic (water, temperature and salt) and 4T/W
biotic (pathogen) stresses, mechanisms of stress tolerance and avoidance, stress
inducible genes and stress proteins (HSPs, cold acclimation proteins, osmotin and
phytochelatin).

2. Hormone Signaling: A general account of polyamines, brassinosteroids, jasmonic and

salicylic acid with reference to their chemistry, physiological roles and signaling
3.
Crop Physiology: physiological basis of crop yield with special reference source- sink
relationship; designer crops, Prospects and controversial aspect of GM crops, role of
contributory and noncontributory leaves on productivity, ideotypic characters of rice
and sunflower.
4. Seed Biology: Physiology of seed development, maturation, dormancy and
germination: Propagules and seeds: microbiotic, mesobiotic and macrobiotic;
orthodox, recalcitrant and synthetic seeds; seed vigour and viability Hormonal
regulation of seed development, events associated with seed maturation, factors
regulating seed dormancy, mechanisms of mobilization of food reserves during seed
germination, Harrington’s thumb rule for seed deterioration, physiological and
biochemical changes during seed deterioration.

5. Fruit development and ripening: Stages of fruit development and their regulation,
biochemical and related events during fruit ripening in climacteric and non-
climacteric fruits, physiology and biochemistry of fruit abscission, post-harvest
changes, production of transgenic fruits

6. Senescence Biology: Senescence, abscission and programmed cell death and their
characteristics, Leaf and flower senescence,altered metabolism during senescence and
its regulation. Hormonal modulations. Environmental, genetic and molecular
regulations. Senescence associated and senescence down- regulated genes.

7. Oxidative stress and antioxidative strategies: Redox system, Oxidative stress - causes
and effects, Defense mechanisms involving diverse enzymatic and non-enzymatic
antioxidants.

8. Plant Natural compounds and secondary metabolites: Secondary metabolites and

chemical defence: Natural products (secondary metabolites), their range and
ecophysiological functions. Overview of terpenoidal, alkaloidal, and phenolic
metabolites and their biosynthesis. Biochemical mechanisms of plants’ chemical war
against other plants and animals.

9. Biochemtry and Molecular biology of Reproduction & Circadian rhythms: Floral

meristems, Floral induction, evocation and development. Regulation of flowering by
light and temperature, genes. Involvement of hormones and long distance signaling in
rhythms.
29
 Reference Books CORE COURSE for MSBO305-1: Plant Physiology & Biochemistry

1. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry,Seventh Edition| ©2017 David L. Nelson; Michael M. Cox

2. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants Buchannan B, Gruiseem W, Jones R, ASPP, Maryland;
First Edition
3. Plant Biochemistry Hans-Walter Heldt; New Edition
4. Plant Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyLea PJ, Leegood RC; Second Edition ,John Wiley & Sons
5. Plant Physiology Taiz L and Zeiger E; Fourth Edition 2006, Sinauer Associates, INC 5.
6. Plant Biochemistry by P.M. Dey& J. B. Haroborne, Indian Edition, Academic Press
7. Natural Products from Plant by Leland J. Cseke, CRC
8. The molecular life of plants by Jones et al Wiley
9. Chemicals from Plants: Perspectives on Plant Secondary Products by N.J. Walton, Diane E. Brown,
Imperial College Press and World Scientific Publishing Co. Ltd.
10. ROS in Plant Biology , Bhattacharjee, S, 2019,Springer Nature
11. Drought Stress tolerance in plants. HOSSAIN ET AL 2016, Springer International
12. Introduction to Plant Physiology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., N.Y., USA, 199912.Plant Abiotic Stress
Tolerance: Agronomic, Molecular and Biotechnological Approaches Mirza Hasanuzzaman (Editor),
Khalid Rehman Hakeem (Editor), Kamrun Nahar (Editor), Hesham F. Alharby (Editor)

SEMESTER- III
CORE COURSE MSBO 305-2: Applied and Molecular Mycology and Plant Pathology (Theory)
Credit 4

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1. Medical mycology: Human diseases caused by fungi; Mycoses – types- superficial or 4T/W
cutaneous, sub-cutaneous and deep seated mycoses, epidemiological factors responsible for
developing mycoses, symptoms, risk factors and clinical measures. Candida infection-
symptoms and clinical measures.

2. Mycotoxins: Definition, basic understanding on different mycotoxins with special emphasis

on Aflatoxin. Aflatoxin- Biosynthesis of Aflatoxin; Aflatoxin producing gene- it’s
regulation, mechanism of aflatoxin action, Effects of mycotoxin contamination in food and
feed and its consequences or deleterious effects on animals including human beings. Control
of mycotoxin contamination.

3. Fungi in industry and medicine: A General account on role of fungi producing Antibiotics
and Organic acids. Industrial production of Antibiotics- Penicillin, Organic acids- citric acid
and Plant growth regulators- Gibberellin,- biosynthetic pathway of their production. Fungi as
a source of enzymes in industry. – paper industry, Textile industry, jute rating and tannery
industry.
Roles of Mushrooms as nutraceuticals.
30
 4. Wood decay: Decay of wood and wood products by wood rotting fungi; Structural and
Biochemical changes of wood as a result of decay. Method of wood preservation against
fungal decay.

5. Genetic recombination in fungi: Heterothallism; Heterokaryosis and Parasexualal cycle-

events and significance. Extra- chromosomal and transposable genetic elements in fungi.

6. Cell cycle in Yeast: Cell cycle organization in yeast; cell cycle genetics in yeast; cyclins and
cyclin dependent kinases; regulation of cell cycle in yeast. Genetic manipulation of brewing
yeast.

7. Genomic organization and Protein secretion in yeast, genomic structure and organization
in yeast. Protein secretary pathway in yeast; Protein folding- heat shock proteins and
chaperons. Regulation of protein synthesis in yeast.

8. Industrial Strain Improvement: Genetic manipulation of industrially important fungi for

fungal strain improvement. Recombinant DNA technology for improving industrially
important fungal strains- protoplast fusion and hybrid strain development for improvement.

9. Fungi in Biotechnology- Role of fungi in biotechnology and fungi as biotechnological tools.

Yeast – as a versatile tool of genetic engineering, YAC and other Yeast’s plasmid vectors.
Application of Yeast in molecular biology. Baker’s yeast, Brewer’s yeast. Yeast as single
cell protein, Yeast as whole cell biocatalysts, Yeast enzymes and their applications.

10. Lichen- Mycobiont – phycobiont-crosstalk between the partners and relationship. Histoogy,
Biology, physiology of lichen thallus, reproduction of lichen thallus. Ecological importance
and economical benevolence of lichen. Lichen as pollution indicator.

Suggested readings: Suggested Readings:

1. Introduction to Fungi- John Webster and Roland W.S. Weber
2.Introductory Mycology -Alexopoulos C.J., C.W. Mims and M. Blackwell
3.TheMycota- Esser, K. andBennet J. W. (Eds.)
4.An Introduction to Mycology - Mehrotra, R.S. and Aneja, K.R.
5.Fundamentals of Mycology -Burnett, J. H.
6.Chemical fungal taxonomy -Frisvad, J.C. Bridge, P.D. and Arora, D.K.
7.The Filamentous Fungi - Smith, J.E.
8.Fungal Nutrition and Physiology - Garraway, M. O. and Evans, R. C.
9.Mushroom Biology - Miles, P.G. and Chang, S.T.
10.Mycorrhizae- Verma - A. and Hock, B.
11.Ectomycorrhizal Fungi - Cairney, J.W.G. and Chambers, S.M.
12.Industrial mycology -Berry, R.

31
13.Plant Pathology - Agrios, G.N.
14.Plant Pathology -Mehrotra, R.S.
15.Annual Review of Phytopathology - APS Press
16.Biotechnology in Plant Disease Control- Cheet,I.
17.Postinfectional defense mechanisms - Mahadevan, A.
18.Pathogenesis and host specificity in plant diseases. Vol. III.- Rudra P. Singh, Uma S. Singh
19.The nature of disease in plants - Scheffer, R.P.
20.Principles of Plant Pathology - Tarr, S.A.J .

SEMESTER- III
CORE COURSE MSBO 305-3: Microbiology (Theory) Credit 4

Sl. Chapter No. of

no. lectures

1. Modern concept of bacterial Taxonomy: Classical and Molecular taxonomy, Numerical 4T/W
taxonomy,
Bergey’s manual of Determinative & Systematic Bacteriology, Type culture collection
centre.
2. Concise account of the following groups:
a) Mycoplasmatales b) Myxobacteria c) Bdellovibriod)Actinobacteria

3. Bacterial photosynythesis:- Photosynthetic bacteria and mechanism of bacterial

photosynthesis.
4. Chemolithotrophic bacteria: - types, modes of metabolism and energy transfer;
heterotrophic CO2fixation.
5. Membrane Transport system of bacteria :- Active and passive transport, facilitated diffusion
, group translocation , ion transport through ionophores and proteintransport.
6. Aerobic, Anaerobic respiration in bacteria & Bacterial Fermentation: - EMP pathway, HMP
pathway , ED pathway, Phosphoketolase pathway, Bifidumpathway,TCA Cycle, Glyoxalate
Cycle, ETC, Protonmotiveforce, Chemiosmotic theory ; Dentrification, Alcohol
Fermentation, LactateFermentation

7. Biosynthesis of Aminoacids&Nucleicacids in Bacteria: Glutamate and

Aspartatefamiliesofamino acids and their regulation.

8. Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology:- Fermenter –Basic principles, types, operation,

sterilization,aeration, control of temperature, surfactant; Microbial fermentation of industrial
enzymes (e.g.amylase), antibiotics(e.g.penicillin), amino acids(e.g.lysine). Fermented foods
:- dairy products( e.g.Cheese) , alcoholic beverages (e.g. Beer, wine), microbial cells as food
e.g .Probiotics), Food borne disease; Microbial contamination and spoilage of food ,
methods of food preservation (physical andchemical.

32
 9. Agricultural Microbiology: Biofertilizers (mass production of Rhizobium and Azotobacter);
Microbial control of insects. Use of viruses in agriculture. PGPR: -Types, production and
importance in Agriculture

10. Advanced approaches in Microbiology: Genomics, Proteomics, Metagenomics, Microarray,

Bioinformatics

Suggested readings:
Alexander, M. (1977).Introduction to Soil Microbiology .New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Atlas, R. M. (1984). Microbiology, Fundamentals and Applications. Macmillan.
Atlas, R. M. &Bartha, R. (1997).Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals and Applications, 4th
ed. Benjamin/ Cummings.
Black, J. G. (2001). Microbiology: Principles and Explorations, 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons,
New York.
Campbell, R. (1983). Microbial Ecology.2nd ed. Oxford, Blackwell.
Brocks et al Biology of Microorganisms
Davis, B. D., Dulbecco, R., Eisen, H.N. & Ginsberg, H.S. (1990).Microbiology, 4th ed.
Harper and Row.
Dimmock, N. J. & Primrose, S. B. (1994).Introduction to Modern Virology. 4th ed.
Blackwell Scientific Publications. London.
Holt, J.G., Krieg, N.R., Sneath, P.H.A. Staley, J.T. & Williams, S.T. Bergey’s Manual of
Determinative Bacteriology.Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Maloy, S. R., Cronan, E. J. &Freifelder, D. (1994).Microbial Genetics, 2nd ed. Jones and
Bartlett.
Pelczar, M. J., Reid, R. D. & Chan, E. C. (1993).Microbiology, 5th ed. Macmillan. London.
Pinehuk, G. (2003). Schaum’s outline Series: Theory and Problems of Immunology.
McGrawHill.
Presscott, L. M., Harley, J. P. & Klein, D. A. (1999).Microbiology, 4th ed. McGrawHill, New
York.
Schlegel, H. G. (1993). General Microbiology .7th ed. Cambridge University Press.
Slonczeweski, J.L. & Foster, J.W. (2009).Microbiology- An Evolving Science.Norton.
Stanier, R. Y., Adelberg, E. A. & Ingraham, J. L. (1986).General Microbiology.5th ed.
Macmillan.
Talaro, K. &Talaro, A. (1999).Foundations in Microbiology 3rd ed. Dubuque, McGraw Hill.
Tortora, G. J., Funke, B. R., & Case. C. L. (1999). Microbiology.An Introduction. 6th ed.
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing. Menlo Park Calif.
Voyleys, B. A. (2002). The biology of viruses, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill.
Abbas, A. K., Lichtman, A. H. &Pillai, S. (2006). Cellular and molecular Immunology.6th
ed. Saunders.
Abbas, A. K. &Lichtman, A. H. (2006).Basic Immunology.2nd ed. Elsevier.
Chakraborty, A. K. (2003). Immunology II.2nd ed. N. L. Publishers Siliguri.
Coico R, Sunshine, G., Benjamini, E. (2003). Immunology: A short Course. 5th ed. Wiley-
Liss: New Jersey.
English, L. S. (1994). Technological Applications of Immunochemicals (BIOTOL).
Butterworth- Heinemann, Oxford Freeman & Co.
Goldsby, R. A., Kindt, T. J., Kuby, J. & Osborne, B. A. (2003).Immunology.5th ed. W. H.
Freeman & Co.
Khan F. H. (2009) The Elements of Immunology. Pearson.
Kindt, T., Goldsby, R. Osborne, B. (2007).Kuby Immunology. 6th ed. W.H. Freeman & Co.
Male, D., Brostaff, J., Roth, D. &Roitt, I. (2006).Immunology.7th ed. Mosby.
Rao, C. V. (2002). Immunology.Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
Roitt, I. M. & Delves, P. J. (2001). Roitt’s Essential Immunology. 10th ed. Blackwell
Science.Ltd.

33
 SEMESTER- III
CORE COURSE MSBO 305-4: Plant Genetics and Biotechnology (Theory) Credit 4

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1. Concept on gene structure and function: Evolution of gene concept;

Fundamental ideas on Mendelian genetics and extension of Mendelian analysis;
complexity of gene action; genetic analysis pathway – forward and reverse genetic
approaches; fine structure of gene.

2. Structural organization of chromosome and gene expression: Dynamic

structure of chromatin and remodelling activity in gene regulation; DNA-protein
interaction during transcription; Modes of mRNA, tRNA splicing, snRNPS, capping,
polyadenylation and other processing events, Rbozyme; RNA editing, small
regulatory RNA (SiRNA and miRNA), RNA interference.
3. Quantitative traits and Molecular Breeding: Combining ability, hybrids
production by cytoplasmic male sterility system, Molecular marker- types, detection
of polymorphism, mapping of molecular loci, QTL mapping and marker assisted
selection; gene pyramiding.

4. Developmental genetics: Concept on genetic regulation of development – model

system: Drosophila melanogaster and Arabidopsis thaliana; molecular genetic
aspects of plant nodulation and N2 fixation; floral organ identity genes and MADS
box genes; Host pathogen interaction, signaling pathway related to Agro-infection and
Crown-Gall Tumor formation; epigenetic regulation of development in plant.

5. Transposons and retro-elements: DNA and RNA transposons; Ac/Ds elements in

maize, molecular feature of maize Ac/Ds system, cloning of maize Ac/Ds element;
Transposon tagging- cloning of cf-9 gene in tomato, genetic and evolutionary
significance of transposon.

Suggested Readings

1. Concepts of genetics: Klug & Cummins

34
2. Principles of genetics: Gardner, Simmons, Snustad

3. iGenetics: A Molecular Approach - Russell

4. Genes XII: Lewin

5. Genetics:a conceptual approach: B A Pierce

6. Text book of Plant Breeding:B D Singh

7. Introduction to genetics & plant breeding: Shrestha,Chaudhuri &Pokhrel

8. Marker-Assisted Plant Breeding: Principles and Practices - B.D.Singh and A.K.Singh

SEMESTER- III
CORE COURSE MSBO 305-5: (Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Biosystematics) Theory
Credit 4

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures
1. Biosystematics: Principles, aims, steps in Biosystematic study, dynamic units of 4T/W
Biosystematics study (after Clausen 1951, Grant, 1981, Chung-I Wu, 2001), concept
of ecotype (ecological races), cline and Good species, role of ecotype in speciation,
methods in Biosystematic studies, ecotypic variations and taxonomy; scope and
limitations of Biosystematic studies.
2. Phenotypic plasticity and Epigenetics: Concept and role in adaptation, speciation
and conservation.
3. Endemism: General concept; Distribution of endemic plant families in the globe;
Brief account on endemic and threatened Angiosperms taxa of India.
4. Biodiversity and Conservation: Inventorying and monitoring of biodiversity,
collection and assessment methods of different levels of biodiversity;
differentconservation strategies;IUCN criteria and categories of threatened plants.
5. Systematics of specially adaptive angiosperm groups: parasites, myco-
heterotrophs, insectivorous plants and mangroves; taxonomic distribution,
biogeography, eco-physiological attributes.
6. Plant domestication: Vavilov concept,centre of plant domestication of major crops;
dispersal and distribution of major crops; causes and consequences, primary &
secondary genetic diversity and regulation of domestication syndrome.
7. Morphometrics and statistics in plant systematics: concept on continuous and
discontinuous characters, mapping of morphological data, measurement of continuous
characters- traditional morphometrics, landmark morphometrics, geometric
morphometrics, ordination method to study taxonomic relations, application in
angiosperm taxonomy.
35
 Suggested readings for Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Biosystematics

1. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for
the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society 181: 1-
20.
2. Armen Takhtajan (1991) Evolutionary Trends in Flowering Plants-Columbia University Press.
3. Briggs David 2009. Plant microevolution and Conservation in Human-influenced
Ecosystems.Cambridge University Press.
4. Crawford, D.J. 2003. Plant Molecular Systematics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
5. Cronquist, A. 1981 .An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants Columbia University
Press, New York.
6. Cronquist, A. 1988. The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants (2nded.) Allen Press, U.S.A.
7. Davis, P. H. and V. H. Heywood 1991. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy. Today and Tomorrow
Publications, New Delhi.
8. Devis, P.H. and Heywood, V. H. 1973.Principles of angiosperms taxonomy. Robert E. Kreiger Pub. Co.
Newyork.
9. Grant W. F. 1984. Plant Biosystematics.Academic press, London.
10. Grant, V. 1971.Plant Speciation, Columbia University press, London.
Harisson, H.J. 1971. New concept in flowering plant Taxonomy. Hickman educational books Ltd.
London.
11. Heywood, V. H. and Moore, D. M. 1984. Current concepts in Plant Taxonomy. Academic Press,
London.
12. Heslop-Harisson, J. 1967.Plant Taxonomy.English Language Book Sco.And Edward Arnold Pub.Ltd,
UK.
13. Joncs, A. D. and Wibins, A. D. 1971. Variation and adaptation in Plant species Hickman and Co.
14. Jones, S. B., Jr.and Luchsinger, A. E. 1986. Plant Systematics (gd edition). McGraw -Hill Book Co.,
New York.
15. Judd W. S., Campbell, C. S., Kellogg, E. A., Stevens P. F. and M. J. Donoghue 2008. Plant Systematics:
A phylogenetic Approach.Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
16. Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S, Kellogg, E.A., Stevens, P.A. and Donoghue, M.J. 2016. Plant Systematics:
A Phylogenetic Approach. Sinauer Associaes, Inc., Massachusetts.
17. Lawrence George H. M. 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants.Oxford and IBH Publ. Co. Pvt. Ltd. New
Delhi.
18. Leadlay E. and S. Jury (ed.) 2006. Taxonomy and Plant conservation.Cambridge University Press.
19. Manilal, K. S. and M. S. Muktesh Kumar [ed.] 1998. A Handbook of Taxonomic Training. DST, New
Delhi.
20. Naik, V. N. 1984. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Tata McGraw-Hill Publication Com. Ltd. New Delhi
21. Nordentam, B., El Gazaly, G. and kassas, M. 2000.Plant systematic for 21st century.Portland press.Ltd,
London.
22. Pamela S. Soltis et al. (2005) Phylogeny & Evolution of Angiosperms, Sinauer Associates.
23. Quicke, Donald, L. J. 1993. Principles and Techniques of Contemporary Taxonomy.Blakie Academic &
Professional, London
24. Radford, A. E. 1986. Fundamentals of plant systematic.Harper and Raw publication, USA.
25. Simpson M. G. 2006. Plant systematics (Second Edition) Elsevier.
26. Simpson, M.G. 2010. Plant Systematics. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

36
 27. Solbrig, O.T. 1970. Principles and methods of plant Sytematics. The Macmillan Co. Publication Co.
Inc., USA.
28. Stebbins, G. L. 1974. Flowering Plants-evolution Above species Level. Edvard Arnold Ltd, London.
29. Stuessy TF 2009. Plant Taxonomy: The systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data. Columbia
University Press, New York.
30. Stuessy, T.F., Crawford, D.J., Soltis, D.E. and Soltis, P.S. 2014. Plant Systematics: The origin,
interpretation, and ordering, of plant biodiversity. Koeltz Scientific Books, Konigstein, Germany.
31. Takhtajan, A. 1962. Flowering plants- Origin and Dispersal. Taylor, D. V. and L. J. Hickey 1997.
Flowering Plants: Origin, Evolution and Phylogeny.CBS Publishers & Distributers, New Delhi.
32. Takhtajan, A. L. 1997. Diversity and classification of Flowering Plants. Columbia University Press,
New York.
33. Takhtajan, A. L. 1997. Diversity and classification of Flowering Plants. Columbia University Press,
New York.
34. Woodland, D. W. 1991. Contemporary Plant Syatematics, Pentice Hall, New Jersery.
35. Hennig, W. 1966. Phylogenetic Systematics. Urbana: Univ. Illinois Press (an English translation of a
book published earlier in German).
On line Journals available on UGC website

SEMESTER- III
CORE COURSE MSBO 305-6: Phycology(Theory) Credit 4

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1. Work done on freshwater algae with special reference to India & Contributions of 4T/W
Prof. M. O. P. Iyengar.

2. Distribution pattern of Marine algae in Indian coasts.

3. Biochemical taxonomy of algae.

4. Ultrastructure of flagella and its taxonomic importance.

5. Endosymbiosis and origin of Eukaryotic algae

6. Phylogeny of algal plastids.

7. Green cyanobacteria: their taxonomic status.

8. Charophytes & origin of land plants.

9. Dinoflagellates: distinctive features, ecology & importance.

37
 10. Desmids: taxonomy & importance.

11. A brief study of the following classes of algae:

a) Prymnesiophyceae
b) Raphidophyceae
c) Chrysophyceae
d) Euglenophyceae
e) Chlorarachniophyceae
f) Synurophyceae

SEMESTER- III
CORE COURSE MSBO 306-1: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY (PRACTICAL)

Credit 4

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1. To extract, estimate and compare total ascorbate and glutathione present in drought 8P/W
stressed and untreated control experimental seedlings

2. To extract, estimate and compare proline present in drought stressed and untreated
control experimental seedlings
3. To investigate the impact of moderate high teperature stress on the level of soluble
protein in germinating seeds.

4. Extraction and estimation of nucleic acids from plant samples.

5. Extraction and estimation of the enzyme ascorbate peroxidise from stressed and
untreated plant sample

6. Extraction and estimation of the enzyme α-amylase from germinating seeds.

7. To compare total dehydrogenase activity from seeds of different storage duration.

38
 SEMESTER- III
CORE COURSE MSBO 306-2: Applied and Molecular Mycology and Plant Pathology (Practical)

Credit 4

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1. Principle of sterilization, preparation of fungal and bacterial culture media, methods 8P/W
of sterilization, preparation of slants, stabs, petri plates etc.

2. Method of subculturing, isolation of fungal and bacterial pathogens from plant tissue,
establishment of pure culture, their maintenance and preservation. Inoculation
technique.

3. Identification of fungi by microscopic examination: i) members of Phycomycotina of

particular interest ii) members of Ascomycotina of particular interest iii) members of
Basidiomycotina of particular interest iv) members of Deuteromycotina of particular
interest.

4. Study of hyphal types in fungal sporocarps.

5. Study of mycorrhizal association on root samples of some common plants using

standard protocol, Study of the mycorrhizal structures like, mycorrhizal hyphae,
arbuscules and vesicles.

6. Microscopy:- Bright field microscopy- Simple microscope, compound microscope,

Confocal microscope, Fluorescence microscope, SEM and TEM - Applications of
these microscopic techniques in plant pathology

7. Preparation of spawn for mushroom culture and demonstration on mushroom culture

technique.

8. Uses of Bioinformatics tools for fungal gene sequences and protein sequences.

9. Extraction and estimation of DNA and RNA and proteins from fungal cells by
colorimetric method.

Demonstration of the operation of following Instruments

(a) Spectrophotometer UV-Vis, (b) Lyophilizer (c) Sonicator (d) TLC, (e) GC-MS (f)
Cold Centrifuge.

39
 SEMESTER- III
CORE COURSE MSBO 306-3: Microbiology (Practical) Credit 4

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1. Quantitative estimation of Sugar, Protein, DNA and RNA by colorimetric method. 8P/W

2. Microbial growth measurement by turbidity, total count, construction of growth

curve, determination of generation time.

3. Enrichment culture
Aerobic N2 fixing bacteria b) Nitrifying bacteria c) Photosynthetic bacteria
Endospore forming bacteria e) Cellulase producing bacteria, f)Phosphate solubilizing
bacteria.
4. Effect of pH,temperature and substrate concentration on bacterial amylase activity.

5. Determination of quality of milk by methelene blue reductase test method

6. Physio-biochemical test for identification of bacteria:-

Catalase b) Protease, c) Amylase d) Acid & Gas Production, e) Indole production f)
V-P Test, g) Lysine decarboxylase ,h)Citrate utilization test.
7. Uses of Bioinformatics tools for bacterial gene sequences and protein sequences.

8. Protein structure determination using Bioinformatics tool

9. Demonstration of the operation of following Instruments
a) Spectrophotometer UV-Vis, b) Lyophilizer c) Sonicator d) Fraction collector e)
GC-MS f) Laboratory fermenter g) Chemostat h Centrifuge

40
 SEMESTER- III

CORE COURSE MSBO 306-4: Plant Genetics and Biotechnology (Practical)Credit 4

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1. Solving problems related to (a) Mendelian analysis. (b) Gene interactions. (c) 8P/W
Chromosomal basis of inheritance, (d) Linkage and crossing over. (e) Tetrad analysis,
(f) Qualitative genetics, (g) Heritability (h) Non-Mendelian Genetics (extra-nuclear
inheritance).

2. Methods in cytological studies; Chromosome morphology study in plants, analysis of

karyotype and ideogram.

3. Special staining technique: Feulgen staining, Chromosome banding: Orcein-banding

4. UV mutagenesis assay using cultured E.coli cells.

5. Genotoxicity assessment: Studies on effect of genotoxin and mutagen on mitotic

chromosomes, determination of mitotic and abnormality index.
6. Study of meiotic chromosomes and meiotic abnormalities.

7. Assay for chromosomal fragmentation and micronuclei test.

8. Isolation of nuclei from leaf tissues and DNA fragmentation and comet assay.

41
 SEMESTER- III
CORE COURSE MSBO 306-5: (Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Biosystematics) Practical
Credit: 4

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures
1. Study of intra- and inter- specific variation of Angiosperms taxa (both from fresh and 8P/W
preserved specimens) from substances mentioned in theory syllabus. Preparation of
artificial keys.
2. Comparative studies of species/taxa to understand character polarization, apomorphy
and plaseomorphy.
3. Application of ICN rules in solving nomenclature problems.
4. Searching of the original materials and the protologue of the names of the studied
species and accurate typification.
5. Preparation of check lists using e-taxonomic resources.
6. Excursion to different phyto-geographic regions to study floristic composition.
7. Preparation of herbarium specimens following standard methods and relevant
documents.

SEMESTER- III
CORE COURSE MSBO 306-6: Phycology (Practical) Credit 4

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1. Collection, fixation & preservation techniques for different types of algae for 8P/W
different purposes.
2. How to study, describe & prepare key up to genus level using standard characters.

3. Determination of plankton; species diversity index and algal pollution index of a

water body using phytoplankton

4. Identification of common phytoplankton

5. Culture of algae. Students are required to submit a pure culture in next semester

SEMESTER- III
CORE COURSE MSBO 307: Workshop on awareness campaign on preservation of Biodiversity,
agrobiodiversity, medicinal plants etc. Credit 2

42
 SEMESTER- IV
CORE COURSE MSBO401:Genetics, Plant Breeding and Biostatistics (Theory) Credit 4

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1. Introduction to Plant Genetics: Brief history of classical and molecular genetics;

Extension of Mendelism; Allelism; Gene action, Interaction with environment,
Penetrance and expressivity; Gene interaction – epistasis, pleiotropy, Pedigree
analysis, lod score for linkage testing, genetic disorders.
2. Linkage, Crossing over and Chromosome Mapping: Physical basis of crossing over;
Recombination and gene mapping; Construction of genetic and physical mapping.
Chromosome banding patterns: Linear differentiation of chromosome segments, types
of chromosome banding, uses of chromosome banding in cytogenetics. Mutations and
mutagenesis: TILLING; Detection, Molecular basis and Applications.

3. Genome Organization in Eukaryotes: Genome types; Eukaryote nuclear genome;

gene concept; Organization of structural and functional components of chromosome-
centromere, telomere, NOR; Sex chromosome in plants; Genome duplication,
alteration and their evolutionary role; Genes and gene number, content and C-value
paradox, DNA content and adaptability, repetitive DNA, split genes, overlapping
genes.

4. Structural and Numerical Alterations of Chromosomes: Deficiency, Duplication,

Inversion, Translocation and their meiotic behavior; Origin and significance of
haploids, aneuploids, euploids, autopolyploids and allopolyploids.

5. Genetic Integrity and Diversity: Basis of chromosome separation; Recombination

mechanism; Evolutionary significance, genetic control; Structure and function of
Transposable elements and their role in evolution; Repair and retrieval system of
genes; Gene expression regulation during differentiation and growth:
Heterochromatization in human beings, Drosophila and Yeast, position effect:
Dosage compensation mechanism, sex chromatin and sex chromosomal linked
inheritance. Non-Mendelian inheritance and maternal effects.

43
 6. Genomes, Genomics and Proteomics: Basic concept of genome sequencing-
Arabidopsis, Rice and Human Genome; Genome annotation, Synteny, Gene Search
and Comparative Genetic data; Microarrays, DNA Chips; Proteomics – Application,
Protein expression profiling.
7. Population Genetics and Plant Breeding: Defination, Gene Frequency in population;
Genetic Equilibrium; Hardy-Weinberg Law; Speciation Mechanism; Breeding system
and genetic consequences in plants; Quantitative genetics: Qualitative and
quantitative traits; Polygenic inheritance, heritability and its measurements, QTL
mapping; Marker Assisted Breeding for agronomic importance.

1. Statistics
Variable and attribute, primary and secondary data.
2. Sampling and sample designs: Classification and tabulation of data; Frequency
distribution; Diagrammatic and graphical presentation
3. Central tendency: Arithmetic, geometric and harmonic mean; Median; Mode.
4. Measures of disparsion: Variance; Mean deviation; Standard deviation and error;
Moment; Skewness and kurtosis.
5. Correlation and regression analysis: Bivariate and multivariate.

6. Normal, binomial and poisson distribution.

7. Test of hypothesis: t, u and Chi square test.

8. 8. Analysis of variances and covariance: Bivariate and multivariate.

Suggested Readings

1. Concepts of genetics: Klug & Cummins

2. Principles of genetics: Gardner, Simmons, Snustad

3. i Genetics: Russell

4. Genes XII: Lewin

5. Genetics:a conceptual approach: B A Pierce

6. Text book of Plant Breeding:B D Singh

7. Introduction to genetics & plant breeding: Shrestha,Chaudhuri &Pokhrel

8. Marker-Assisted Plant Breeding: Principles and Practices - B.D.Singh and A.K.Singh

44
9. Introductory Practical Biostatistics, B. N. Misra, M. K. Misra

10. Text Book of Biostatistics - A.K. Sharma

SEMESTER- IV
CORE COURSE MSBO 402: Cell Biology and Bioinformatics (Theory) Credit 4

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1. Introduction: Cellular organization – its origin and evolution 4T/W

2. Biomembranes: Structural models, composition and dynamics, biogenesis and

assembly, transport of macromolecules and ions.

3. Mitochondria: Biogenesis, origin and evolution, mitochondrial genome.

4. Chloroplast: Biogenesis, origin and evolution, chloroplast genome.

5. Nucleus: Chromatin organization and activation, packaging and its higher order
structure, chromosome, basic nucleolar structure structures and dynamics;
Topological properties of DNA, concept of gene promoter, transcriptional and post-
transcriptional controls; Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes;
codon optimization.
6. Cytoskeletons: Nature, intermediate filaments, microtubules, actin-binding filaments.

7. Cell signaling and interaction: Signal transduction, its basic components and types,
Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, signaling through G-protein
coupled receptors, signal transduction pathways, second messengers, regulation of
signaling pathways, bacterial and plant two component systems, light signaling in
plants, bacterial chemotaxis and quorum sensing.

8. Cellular communication: General principles of cell communication, cell adhesion and

roles of different adhesion molecules, gap junctions, extracellular matrix, integrins,
neurotransmission and its regulation.
intercellular junctions and adhesions.

9. Cell cycle: Mitosis and meiosis, their regulation, steps in cell cycle, regulation and
control of cell cycle Cancer – molecular events, protooncogenes, oncogenes, tumor-
suppressor genes and their inter-play, cancer and the cell cycle, virus-induced cancer,
metastasis, interaction of cancer cells with normal cells, apoptosis, therapeutic aspects
of uncontrolled cell growth.

10. Bioinformatics: Genome and protein information resources, sequence

analysis,multiple sequence alignment, homology andanalogy, pattern recognition,
analysis package, application and prospects in medicine and agriculture.

45
Suggested Readings

1. Molecular biology of the cell: Albert’s, Lewis & others

2. Molecular biology of the gene: J D Watson

3. Molecular cell biology: Lodish, Berk& others

4. Cell biology:: G Karp

5. The Cell: Molecular approach:G Cooper

6. Cell biology, genetics,molecular biology, evolution &ecology:Verma& Agarwal

7. Cell Biology:Verma Agarwal

8. Cell & Molecular Biology:DeRobertis

9. Fundamentals of bioinformatics:SHarisha

10. Bioinformatics-principles & application: Ghosh &Mallick

11. Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis Book by David W. Mount, Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratorty

12. BIOINFORMATICS, Principles and Applications by Zhumur Ghosh and BIBEKANAND MALLICK,
OUP India

13. Bioinformatics, Sequences, Structures, Phylogeny by AsheeshShanker (springer)

14. Bioinformatics a practical guide to the analysis of genes and protein by Andreas D Baxevanis and B F
Francis Ouellette

15. Your Passport to a Career in Bioinformatics by Prashanth N. Suravajhala, Springer

16. Agricultural bioinformatics by KaviKishor P.B, RajibBandopadhyay, PrashanthSuravajhala, Springer

SEMESTER- IV
CORE COURSE MSBO 403: Unit-I: Genetics, Plant Breeding and Biostatistics (Practical)

Credit 2

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1. Solving problems related to (i) Mendelian inheritance (ii) Gene interactions (iii) 8P/W
Linkage and crossing over (iv) Tetrad analysis.

46
 2. Analysis of genotype – Environment interaction, Correlation coefficient and Yield
component analysis.
3. Analysis of genetic polymorphism – Cytogenetic biomarker in mutagenesis, Isozymes
and other molecular markers (RAPD) – Demonstration.

1. Biostatistics
Calculations of mean, variance, standard deviation, standard error, coefficient of
variance, Use of t-test for comparing two means.

2. Determination of the relationship between variables using correlation and regression

analysis.

3. Analysis of variance: ANOVA, ANCOVA, U-test.

4. 4. Use of Chi-square test for goodness of fit.
** (Submission of laboratory records)

Unit-II: Cell Biology and Bioinformatics (Practical)

Credit 2

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1. Study of different phase of cell cycle, analysis of mitotic and meiotic chromosomal 8P/W
behavior in different phase of cell division.
2. Determination of mitotic chromosomal abnormality index and types of
chromosomal/nuclear abnormalities in root tip meristem.
3. Isolation of nuclei from plant leaf tissue and staining of nuclei.
4. Nucleolar staining and determination of nucleolar frequency.
5. Study of chromosome banding pattern for detection of euchromatic
andheterochromatic regions: Orcein banding.
6. Bioinformatics: Data base, sequence analysis, phylogenetic inference package.
** (Submission of laboratory records)

47
 SEMESTER- IV
DISCIPLINE CENTRIC ELECTIVE, MSBO 404-1: Plant Physiology & Biochemistry (Theory)

Credit – 4
Sl. no. Chapter No. of
lectures

1. Fundamental concepts of Chemistry for explaining the properties of Biomolecules: 4T/W

Chemical bonds, stabilizing interactions (Vander walls, electrostatic, H-bonding,
hydrophobic interactions), biophysical chemistry(pH, buffer, reaction kinetics,
colligative properties),Conformation of Protein (Secondary, tertiary, quaternary
structures, domains, Motifs, Folds, Ramachandran Plot, Chaperonin and Protein
folding), Nucleic acids (A,B,Z-DNA, tRNA, Micro RNA).

2. Bioenergitics : Laws of Thermodynamics, concepts of entropy, enthalpy and free

energy, Oxidative reactions, group transfer, Biolgical energy transducers
3. Membrane Chemistry& Function: Structure of model Membrane, Lipid bilayer and
membrane protein diffusion, Membrane transport (pumps, carriers, channels,
mechanism of sorting, intracellular transport), electrical properties of membrane,
membrane raft.
4. Cell signaling: Hormones and receptors, Cell surface receptors, Signaling through G-
protein coupled receptors, Signal transduction pathways, Second messengers,
Regulation of Signaling pathways, Plant two-component signaling systems.

5. Photophysiology: Photosynthesis- LHCPs, Z-scheme, photophosphorylation,

Management of light energy & photoprotective mechanisms, PCRC, Rubisco & its
regulation. Photomorphogenesis – Different classes of photoreceptors, photochemical
and biochemical properties of Phytochrome, Cryptochrome and Phototropin;
Phytochrome and phototropinsignaling, PHY genes, blue light and stomatal
movement.

6. Respiration and Photorespiration: Oxidative reactions, electron transport, ATP

synthesis, alternate oxidase, photorespiratory pathway and its regulation and
energetics.
7. Omic sciences in plant Biology: Basic concepts of Proteomics, Transcriptomics,
Genomics and their application in Plant Biology & agriculture

8. Applied Biochemistry: Fundamentals of Proteomics, metabolomics and genomics and

their application in agriculture. Principle and application of biochemical and
biophysical methods - Electrophoresis (ID, 2D, capillary electrophoresis),
Chromatography (HPLC, GLC, Affinity chromatography, Ion exchange
chromatography,), Spectroscopy (UV-VIS, flurescence, NMR), X-ray diffraction,
Mass spectrometry, Radio labeling techniques, Blotting techniques.

Reference Books for MSBO 404-1: Plant Physiology & Biochemistry (Theory)

1. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry,Seventh Edition| ©2017 David L. Nelson; Michael M. Cox

2. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants Buchannan B, Gruiseem W, Jones R, ASPP, Maryland;
First Edition
3. Plant Biochemistry Hans-Walter Heldt; 2006 Edition
48
 4. Plant Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyLea PJ, Leegood RC; Second Edition 1999John Wiley &
Sons
5. Plant Physiology Taiz L and Zeiger E; Fourth Edition 2006, Sinauer Associates, INC 5.
6. Plant Biochemistry (2000)by P.M. Dey& J. B. Haroborne, Indian Edition, Academic Press
7. Natural Products from Plants (2006)by Leland J. Cseke, CRC
8. The molecular life of plants by Jones et al Wiley
9. Chemicals from Plants: Perspectives on Plant Secondary Products (1999)by N.J. Walton, Diane E.
Brown, Imperial College Press and World Scientific Publishing Co. Ltd.
10. ROS in Plant Biology , Bhattacharjee, S, 2019,Springer Nature
11. Introduction to Plant Physiology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., N.Y., USA, 199912.Plant Abiotic Stress
Tolerance: Agronomic, Molecular and Biotechnological Approaches Mirza Hasanuzzaman (Editor),
Khalid Rehman Hakeem (Editor), Kamrun Nahar (Editor), Hesham F. Alharby (Editor)

SEMESTER- IV
CORE COURSE MSBO 404-2: Applied and Molecular Mycology and Plant Pathology(Theory)

Credit 4

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1. Disease incidence: Pre-penetration phase-Molecular basis of plant-pathogen 4T/W

interaction- physiology and genetics of plant- pathogen interaction; Genetics of
pathogenicity; Resistant genes and avirulent genes. Gene for gene hypothesis and its
molecular-genetical explanation; Molecular basis of appresorium formation
and its role in plant disease development.

2. Stress Biology: Plant responses to different biotic and abiotic stresses: Stress
tolerance, stress avoidance and mechanism of Biotic and Abiotic stress tolerance;
Stress inducible genes and stress proteins (HSPs), Osmotins and stress marker
enzymes and their roles in stress management. Oxidative damage in plant cells due to
pathogenic stress and ROS signalling.
3. Molecular biology of plant disease resistance: Genetical and biochemical basis of
plant disease resistance; Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR), Induced Systemic
Resistance (ISR) – Induction of resistance in host plants. Molecular aspect of plant
disease resistance- role of phenolics, phytoalexins and phytoanticipins in plant disease
resistance. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Oxidative stress- Ion-Flux Cascade
and Programmed Cell Death (PCD), Lipoxigenase, PR- proteins- their classes and
roles in plant disease résistance. PR-gene expression and their regulation.
Hypersensitive response (HR)- Hypersensitive reactions- the mechanism, elicitor-
49
 receptor complex formation. Structural and Biochemical defences. Basic knowledge
about the defence enzymes of host plants, alarm signal and signal transduction
mechanism.

4. Mycorrhizae and its molecular biology: Types, co-evolution, applications of

mycorrhizae in agriculture and forestry and their possible use as biofertilizers.
Molecular aspects of mychorrhization-molecular mechanism involved in signaling for
mycorrhization and signal transduction pathway. Mass inoculum production of
mycorrhizal biofertilizers-conventional methods and root organ culture (ROC).

5. Molecular diagnostic Techniques and tools for diagnosis of phytopathogens:

Detection of plant pathogens from plant tissues using ELISA, immunoassay
techniques, Immunofloroscent technique, DNA-DNA hybridization; DNA-RNA
hybridization, PCR amplification, protein profiling by gel electrophoresis (SDS-
PAGE).

6. Biotechnology and crop imorovement: Development of disease resistant crop

varieties by application of tissue culture, mutation breeding and recombinant DNA
technology.
7. Phytoalexins: Definition, types and roles. Phytoalexins biosynthesis, Elicitors of
phytoalexins biosynthesis; degradation of phytoalexins, manipulation of phytoalexin
biosynthesis in plants.

8. Toxins: Host specific and non host specific toxins, their role in pathogenecity and
mode of action.
9. Plant disease control: Modern approaches for Biological control of phytopathogens,
insect pest management. Application of avirulent genes in control of plant pathogens,
Integrated pest and disease Management (IPM/IDPM). Mass inoculums production
and commercialization of biocontrol fungi and entomopathogenic fungi.

10.
Applied and Molecular biological techniques- Fundamentals of Proteomics,
metabolomics and genomics and their application in plant sciences. Basic operational
Principles and applications of the following molecular biological techniques-
Immuno Assay and Immuno Fluroscence techniques- ELISA, RIA, RIST, RAST,
50
 Fluroscence Microscopy; Electrophoresis technique- GEL Electrophoresis, GEL-
Documentation, PCR, RT-PCR, DNA foot printing, DNA finger printing;
Chromatographic Techniques like- TLC, HPLC and GCMS.

SEMESTER- IV
CORE COURSE MSBO 404-3: Microbiology (Theory) Credit 4

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1. Concise account of the following groups:- 4T/W

Rickettsiales b) Chlamydiae c) Extremophiles ( Thermophiles Halophiles,
Psychrophiles)
2. Plasmid- Types, Compatibility, Copy numbers, maintenance &amplification;Ti&Ri
plasmid & its, application in biotechnology
3. Transposon and Retroposon;- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic transposable elements,
mechanism of transposition, transposon mutagenesis and their role in evolution

4. Prokaryotic DNA Replication, Transcription, Translation and their regulation

5. DNA damage and repair: - DNA damage & repair mechanisms in

bacteria,RNAi,miRNA, siRNA and antisense RNA

6. Recombinant DNA Technology- Principles, Enzymes, Vectors, Methods, application

of Recombinant DNA Technology.
7. Virology , Cultivation of viruses, methods for detection and assay, phage typing,
major human viruses: HIV, Hepatitis B and COVID-19, their salient properties,
diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Viral vaccines, interferon and antiviral drugs.

8. Environmental Microbiology: Biological treatment of wastes and pollutants: solid

wastes disposal, treatment of liquid wastes; Biodegradation of environmental
pollulants: petroleum hydrocoarbons and xenobiotics. Bioremediation of heavy
metals; Bioleaching and recovery of metals.
9. Medical microbiology:- Chemotherapy, Sulfa drug and their mode of action,
Antibiotics – classification, mode of actions, antibiotic assay and sensitivity test, non-
medical uses of antibiotics. Antiviral drugs and their mode of action; Drug resistance-
origin, causes and clinical implications.Interferon – Chemical nature, mechanism of
action, production and application..Pathogenecity due to invasiveness, exotoxin,
endotoxin , toxoid and their practical application; Epidemiology, Symptoms,
prevention and control of a)Tuberculosis b) AIDS

51
 10. Immunology- Innate & Adaptive immunity; Cell mediated and Humoral immunity;
MHC types and function; Cytokines; Complement–types, pathways of fixation;
Antibody diversity and Class switching; Hypersensitivity-andtheir types; Monoclonal
antibody production and application; Ag-Abreac--tion;

11. Techniques- ELISA, RIA, RIST, RAST, FACS, FRET, FISH, EMSA, DNase1
footprinting, Immunofluroscent

Suggested readings:
Alexander, M. (1977).Introduction to Soil Microbiology .New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Atlas, R. M. (1984). Microbiology, Fundamentals and Applications. Macmillan.
Atlas, R. M. &Bartha, R. (1997).Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals and Applications, 4th
ed. Benjamin/ Cummings.
Black, J. G. (2001). Microbiology: Principles and Explorations, 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons,
New York.
Campbell, R. (1983). Microbial Ecology.2nd ed. Oxford, Blackwell.
Brocks et al Biology of Microorganisms
Davis, B. D., Dulbecco, R., Eisen, H.N. & Ginsberg, H.S. (1990).Microbiology, 4th ed.
Harper and Row.
Dimmock, N. J. & Primrose, S. B. (1994).Introduction to Modern Virology. 4th ed.
Blackwell Scientific Publications. London.
Holt, J.G., Krieg, N.R., Sneath, P.H.A. Staley, J.T. & Williams, S.T. Bergey’s Manual of
Determinative Bacteriology.Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Maloy, S. R., Cronan, E. J. &Freifelder, D. (1994).Microbial Genetics, 2nd ed. Jones and
Bartlett.
Pelczar, M. J., Reid, R. D. & Chan, E. C. (1993).Microbiology, 5th ed. Macmillan. London.
Pinehuk, G. (2003). Schaum’s outline Series: Theory and Problems of Immunology.
McGrawHill.
Presscott, L. M., Harley, J. P. & Klein, D. A. (1999).Microbiology, 4th ed. McGrawHill, New
York.
Schlegel, H. G. (1993). General Microbiology .7th ed. Cambridge University Press.
Slonczeweski, J.L. & Foster, J.W. (2009).Microbiology- An Evolving Science.Norton.
Stanier, R. Y., Adelberg, E. A. & Ingraham, J. L. (1986).General Microbiology.5th ed.
Macmillan.
Talaro, K. &Talaro, A. (1999).Foundations in Microbiology 3rd ed. Dubuque, McGraw Hill.
Tortora, G. J., Funke, B. R., & Case. C. L. (1999). Microbiology.An Introduction. 6th ed.
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing. Menlo Park Calif.
Voyleys, B. A. (2002). The biology of viruses, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill.
Abbas, A. K., Lichtman, A. H. &Pillai, S. (2006). Cellular and molecular Immunology.6th
ed. Saunders.
Abbas, A. K. &Lichtman, A. H. (2006).Basic Immunology.2nd ed. Elsevier.
Chakraborty, A. K. (2003). Immunology II.2nd ed. N. L. Publishers Siliguri.
Coico R, Sunshine, G., Benjamini, E. (2003). Immunology: A short Course. 5th ed. Wiley-
Liss: New Jersey.
English, L. S. (1994). Technological Applications of Immunochemicals (BIOTOL).
Butterworth- Heinemann, Oxford Freeman & Co.
Goldsby, R. A., Kindt, T. J., Kuby, J. & Osborne, B. A. (2003).Immunology.5th ed. W. H.
Freeman & Co.
Khan F. H. (2009) The Elements of Immunology. Pearson.
52
Kindt, T., Goldsby, R. Osborne, B. (2007).Kuby Immunology. 6th ed. W.H. Freeman & Co.
Male, D., Brostaff, J., Roth, D. &Roitt, I. (2006).Immunology.7th ed. Mosby.
Rao, C. V. (2002). Immunology.Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
Roitt, I. M. & Delves, P. J. (2001). Roitt’s Essential Immunology. 10th ed. Blackwell
Science.Ltd.

SEMESTER- IV
CORE COURSE MSBO 404-4: Plant Genetics and Biotechnology(Theory) Credit 4

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1. Evolutionary Genetics: Evolutionary forces, RNA world, DNA world and major 4T/W
evolutionary events, Genome evolution - gene duplication, protein domains, introns,
lateral-horizontal gene transfer, molecular evolution and molecular clock.

2. Plant In Vitro Technology: History, basic idea and techniques, medium components,
medium preparation, differentiation and regeneration, organogenesis and
morphogenesis, genetic control; Embryogenesis and its physiological and
biochemical aspects, synthetic seeds and embryo rescue; Haploid and triploid culture;
Protoplast culture and somatic hybridization – principle, scope, isolation, purification
and culture of protoplast, Nuclear and cytoplasmic hybrids, applications;
Micropropagation – Principle, methods of clonal propagation, virus free plant
production, Genetic assessment by RAPD, ISSR markers, Evaluation of germplasm
preservation, In Situ/Ex Situ conservation of germplasm; Cryopreservation –
Principle, techniques and applications.
3. Components of genetic transformations in plants: Strategies and methods of genetic
manipulations, characterization of plant promoters; concepts on tissue specific and
inducible and constitutive promoters; Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer,
characteristics of Ti/Ri plasmids; co-integrative and binary vectors, Direct or physical
DNA delivery methods – electroporation, biolistics; Chloroplast transformation;
Functional genomics: validation of transgene stability and function; Concepts on
genome editing tools: Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activators like
effector nucleases (TALENs) and clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic
repeats (CRISPR/Cas); Application of transgenic plants for productivity and
performance; Molecular pharming - benefits and risks; biopolymer production
through transgenic approach; Biosafety, bioethics and plant biotechnology.

4. Strategy for Crop Improvements: Basic idea and principle of crop improvement
through transgene technology; developing herbicide tolerance in crops; target of
herbicide action and detoxification of herbicides; Genetic engineering of plants for
insect resistance: Bt toxin and use of protease inhibitors; Engineering plants for
abiotic stress tolerance, including salt and drought tolerance; Production of secondary
metabolites - Biotransformation and metabolic engineering for secondary metabolite
production.

Suggested readings

53
 1. Biotechnology Fundamentals Third Edition 2020 Edition by Firdos Alam Khan, Taylor
and Francis
2. Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA by GLICK
3. Text Book of Plant Biotechnology Paperback – by Ratnesh Kumar Anand
4. Recent Advances in Plant Biotechnology and its Applications by Ashwani Kumar Parrek, Sudhir K.
Sopory
5. Plant biotechnology – by Prof. P.K. Gupta
6. Plant Biotechnology by B.D. Singh

SEMESTER- IV
CORE COURSE MSBO 404-5: (Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Biosystematics) Theory
Credit: 4

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures
1. Methods and principles of biological systematics: evolutionary principles and 4T/W
methods, character mapping, phylogenetic classification, comparison between
phylogenetic classifications with those derived from other taxonomic methods.
2. Phylogenomics&Phylogeography: Principles, methods & outcomes.
3. Phenetic: Principles, Clustering method- OTU selection, concept of character(s), unit
characters selection, OUT X character matrix, character coding matrix, similarity
coefficient matrix, clustering (UPGMA method), phenogram construction and
analysis; application in Taxonomy & Agronomy.
4. Cladistics: Principles; concepts on monophyly, monophyletic group, paraphyletic
group, polyphyletic group, apomorphy, synapomorphy, plesiomorphy, homoplasy,
analogy, clade, cladogram, phylogram, phylogenetic tree, anagenesis, cladogenesis,
outgroup, ingroup, morphocline/ transformation series, character evolution, terminal
taxon, principle of parsimony, principle of maximum likelihood, Bayesian principle,
rooted tree, unrooted tree, consensus tree, cladogroam robustness, phylogenetic
software, exhaustive search of tree, heuristic search of tree, bootstrap analysis,
Jackknife Analysis, biogeographic analysis; taxon selection; character analysis;
cladogram construction; cladogram analysis.
5. Journey from Alpha Taxonomy to Phylogenetics in India: contribution
ofVanRheede, Botanical Collections in India, Recent Trends in Capturing Specimen
Data and Images, Species Discovery, Catalogue of Taxa into Floras, Adoption of
Molecular Data, National Priorities on Plant taxonomy and Biodiversity Studies, role
of BSI and other institutes in Indian taxonomy.
6. Molecular Systematics: History, Concept and methods; Molecular Taxonomy and
the need for accelerated pace of species discovery, strengths and limitations of
molecular taxonomy; molecular markers in plant phylogenetic analysis.
7. Chemotaxonomy in Angiosperm Phylogeny: History, primary and secondary
metabolites, semantides, their significance in Angiosperms Systematics;
Chemotaxonomic markers in APG; tools and techniques in chemotaxonomy.
8. Barcoding concept: Importance; standard molecular barcodes, nrDNA, cpDNA and
mtDNA.
9. The New Global Taxonomy Initiatives and collection based systematic:
Biodiversity strategy and systematics Agenda for 2020 (SA2K); Building the
Biodiversity Cyber Bank— an ambitious global community-wide cyber
infrastructure.

54
 Suggested readings for Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Biosystematics

1. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for
the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society 181: 1-
20.
2. Armen Takhtajan (1991) Evolutionary Trends in Flowering Plants-Columbia University Press.
3. Briggs David 2009. Plant microevolution and Conservation in Human-influenced
Ecosystems.Cambridge University Press.
4. Crawford, D.J. 2003. Plant Molecular Systematics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
5. Cronquist, A. 1981 .An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants Columbia University
Press, New York.
6. Cronquist, A. 1988. The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants (2nded.) Allen Press, U.S.A.
7. Davis, P. H. and V. H. Heywood 1991. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy. Today and Tomorrow
Publications, New Delhi.
8. Devis, P.H. and Heywood, V. H. 1973.Principles of angiosperms taxonomy. Robert E. Kreiger Pub. Co.
Newyork.
9. Grant W. F. 1984. Plant Biosystematics.Academic press, London.
10. Grant, V. 1971.Plant Speciation, Columbia University press, London.
Harisson, H.J. 1971. New concept in flowering plant Taxonomy. Hickman educational books Ltd.
London.
11. Heywood, V. H. and Moore, D. M. 1984. Current concepts in Plant Taxonomy. Academic Press,
London.
12. Heslop-Harisson, J. 1967.Plant Taxonomy.English Language Book Sco.And Edward Arnold Pub.Ltd,
UK.
13. Joncs, A. D. and Wibins, A. D. 1971. Variation and adaptation in Plant species Hickman and Co.
14. Jones, S. B., Jr.and Luchsinger, A. E. 1986. Plant Systematics (gd edition). McGraw -Hill Book Co.,
New York.
15. Judd W. S., Campbell, C. S., Kellogg, E. A., Stevens P. F. and M. J. Donoghue 2008. Plant Systematics:
A phylogenetic Approach.Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
16. Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S, Kellogg, E.A., Stevens, P.A. and Donoghue, M.J. 2016. Plant Systematics:
A Phylogenetic Approach. Sinauer Associaes, Inc., Massachusetts.
17. Lawrence George H. M. 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants.Oxford and IBH Publ. Co. Pvt. Ltd. New
Delhi.
18. Leadlay E. and S. Jury (ed.) 2006. Taxonomy and Plant conservation.Cambridge University Press.
19. Manilal, K. S. and M. S. Muktesh Kumar [ed.] 1998. A Handbook of Taxonomic Training. DST, New
Delhi.
20. Naik, V. N. 1984. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Tata McGraw-Hill Publication Com. Ltd. New Delhi
21. Nordentam, B., El Gazaly, G. and kassas, M. 2000.Plant systematic for 21st century.Portland press.Ltd,
London.
22. Pamela S. Soltis et al. (2005) Phylogeny & Evolution of Angiosperms, Sinauer Associates.
23. Quicke, Donald, L. J. 1993. Principles and Techniques of Contemporary Taxonomy.Blakie Academic &
Professional, London
24. Radford, A. E. 1986. Fundamentals of plant systematic.Harper and Raw publication, USA.
25. Simpson M. G. 2006. Plant systematics (Second Edition) Elsevier.
26. Simpson, M.G. 2010. Plant Systematics. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

55
 27. Solbrig, O.T. 1970. Principles and methods of plant Sytematics. The Macmillan Co. Publication Co.
Inc., USA.
28. Stebbins, G. L. 1974. Flowering Plants-evolution Above species Level. Edvard Arnold Ltd, London.
29. Stuessy TF 2009. Plant Taxonomy: The systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data. Columbia
University Press, New York.
30. Stuessy, T.F., Crawford, D.J., Soltis, D.E. and Soltis, P.S. 2014. Plant Systematics: The origin,
interpretation, and ordering, of plant biodiversity. Koeltz Scientific Books, Konigstein, Germany.
31. Takhtajan, A. 1962. Flowering plants- Origin and Dispersal. Taylor, D. V. and L. J. Hickey 1997.
Flowering Plants: Origin, Evolution and Phylogeny.CBS Publishers & Distributers, New Delhi.
32. Takhtajan, A. L. 1997. Diversity and classification of Flowering Plants. Columbia University Press,
New York.
33. Takhtajan, A. L. 1997. Diversity and classification of Flowering Plants. Columbia University Press,
New York.
34. Woodland, D. W. 1991. Contemporary Plant Syatematics, Pentice Hall, New Jersery.
35. Hennig, W. 1966. Phylogenetic Systematics. Urbana: Univ. Illinois Press (an English translation of a
book published earlier in German).
On line Journals available on UGC website

SEMESTER- IV
CORE COURSE MSBO 404-6: Phycology (Theory) Credit 4

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1. Fossil algae & their importance. 4T/W

2. Carbon dioxide concentrating mechanism (CCM) in algae.

3.
Phytoplankton Ecology: factors (light, temperature, chemical & current) and
distribution.

4. Terrestrial algal ecology: soil algae, cryoalgae and subaerial algae

5. Macroalgal and periphyton ecology: biogeography of seaweeds; influence of

biological factors on periphyton

6. Algae of unusual habitats: thermal algae, halotolerant forms and their ecology

7. Extracellular products of algae & toxic algae.

8. Algae in Biotic associations.

56
 9. Algal biotechnology with special reference to health food, biocosmetics, medicine,
biofuels, biomonitoring and bioremediation.

10. Control of aquatic algae.

11. Biogeochemical role of algae

Isolation, purification & growth characteristics in relation to algal culture; indoor and
outdoor cultivation culture; photobioreactors.

SEMESTER- IV
CORE COURSE MSBO 405-1: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY (PRACTICAL)

Credit 4

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1. To separate amino acids from a mixture sample by paper chromatographic technique. 8P/W

2. Protein purification by salting out and isoelectric precipitation.

3. Purification of protein by 1-D SDS-PAGE

4. To separate flavonoids from a mixture sample by TLC technique

5. Soxlet extraction, concentration (vacuum evaporation) and quantification of phenolic

compounds from plant sample.
6. Demonstration of 2D electrophoretic sepaeration of plant proteins.

7. Extraction and estimation of Na+ and K+ ions from salinity stressed and untreated
control seedlings

SEMESTER- IV
CORE COURSE MSBO 405-2: Applied and Molecular Mycology and Plant Pathology(Practical)

Credit 4

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1. Study of symptomology and histopathology and identification of some common plant 8P/W
diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and virushes.

57
 2. Spectrophotometric Estimation of total phenols in diseased and healthy plant tissue.

3. Spectrophotometric Estimation of nuclic acids and proteins from healthy and diseased
plant tissue -extraction and estimation

4. Assay of pectolytic enzymes produced by pathogens during pathogenesis.

Assay of cellulolytic enzymes produced by pathogens during pathogenesis.

Assay of chitinolytic enzymes produced by pathogens during pathogenesis.

6. Laboratory testing of fungicides: a) standard procedure for preparation of calibrated

spore suspension b) standard procedure for preparation of stock solution of test
chemicals c) Fungicidal bioassay using fungal spore germination technique and
determination of MIC value.

7. Antibiotic bioassay: following bacterial growth and standard protocol.

8. Demonstration for operation of the following instruments:- Spectrophotometric

studies-– UV-VIS spectrophotometer, Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer (ASS),
ELISA –immuno-fluroscent assay, Electrophoretic Techniques- SDS-PAGE - GEL
electrophoresis, GEL documentation system. Chromatographic techniques- HPLC,
GC–MS. Centrifuge- cold centrifuge, Ultra-centrifuge, PCR and RT-PCR.

9. Bioinformatics and its implications in fungal and bacterial protein and gene
sequencing.

SEMESTER- IV
MSBO-405-3 DEMicrobiology (Practical)
Credit–4 50 L

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1. Determination of MIC and MBC of antibiotic. Assay of antibiotic by agar cup assay 8P/W
and tube dilution method.

2. Determination of phenol co-efficient.

3. Determination of thermal death point of bacteria.

58
 4. Isolation of Plasmid / genomic DNA from bacteria and Agarose gel Electrophoresis
of isolated DNA, Quantification of DNA using Spectrophotometer. Restriction
enzyme digestion (kit based), electrophoresis & documentation. Bacterial protein
isolation, SDS-PAGE of isolated protein and determination of Mol. wt., Bradford
assay

5. Standard Quality analysis of water-

a) Presumptive test b) Confirmed test c) Completed test d) IMVIC test

6. Isolation of Rhizobium from nodule of leguminous plant . Demonstration of

production of Rhizobium inoculant in laboratory fermenter.

7. Separation of mixture of sugars and amino acids by paper Chromatography and Thin
Layer Chromatography method and their identification.
8. Demonstration of the operation of following Instruments
a) Atomic Absorption b) HPLC c) SEM d) PCR e) RT-PCR, f) qPCR

9. Isolation of heavy metal bacteria and detection of bioremediation efficiency by

modern approach

10. Serological test (agglutination and precipitation-kit based)

11. Isolation of bacteriophage from sewage water

SEMESTER- IV
CORE COURSE MSBO 405-4: Plant Genetics and Biotechnology(Practical)

Credit 4

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1 Preparation of stock solution and MS basal medium. 8P/W

2 Laboratory experiments for callus induction, organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis

and plant regeneration.

3 Preparation of synthetic seed with somatic embryo.

59
4. Isolation of plasmid DNA from cultured E.coli cells; plasmid purification

5. Digestion of plasmid DNA using restriction endonucleases, restriction fragments

analysis through agarose gel electrophoresis and determination of restriction maps
6. Transformation of competent E.colicell using plasmid DNA, determination of
transformation efficiency.

7. Isolation, purification and spectrophotometric estimation of plant genomic DNA.

8. Principle and applications of polymerase chain reaction, amplification of DNA

sequence by PCR, site-directed mutagenesis (demonstration only)
9. Isolation protoplast from leaf mesophyll cell, visualization of protoplast.

10. Preparation of Agrobacterium culture, Agro-transformation with plant binary vector,

transient gene expression assay by Tobacco leaf Agro- infiltration, GUS reporter assay.

SEMESTER- IV
CORE COURSE MSBO 405-5: (Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Biosystematics) Practical

Credit 4

1. Study of some apomorphic floral characters (in comparative manner) in locally 8P/W
available special group of Angiospermic plants.
2. Morphological study of locally available Angiospermic taxa/species and Phenetics
analysis of the studied taxa/species by UPGMA method.
3. Cladistic analysis of the studied species using PAUP/other software: Characters
selection, homology assessment, determination of polarity of characters
(morphocline), preparation of taxa X characters metrics, cladogram construction and
interpretation of clades.
4. Acquisition of molecular markers sequence of the studied species from online
databases and Molecular phylogenetic analysis using MEGA and other softwares.
5. Extraction and preliminary Phytochemical screening and quantitative estimation of
some selective Chemotaxonomic markers.
6. Excursion to different phyto-geographic regions to study floristic composition.
7. Preparation of herbarium specimens following standard methods and relevant
documents.

60
 SEMESTER- IV
CORE COURSE MSBO 405-6: Phycology (Practical) Credit 4

Sl. no. Chapter No. of

lectures

1. How to study, describe & prepare key up to species level using standard characters. 8P/W

2. Study of Indian marine algae.

3. Collection and study of representative diatoms using standard techniques

4. Culture of algae (continuation) students are required to submit a pure culture

5. Cytology of algae.

SEMESTER- IV
CORE COURSE MSBO 406: Based on DE (Project/Term paper) Credit 4

61