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? DBMS - Class Notes

The document provides an overview of Database Management Systems (DBMS), detailing its definition, advantages, and various database models including the relational model. It covers SQL commands, normalization processes, the Entity-Relationship model, transaction properties, indexing, joins, and file organization. Additionally, it introduces NoSQL databases and their characteristics.

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5 views3 pages

? DBMS - Class Notes

The document provides an overview of Database Management Systems (DBMS), detailing its definition, advantages, and various database models including the relational model. It covers SQL commands, normalization processes, the Entity-Relationship model, transaction properties, indexing, joins, and file organization. Additionally, it introduces NoSQL databases and their characteristics.

Uploaded by

ideapadgalaxy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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📘 DBMS – Class Notes

1. Introduction to DBMS
Database: Collection of interrelated data.

DBMS: Software that allows creation, retrieval, updating, and management of data in
databases.

Examples: MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, MongoDB.

Advantages:

Redundancy control

Data integrity

Security

Concurrency control

Backup and recovery

2. Database Models
Hierarchical Model

Network Model

Relational Model (Most common)

Object-Oriented Model

Document Model (e.g., MongoDB)

3. Relational Model
Data stored in tables (relations).

Attributes = Columns, Tuples = Rows

Schema: Structure/definition of the table

Instance: Actual content of the table at a given time

Keys:

Primary Key: Uniquely identifies tuples.

Candidate Key: All possible keys that can act as a primary key.

Super Key: Set of attributes that uniquely identify a record.

Foreign Key: Attribute that links two tables.

4. SQL (Structured Query Language)


DDL – Data Definition Language:
CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE

DML – Data Manipulation Language:


SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE

DCL – Data Control Language:


GRANT, REVOKE

TCL – Transaction Control Language:


COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT

Basic Query Example:


sql
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Edit
SELECT name, age FROM students WHERE age > 18 ORDER BY age DESC;
5. Normalization
Process of removing redundancy and improving data integrity.

Forms:

1NF – Atomic values

2NF – No partial dependency

3NF – No transitive dependency

BCNF – Every determinant is a candidate key

6. ER Model (Entity-Relationship Model)


Entity: Object in the real world (e.g., Student)

Attributes: Properties (e.g., Roll No, Name)

Entity Set: Group of similar entities

Relationship: Association between entities

Diagram Elements:

Rectangles = Entities

Ellipses = Attributes

Diamonds = Relationships

7. Transactions and Concurrency


Transaction: A unit of work (e.g., transferring money)

ACID Properties:

Atomicity

Consistency

Isolation

Durability

Concurrency Problems:

Lost update

Dirty read
Unrepeatable read

Solutions: Locks, serializability, timestamp ordering

8. Indexing
Increases the speed of data retrieval.

Types:

Single-level index

Multi-level index

B+ Tree index (most used)

9. Joins in SQL
INNER JOIN

LEFT JOIN / RIGHT JOIN

FULL OUTER JOIN

SELF JOIN

sql
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SELECT A.name, B.salary
FROM Employees A
JOIN Salaries B ON A.emp_id = B.emp_id;
10. File Organization & Storage
Heap File: Unordered records

Sorted File: Ordered records

Hashed File: Records stored using a hash function

11. NoSQL Overview


Schema-less

Stores unstructured/semi-structured data

Examples: MongoDB, Cassandra

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