[go: up one dir, main page]
Scribd
Upload
10 views3 pages

BasicTechnique 2

The document discusses proof techniques for establishing equality and the implications of universal and existential statements in mathematical analysis. It provides examples and proofs demonstrating how to show relationships between variables, such as inequalities and limits. The document emphasizes the importance of careful argumentation and the use of scratch paper to derive necessary values for proofs.

Uploaded by

wjstjdwls02
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views3 pages

BasicTechnique 2

The document discusses proof techniques for establishing equality and the implications of universal and existential statements in mathematical analysis. It provides examples and proofs demonstrating how to show relationships between variables, such as inequalities and limits. The document emphasizes the importance of careful argumentation and the use of scratch paper to derive necessary values for proofs.

Uploaded by

wjstjdwls02
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

1.

P ROOF TECHNIQUES FOR EQUALITY

Proposition 1.1. Let A, B ∈ R, then the following are equivalent.


(1) A = B
(2) A ≤ B and B ≤ A
(3) ∀ > 0, A ≤ B +  and B ≤ A + 

Remark 1.2. Prove the statement ∀ ∈ E, P ().

Proof. Let  ∈ E.
Then, ...by some arguments....
...
Thus, we have P () 

Remark 1.3. Prove the statement ∃ ∈ E, P ().

Proof. (Before you write down, use a scratch paper to find which  might work to have P (), say  = m.) Let  = m.
Then, ...using the argument in the scratch paper....
...
Thus, we have P () for  = m. 

Some examples.

Example 1.4. How to show a ≤ b.

Proof. (Need to show that a ≤ b, which is equivalent a ≤ b +  ∀ > 0.)


Let  > 0. Then, by.... some arguments...
...
Thus, a ≤ b + . 

Example 1.5. How to show sup E = a.

Proof. Let  > 0. Then, by.... some arguments...


...
Thus, sup E < a + . Thus, sup E ≤ a.

Let  > 0. Then, by.... some arguments...


...
Thus, sup E > a − . Thus, sup E ≥ a. 

1
2

2. P ROOF TECHNIQUE FOR ∀, ∃ STATEMENT

Let T (a, b, c, ...) be a statement given a, b, c, ....


For an example:Let S, P (), Q(, M ), R(, M, n) be the following statements.
S= {∀ > 0, ∃M > 0 such that |xn − x| <  for all(or if) n > M . },
P ()= {∃M > 0 such that |xn − x| <  for all n > M . },
Q(, M )= {|xn − x| <  for all n > M . },
R(, M, n)= {|xn − x| < . }.

Example 2.1. Then, we have

S ⇐⇒ ∀ > 0, P ()
⇐⇒ ∀ > 0, ∃M > 0 such that Q(, M )
⇐⇒ ∀ > 0, ∃M > 0 such that R(, M, n) ∀n > M.

Example 2.2. What is “Not S” in the above example?

NOT S
⇐⇒ NOT {∀ > 0, P ()}
⇐⇒ There exist  > 0 such that NOT P ()}
⇐⇒ There exist  > 0 such that NOT {∃M > 0 such that Q(, M )}
⇐⇒ There exist  > 0 such that ∀M > 0 NOT {Q(, M )}
⇐⇒ There exist  > 0 such that ∀M > 0, ∃n > M with(or such that) NOT {R(, M, n)}
⇐⇒ There exist  > 0 such that ∀M > 0, ∃n > M with |xn − x| ≥ .
3

Example 2.3. Prove the statement S above.

Proof. Let  > 0.


(Use a scratch paper to find M > 0 for which Q(, M ) holds, say M = M0 .)
Let M = M0 . (We need to show R(, M0 , n)∀n > M .)
Let n > M , then ... using argument in the scratch paper....
....
Thus, we have R(, M0 , n) : |xn − x| <  if n > M0 . 
√ √
Example 2.4. Show lim xn = x if lim xn = x > 0.
√ √ |xn −x|
Proof. (This is a scratch paper part: as in the book. | xn − x| < √
x
and want this to be less than  if n > M where M > 0 a number
|xn −x| √
we need to choose. Thus, it is enough to find M > 0 such that √
x
< (which is equivalent to |xn − x| <  x) for all n > M . We will
choose such M using the fact that xn → x.)
√
Let  > 0. Since xn → x and  x > 0, there is M > 0 such that
√
|xn − x| <  x ∀n > M.

I.e.,
|xn − x|
√ <  ∀n > M.
x
Now,
√ √ |xn − x| |x − x|
| xn − x| = √ √ ≤ n√ .
| xn + x| x
Thus, if n > M , then
√ √ |xn − x|
| xn − x| ≤ √ < .
x


You might also like