BVM GLOBAL @ PERUNGUDI

SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

CHENNAI – 600096

LAB OBSERVATION MANUAL

GRADE 11

Subject : PHYSICS

Subject Code : 042

Name of the Student :

Roll no. :
 INDEX

S. Date Name of the Experiment Pg. Tr.

no. no. sign
S. Date Name of the Experiment Pg. Tr.
no. no. sign
 INSTRUCTIONS FOR WRITING PHYSICS RECORD AND OBSERVTION
NOTE BOOK

1. Use only a blue ink pen to write in the record.

2. Write the experiment number and date on the ruled side, within the margin of the first
two lines.
3. Write the Experiment name and sub headings in bold letters.
4. Format for writing on the ruled side:
o AIM
o APPARATUS REQUIRED
o THEORY
o PROCEDURE
o PRECAUTIONS
o SOURCES OF ERROR
o RESULT
5. Format for writing on the unruled side:
o FIGURE/CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (in pencil on the first unruled page)
o TABULATION (outline in pencil, observation entries in pen on the second
unruled page)
o CALCULATION (in pen below the table)
6. If a graph is required, plot it to scale on the attached graph sheets at the back,
specifying the experiment number.
7. In the index, specify the experiment number/activity number, date, name of the
experiment, and page number in pen.
8. Obtain the teacher's signature in the observation notebook before entering
information into the record notebook.
9. Cover the record notebook with a brown sheet and labelled.
10. Loss of observation note book will entail the purchase of a new one with a cost incured.
 TERM I
Ex.No.1 SCREW GAUGE
Date
Aim
To measure diameter of a given wire using screw gauge.

Materials Required
1. Screw gauge
2. Wire
3. Meter scale
4. Magnifying glass

Theory

Diagram

Procedure
1. Find the value of one linear scale division (L.S.D).
2. Determine and record the pitch and least count of the screw gauge.
3. To find the zero error, bring the plane face B and A near. Repeat and record this for three
times. Record zero error as nil if there is no error.
4. Move face B away from face A. using a ratchet head R, move the face A towards face B
lengthwise and stop when R turns without moving the screw.
5. Linear scale reading (L.S.R) is recorded by noting down the no.of visible and uncovered
divisions of linear scale.
6. Let n be the no.of divisions of the circular scale lying on the reference line.
7. For the entire length of wire, repeat steps 4,5,6 and 7 for five different positions and record
the observations.
8. Find the total reading and also zero correction.
9. Take the mean of different values of diameter.
 10. Using a half-meter scale, measure the length of the wire. Repeat this step three times and
record the readings.

Observations

Table for diameter (D)

Sl.no Linear scale Circular scale reading Total reading
reading (N in
mm) No.of circular scale Value Observed Corrected
division on [n×(L.C)] D0=N+n×(L.C)mm D=D0+c
reference line (n) mm

1 D1(a)=

2
D1(b)=

3 D2(a)=

4 D2(b)=

5 D3(a)=
Mean D= mm

Result
The diameter of the given wire is ………mm.

Precautions
1. For zero correction proper sign should be noted.
2. To avoid back-lash error in the screw, the screw should be moved in the same direction.
3. Along the entire length of the wire, readings should be taken at five different places.
4. Avoid errors because of parallax.

Sources Of Error
1. There might be friction in the screw.
2. There might be a back-lash error in the screw gauge.
3. Circular scale divisions may not be equally divided.
4. There might not be uniformity in the wire.

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Ex.No.2 VERNIER CALIPERS
Date:
Aim
To measure internal diameter and depth of a beaker/calorimeter using vernier calipers and hence find its
volume.

Materials Required
1. Vernier calipers
2. A cylindrical object like a beaker
3. Magnifying glass

Theory
The least count is defined as the smallest length that can be measured on an instrument’s scale.

Diagram

Procedure
1. Determine and record the least count of the vernier caliper which is also known as the vernier
constant.
2. To find the zero error, bring the movable jaw BD in contact with the fixed jaw AC. Repeat and
record this three times. If there is no zero error, then record zero error as nil.
3. Now put the jaws C and D inside the beaker and open till they make contact with the inner wall of
the beaker without any pressure. Tighten the screw without putting too much of pressure.
4. On the main scale, record the zero mark of the vernier scale. Just before the zero mark of the
vernier scale, record the main scale reading which is known as main scale reading (M.S.R).
 5. Let n be the number of the vernier scale division which coincides with the main scale
division.
6. To measure the depth, find the total reading and zero correction.
7. The edge of the main scale of vernier caliper should be placed on the peripheral edge. Care
should be taken to make the strip go freely inside the beaker along with its depth.
8. Once the moving jaw of the vernier caliper touches the bottom of the beaker perpendicularly,
the screw of the vernier caliper should be tightened.
9. For four different positions along the circumference of the beaker, repeat steps 4 and 5.
10. Find the total reading and also zero correction.
11. For internal diameter, take two different values and for depth, take two different values.
12. Calculate the volume using the proper formula and record the same in the result with units.

Observations

Mean D= cm

Table for depth(d)

Mean d = cm
Result
The volume of the beaker is …….cm3.

Precautions
1. Apply machine oil or grease to make the vernier scale slide smoothly over the main scale.
2. To avoid the damage to threads, do not exert more pressure on the vernier screw.
3. To avoid errors due to parallax, keep the eye directly over the division mark.
4. The significant figures and units used in observations must be correct.

Sources of error
1. Not accounting for the zero error in the instrument.
2. Avoid gaps and undue pressure with respect to the placing of vernier calipers.

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Ex.No.3 SPHEROMETER
Date:
Aim
To determine the radius of curvature of a given spherical surface by a spherometer.
Materials Required
1. Spherometer
2. Convex surface
3. A big size plane mirror

Theory

1. Least count of spherometer

1 pitch scale division = 1 mm

No.of full rotations given to screw = 5
Distance moved by the screw = 5 mm
Hence, pitch, p = 5mm/5 = 1 mm
No.of divisions on circular (disc) scale = 100
Hence, least count = 1mm/100 = 0.01 mm = 0.001 cm

L is the mean distance between the three legs

H is the sagitta

Procedure

1. To get the three pricks of the spherometer, press the spherometer gently on the practical
note-book by lifting the central screw and mark these pricks as A, B, and C.
2. Join the points A, B, and C to form a triangle and measure the distance between these
points.
3. Note the distances between AB, BC, and CA and take their mean.
4. Find the value of the pitch which is the vertical scale division.
5. Record the pitch and least count of the spherometer.
6. Lift the screw sufficiently upwards.
7. Place the spherometer on the convex surface so that all the three legs rest on it.
8. Turn the screw gently downwards till it touches the convex surface.
9. Let a be the reading taken from the circular scale which is in line with the vertical scale.
10. Now remove and place the spherometer on the plane mirror.
11. Let n1 be the no.of rotations completed by the disc when it is moved downwards.
12. Continue rotating the disc till the tip of the screw touches the plane surface of the mirror.
13. Let b be the reading of the circular scale which is in line with the vertical scale.
14. From the last incomplete rotation, find the number of a circular scale division m.

If a is greater than b, then m= a-b

If a is less than b , then m = (100+a)-b
15. Repeat steps 6 to 14 three times and record the observations.

Diagram

Observations

Table for sagitta (h)

Sl.no Circular (disc) No.of No.of disc scale Total reading

scale reading complete divisions in h=n1×p +m(L.C)
rotations on a incomplete rotation (mm)
a b plane mirror m=(a-b)
(n1)

1. h1=

2. h2=

3. h3=
Mean h = mm = cm

In △ABC marked by the legs of the spherometer

Distance between two legs of the spherometer
Result
The radius of curvature of the given convex surface is ………..cm.

Precautions

1. The movement of the screw should happen without any friction.

2. To avoid backlash error, the screw should be moved in the same direction.
3. Avoid excess rotation.

Source Of Error

1. There might be friction in the screw.

2. There might be a back-lash error in the spherometer.
3. The divisions between the circular scale may not be of equal siz

Ex.No.4 Parallelogram law of vectors

Date
Aim
To find the weight of a given body using the parallelogram law of vectors.

Materials Required

1. Gravesand’s apparatus which is a parallelogram law of forces apparatus

2. Plumb line
3. Two hangers with slotted weights
4. A body whose weight is to be determined
5. Thin strong thread
6. White drawing paper
7. Drawing pins
8. Mirror strip
9. Sharp pencil
10. Half-meter scale
11. Set squares
12. Protractor

Theory
If an unknown weight body S is suspended from the middle of the hanger, and P and Q are
the two balance weights from the other two ends of the hanger, then the unknown weight is
calculated using the below equation:

Where,

 S is the unknown weight

 P and Q are the balance weights

Diagram

Procedure
 1. Set up the Gravesand’s apparatus with its board vertical and with the help of a plumb
line.
2. Oil the pulleys P1 and P2 if they are not friction-less.
3. With the help of drawing pins, fix the white sheet on the board.
4. Let O be the knot made from three-piece of strong thread.
5. Let P and Q be the weights that are tied at both the ends of the hanger and X be the
given body tied to the third end.
6. Let the third weight X be vertically in the middle of the board and weights P and Q
are passed over the pulley.
7. Junction O should be maintained at equilibrium by adjusting weights P and Q.
8. All the three weights P, Q and X act as three forces.
9. All three weights should hang freely without touching the board or table.
10. With a sharp pencil, mark the position of junction O.
11. Disturb the weights P and Q and leave them free.
12. Use the plane mirror strip and mark the directions of forces.
13. Taking a scale, 1 cm = 50 g, OA = 3 cm and OB = 3 cm to represent P =150g and Q =
150g.
14. R is represented by completing the parallelogram OACB and by joining OC with the
help of set squares.
15. Draw the diagonal OC. Its length measures the magnitude of unknown force.
16. P and Q can be changed for different sets.

Observation
Scale used: Let 1 cm = 50 g

Sl. Forces Sides Resultant force R Unknown weight S

no (g wt) (g wt)

P (g wt) Q (g wt) OA OB OC
(cm) (cm) (cm)

1. 150 150
Result
The unknown weight of given body = g
The error is within limits of experimental error.

Precautions

1. The board should be stable and placed verticle.

2. There shouldn’t be any friction in the pulleys.
3. The board or the table should not be in touch with the hangers.
4. The middle of the paper should have junction O.
5. When the weights are at rest, the points should be marked.

Sources Of Error

1. There might be friction in the pulleys.

2. Weights might not be accurate.
3. Points marked may be correct.

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Activity 1 Making a paper scale

Date :
Aim
To make a paper scale of given least count, e.g., 0.2 cm, 0.5 cm.

Apparatus
A thick white paper sheet, pencil, scale with sharp edge marked in cm and mm, fevicol, a pair
of scissors, a paper cutter, thick ivory sheet used by engineering students.

Theory
Least count. The minimum observation that can be measured by the instrument accurately is
called the least count of instrument.
Range of an instrument. The maximum observation that can be measured by instrument is
called its range.

Diagram

Procedure
(A) Paper scale of least count 0.2 cm

1. Fold a white paper sheet in the middle along lengthwise.

2. Mark in the upper half along the length a line PQ 15 cm long by a sharp pencil (Fig.
A).
3. Take P as zero mark points on PQ at a distance of 1.0 cm and write as 0,1, 2,……up to
15.
4. Mark the vertical lines to line PQ at the position of each mark 0, 1, 2,……up to 15.
5. Draw another sharp line RS which is parallel to PQ at a distance of 8 mm.
6. Draw another line XY parallel to PQ at a distance of about 25 mm. And complete the
rectangle ABXY.
7. Now divide each 1.0 cm interval into five equal divisions on PQ by marking points at
every interval of 2 mm. Mark these points up to 15 cm mark.
8. Now draw sharp small lines about 3 mm long perpendicular to PQ on each of the point
which is separated by 2 mm.
9. Draw another line AB parallel to PQ at a gap of 3 mm.
10. Darken each line and division by the sharp black pen, and write 1,2,……15 at each cm
mark.
11. Cut the rectangular scale by a sharp paper cutter and paste it on a thick ivory sheet and
cut the sheet along the boundary of the rectangle with the help of scissors.
12. Paper scale of least count 0.2 mm and of the range of 15 cm is ready.
Result

1. The scales of the least count 0.2 cm and 0.5 cm have been made.
2. The length of the pencil, using scale (A) = …….cm.

Precautions

1. The cm markings should be longer than 0.2 cm and 0.5 cm markings.

2. Final lines and marking should be drawn by using fine tipped black ink pen.
3. Paper scale should be pasted on the thick ivory paper.
4. Use very sharp pencil for the graduation marks.

Sources of error

1. Graduation marks may not be equally separated.

2. The lines showing graduations may not be sharp as required.

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Activity2 Principle of Moments

To Determine Mass of a Given Body Using a Metre Scale by Principle of Moments

Aim
To determine mass of a given body using a metre scale by principle of moments.

Apparatus
A metre scale, a broad heavy wedge with sharp edge, a weight box, a body of unknown mass.

Mean m= g
Result
The unknown mass of the body, m =……..g.

Precautions

1. The wedge should be broad and heavy with sharp edge.

2. Metre scale should have uniform mass distribution.
3. Threads used for loops should be thin, light and strong,

Sources of error

1. The wedge may not be sharp.

2. Metre scale may have faulty calibration.
3. The threads used for loops may be thick and heavy.

Activity 3
 Plot a graph with proper choice of scales and error bar

Aim
To plot a graph for a given set of data, with proper choice of scales and error bars.

Apparatus
Graph paper, scale, rubber, pencil.

Data

Procedure

(a) To identify dependent and independent variable

1. The load is taken as independent variable and should be taken on X-axis. The extension is
taken as dependent variable and should be taken on Y-axis.

(b) To plot the data with error bars

Mark the points 50, 100, 150, 350 gf on the load axis and the points 0.10, 0.20,
0. 30 0.60 cm on the extension-axis of the graph paper.

(c) For the first data point, the value of load is 50 gf and extension is 0.08 cm measured with
an accuracy of ± 0,2 cm. Mark the dot on the graph paper against the load 50 gf and
extension 0.08 cm and surround it by a small circle .

(d)Corresponding to the load of 50 gf, the error bars are indicated against the upper and lower
limiting values of the extension as 0.08 – 0.02 and 0.08 + 0.02 i.e., 0.06 and 0.10 cm.
Similarly, plot the remaining data points, all the data points should lie in a straight line. In
general, a few data points may be of the expected straight line graph.

(d)Draw a straight line joining the data points, taking care that the points, which do not lie on
the straight line graph are distributed evenly above and below it.
Write down the title of the graph i.e., ‘Graph between load and extension’ and the scales used
along the two axes on the graph-paper

TERM II CLASS 11 PHYSICS PRACTICAL CONTENT

EXP.NO.5 The spring constant of a spring

Aim
To find the force constant of a helical spring by plotting a graph between load and extension.

Apparatus/ Materials Required

 A rigid support
 Spring
 A 50 g or 20 g hanger
 Six 20 g or 50 g slotted weight
 A fine pointer
 A vertical wooden scale
 A hook

Diagram

Theory
When a load F suspended from the lower free end of the spring hanging from rigid support
increases its length by l, then
F∝l
or
F=kl
Where k is the proportionality constant
K, the proportionality constant, is also known as the force constant or the spring constant of
the spring
From the above equation, it is clear that if l =1, F = K.
Hence, spring constant can be defined as the force required to produce a unit extension in the
spring.

Procedure
 1. Suspend the spring from a rigid support and attach the pointer and the hook from its
lower free end.
2. Hang a 50 g hanger from the hook
3. Arrange the vertical wooden scale such that the tip of the pointer comes over the
divisions on the scale but does not touch the scale.
4. Note the reading on the scale and record it in the loading column against the zero
loads.
5. Gently add a suitable load of 50 g or 20 g of slotted weight to the hanger. The tip of
the pointer moves down.
6. Wait for some time till the pointer comes to rest. Repeat step 4.
7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 till six slots have been added.
8. Remove one slotted weight. The pointer moves up. Repeat step 6 and record the
reading in the unloading column.
9. Repeat step 8 till the only hanger is left.
10. Record your observation as given below in the table.

Observations
Table for extension and load

S. Load on Hanger (W) = Reading of Position of the pointer tip Extension

No Applied Force
(l cm)
Loading Unloading Mean

(x cm) (y cm) z=
(x+y)/2

1 0

2 50

3 100

4 150

5 200

6 250

7 300
Model Graph

The graph between load and extension for the given set of data along with the error bars is as
shown in Graph.

Precautions

1. The scale along the two axes should be properly selected.

2. The data points should be joined with a smooth curve or a straight line (as the case may
be), so as to pass through the maximum number of points and the points, which do not
lie on the graph, should be distributed evenly above and below it.

Result :

K= F/l = gwt/cm
EXP.No.6 The coefficient of viscosity of a given viscous liquid

Aim
To determine the coefficient of viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal
velocity of a given spherical body.

Materials Required

1. A half metre high

2. 5cm broad glass cylindrical jar with millimetre graduations
3. Transparent viscous liquid
4. One steel ball
5. Screw gauge
6. Stop clock/watch
7. Thermometer
8. Clamp with stand

Theory
Terminal velocity is defined as the highest velocity that is attained by an object as it falls
through a fluid. When the sum of drag force and buoyancy are equal to the force of gravity,
terminal velocity occurs.
Following is terminal velocity formula:

Where,

 v is the terminal velocity

 r is the radius of the spherical body
 g is the acceleration due to gravity
 ρ is the density of the spherical body
 σ is the density of the liquid
 η is the coefficient of viscosity

Diagram
Procedure

1. Clean the glass jar and fill it with transparent viscous liquid.
2. The vertical scale along the height of the jar must be clearly visible to note the least
count.
3. Check the tight spring of the stopwatch and also record the least count and zero error.
4. Record the least count and zero error of the vernier calliper.
5. Determine the radius of the ball.
6. Gently drop the ball in the liquid. Initially, the ball falls with an accelerated velocity
until it reaches one-third height of the liquid. Then it falls with uniform terminal
velocity.
7. As the ball reaches some convenient division, start the stopwatch to note its fall.
8. As the ball reaches the convenient lowest division, stop the stopwatch.
9. Record the time taken by the ball.
10. Repeat steps 6 to 9 twice for more readings.

Observations
Least count of vertical scale = 1 mm
Least count of stop clock/watch = …….. s
Zero error of stop clock/watch = ……. s
Least count of Vernier calliper(LC) = 1/100 = 0.01 cm
The diameter of the spherical ball

 D = ….. cm Radius r= D/2= cm

Terminal velocity of spherical ball
Distance fallen, S = …… cm
Time taken,
t1 = …….. s
t2 = …….. s
t3 = …….. s
Calculations

Result
The coefficient of viscosity of the liquid = ……. C.G.S.units

Precautions

1. To watch the motion the liquid used must be transparent

2. The perfectly spherical ball should be used
3. Velocity should be noted only when it is constant

Sources Of Error

1. The density of the liquid used must be non-uniform

2. The ball used might not be perfectly spherical
 3. Velocity noted might not be constant

EXP.NO.7 Relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time

Aim

To study the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time by plotting the
cooling curve.

Apparatus And Materials Required

Newton’s law of cooling apparatus (copper calorimeter with a wooden lid having two holes
for inserting a thermometer and a stirrer and an open double – walled vessel)

Two thermometers, Stop clock, Heater, Burner, Water, Clamp Stand, Two rubber stoppers
with holes,Strong cotton threads, Beaker

Diagram

Theory
Newton’s law of cooling states that the rate of cooling of a body is directly proportional to
the temperature difference between the body and the surrounding, provided the temperature
difference is small.
Mathematically, it can be expressed as follows:
Procedure

1. Fill the space between the double wall of the enclosure with water and keep it on top
of a table.
2. Fill two-thirds of the calorimeter with water heated to about 80 °C.
3. Suspend the calorimeter inside the enclosure with a thermometer in it. Cover it with a
wooden lid with a hole in the middle.
4. Suspend a thermometer from the clamp and stand into the enclosure water and the
other thermometer in calorimeter water.
5. Note the least count of thermometers.
6. Set the stop clock to zero and note down its least count.
7. Note the temperature T0 of water in the enclosure.
8. Start stirring the water in calorimeter so that it cools uniformly.
9. When the calorimeter has convenient temperature reading, note it down and start and
stop the clock watch
10. Continue stirring and note the temperature after every few minutes. The temperature
falls quickly in the first few minutes
11. Note down the enclosure water temperature every five minutes.
12. When the temperature fall becomes slow, note down the temperature at an interval of
two minutes for ten minutes and then an interval of 5 minutes.
13. Stop when the fall of temperature becomes very slow.
14. Record your observation as given in the table below

Observation
The Least count of stop clock watch = _____ s

S.No Time For Cooling Temperature of water in calorimeter

T(s) (T °C)
S.No Time For Cooling Temperature of water in calorimeter
T(s) (T °C)
Result
The temperature is seen to fall quickly in the beginning and then the difference in
temperature slowly decreases. This is in agreement with Newton’s law of cooling.

EXP.NO.8 SURFACE TENSION OF WATER

Aim
To find the surface tension of water by capillary rise method.
Apparatus/ Materials Required
 A capillary tube
 A tipped pointer clamped in a metallic plate with a handle
 Travelling microscope
 Adjustable height stand
 A flat bottom open dish
 Clean water in a beaker
 Clamp and a stand
Diagram

Theory

The surface tension of water is given by the formula where, r is the radius of cross-section, g
is the acceleration due to gravity, ρ is the density of the liquid, h is the capillary rise, θ is the
contact angle.

Procedure

touch the tip of the pointer. (a) Arranging the apparatus

1. Place the adjustable height stand on the table and make its base horizontal by levelling
the screws.
 2. Take dirt and grease-free water in an open dish with a flat bottom and put it on top of
the stand.
3. Clean the capillary tube and dry it and then clamp to a metallic plate. Clamp a pointer
after the capillary tube.
4. Clamp the horizontal handle of the metallic plate in a vertical stand so that the
capillary tube and the pointer become vertical.
5. Adjust the height of the metallic plate that the capillary tubes dip in the water in the
open dish.
6. Adjust the position of the pointer such that the tip touches the water surface.
(b) Measurement of capillary rise
1. Calculate the least count of the travelling microscope for vertical and horizontal
scales.
2. Raise the microscope to a suitable height pointed towards the capillary tube with a
horizontal axis.
3. Focus the microscope on the capillary tube.
4. Make the horizontal crosswire touch the central part of the concave meniscus seen
convex through the microscope
5. Note the reading of the microscope on the vertical scale.
6. Lower the stand for the pointer tip to be visible.
7. Move the microscope horizontally and bring it in front of the pointer.
8. Lower the microscope and make the horizontal crosswire
(c) Measurement of the internal diameter of the capillary tube
1. Place the capillary tube horizontally on the adjustable stand.
2. Focus the microscope on the end dipped in water.
3. Make the horizontal cross-wire touch the inner circle at point A, take the reading.
Then focus at point B and take the reading.
Observation

The least count of the travelling microscope (L.C) = 0.001 cm.

Height of liquid rise

The internal diameter of the capillary

Calculation

T = hrρg/2

G= 980cm/s2.

= _____ dyne cm–1.

Result
The surface tension of water at t °C is _____ dyne cm–1.
Precautions:
(i) Capillary tubes should be perfectly vertical and fixed parallel to each other.
(ii) Presence of impurities in the liquid or the immersed tubes can alter the surface
tension. So cleanliness is desired.
(iii) Avoid bubbles in the liquid column.
Sources of error
Water and capillary tube may not be free from grease.

Activity 4. To Study the Effect of Detergent on Surface Tension of Water by Observing

Capillary Rise

Aim

To study the effect of detergent on surface tension of water by observing capillary rise.

Apparatus

capillary tube and a tipped pointer clamped in a metallic plate with a handle, travelling
microscope, clamp and stand, a fine motion adjustable height stand, a flat bottom open dish,
clean water in a beaker, thermometer.

Theory

A detergent when added to distilled water reduces surface tension of water. If we use same
capillary tube to study the rise of pure distilled water and then the rise of detergent mixed
water (solution), we shall find that the rise will be less in case of solution. If quantity of
detergent (solution concentration) is increased, rise will be still lesser.

Observation
The rise in capillary tube decreases with addition of detergent in pure water. With more
addition of detergent, rise becomes lesser and lesser.
Result
The detergent reduces the surface tension of water.

Activity 5- To Study the Effect of Load on Depression of a Suitably Clamped Metre

Scale Loaded at its end

Aim :To study the effect of load on depression of a suitably clamped metre scale loaded at
(i) its end.

Apparatus: A uniform straight wooden metre rod (scale). Two G clamp, pointer pin, thread,
slotted weights of 50 g each, wax, vertical scale, clamp stand.

Procedure :

(i) When metre scale is loaded at its end :

1. Clamp the metre scale firmly with G clamp at its one edge on the corner of table such that
metre scale remains straight in horizontal plane.
2. The pointer pin or needle should be attached at free end of metre scale with wax.
3. Fix the scale on a stand vertically to take the reading.
4. Note the initial reading on vertical scale corresponding to the tip of the pointer when no
weights is suspended.
5. Suspend the weights in steps at free end of metre scale with the help of a strong thread and
note the corresponding readings on the vertical scale.
6. After taking 5-6 reading, start unloading the weights one by one and again note the reading
on scale.
Result :The graph between load and depression is straight line, which gives that depression is
directly proportion to the load.

Activity 6 : To study the factors affecting the rate of loss of heat of a liquid.
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