13.

NUCLEI

Single Correct Answer Type

B.E. nucleon in MeV

Y
8.5
1. The radioactivity of a sample is at a time 8.0
X
W
and at a time . If the half-life of the 7.5

specimen is , the number of atoms that have 5.0 Z

disintegrated in the time is
proportional to 30 60 90 120
Mass number of nuclei
a) b) c) d)
a) b) c) d)
2. The half life period of a radioactive element
is same as the mean life time of another 7. The binding energies of nuclei X and Y are
radioactive element . Initially both them have and , respectively. Two atoms of X fuse to
the same number of atoms. Then give one atom of Y and an energy is released.
and Then,
and will will
have the
decay at decay at decay at
same a) b) c) d)
a) b) the same c) a faster d) a faster
decay
rate rate than rate than
rate 8. A radioactive sample of decays to
always
initially through a process for which half life is
3. Consider the following reaction . The ratio of number of nuclei
of to after a time of
If , (given )
the energy released (in MeV) in this fusion a) 0.12 b) 0.26 c) 1.2 d) 0.37
reaction is 9. What is the power output of reactor if
a) 12 b) 6 c) 24 d) 48 it takes 30 days to use up 2 kg of fuel and if
4. Which of the following is a correct statement? each fission gives 185 MeV of usable energy?
a) Beta b) Gamma c) Alpha d) Protons Avogadro’s n mb r per
rays are rays are particles and kilomole
same as high- are neutron a) 45 b) 58.46 c) 72 d) 92
cathode energy singly s have megawa megawa megawa megawa
rays neutron ionized exactly tt tt tt tt
s helium the 10. In hydrogen spectrum, the wavelength of
atoms same line is 656 nm, whereas in the spectrum of a
mass distant galaxy, line wavelength is 706 nm.
5. 90% of a radioactive sample is left undecayed Estimated speed of the galaxy with respect to
after time has elapsed. What percentage of earth is
the initial sample will decay in a total time ?
a) 20% b) 19% c) 40% d) 38% a) b) c) d)
ms ms ms ms
6. Binding energy per nucleon verses mass 11. After 280 days, the activity of a radioactive
number curve for nuclei is shown in the figure. sample is 6000 dps. The activity reduces to
and are four nuclei indicated on the 3000dps after another 140 days. The initial
curve. The process that would release energy activity of the sample(in d s) is
is a) 6000 b) 9000 c) 3000 d) 24000
12. The binding energies per nucleon of deuteron
and helium atoms are 1.1 MeV
and 7 MeV. If two deuteron atoms react to
form a single helium atom, then the energy
released is
a) b) c) d)

Page|1
13. In the options given below, let denote the a) s b) s c) s d) s
rest mass energy of a nucleus and a neutron. 21. A radioactive nucleus A finally transforms into
the correct option is a stable nucleus B. Then, A and B may be
a) Isobars b) Isotones c) Isotopes d) None of
a a these
a) b) c) d)
r r 22. As per Bohr model, the minimum energy (in
) required to remove an electron from the
14. atoms of a radioactive element emit beta ground state of doubly ionized atom ( )
particles per second. The decay constant of the is
element is n s a) 1.51 b) 13.6 c) 40.8 d) 122.4
23. Masses of two isobars and n are
a) b) c) n d) n
63.9298 u and 63.9292 u, respectively. It can
15. The binding energy of an electron in the be concluded from these data that
ground state of He-atom is eV. The n is is is
energy required to remove both the electrons radioacti radioacti radioacti
Both the
from the atom is ve, ve, ve,
isobars
None of a) b) decaying c) decaying d) decaying
a) b) c) d) are
these to to n to n
stable
16. A nucleus emits an -particle. The through through through
resultant nucleus emits a particle. The -decay -decay -decay
respective atomic and mass numbers of the 24. Binding energy per nucleon for is 7.68 MeV
final nucleus will be and for is 7.74 MeV. The energy required
to remove a neutron from is
a) b) c) d)
a) b) c) d)
17. Order of magnitude of density of uranium 25. A radioactive sample S1 having an activity of
nucleus is g has twice the number of nuclei as another
a) g mb) g mc) g md) gm sample S2 which has an activity of . The
18. The half-life period of a radioactive element X half lives of S1 and S2 can be
is same as the mean lifetime of another a) 20 years b) 20 years c) 10 years d) 5 years
radioactive element Y. Initially, both of them and 5 and 10 each each
have the same number of atoms. Then, years, years,
a) X and Y b) X and Y c) Y will d) X will respecti respecti
have the decay at decay at decay at vely vely
same the a faster a faster 26. The luminous dials of watches are usually
decay same rate rate made by mixing a zinc sulphide phosphor with
rate rate than X than Y an -particle emitter. The mass of radium
initially always (mass number 226, half-life 1620 years) that is
19. A newly prepared radioactive nuclide has a needed to produce an average of 10 -
decay constant o s . What is the particles per second for this purpose is
approximate half-life of the nuclide? a) 2.77 mg b) 2.77 g c) d)
a) 1 hour b) 1 day c) 1 week d) 1 month g kg
20. A star initially has deuterons. It produces 27. Calculate the binding energy of a deuteron
energy via the processes atom, which consists of a proton and a
and n neutron, given that the atomic mass of the
If the average power radiated by the star is deuteron is 2.014102 u
W, the deuteron supply of the star is 2.224
a) b) c) d)
exhausted in a time of the order of
[Given: n 28. A radioactive substance X decays into another
and radioactive substance Y. Initially, only X was
present. and are the disintegration

Page|2
 constants of X and Y. will be maximum line of minimum wavelength will be produced
when by
a) Hydroge b) Deuteriu c) Uni- d) De-
n atom m atom ionized ionized
a) b) c) d) helium lithium
34. decays with a half-life of years,
29. A proton and a neutron are both shot at the decay series eventually ending at b,
ms towards a nucleus. Which which is stable. A rock sample analysis shows
particle, if either, is more likely to be absorbed that the ratio of the number of atoms of b
by the nucleus? and is 0.0058. Assuming that all the
a) The b) The c) Both d) Neither b is produced by the decay of and
proton neutron particles particle that all other half-lives on the chain are
are will be negligible, the age of the rock sample is
about absorbe n
equally d a) b) c) d)
likely to years years years years
be 35. Samples of two radioactive nuclides, X and Y,
absorbe each have equal activity at time . X has
d a half-life of 24 years and Y a half-life of 16
30. To determine the half- life of radioactive years. The samples are mixed together. What
element, a student plots graph of will be the total activity of the mixture at
years?
ln t. Here is the rate of
radioactive decay at time t. If the number of a) b) c) d)
radioactive nuclei of this element decreases by 36. In a problem 43, number of atoms decayed
a factor of after 4.16 yr, the value of is between time interval and are
6 n
5 a) b) c) d)
4
3 37. nucleus, after absorbing energy, decays
2 into two -particles and an unknown nucleus.
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The unknown nucleus is
Year a) Nitrogen b) Carbon c) Boron d) Oxygen
s
a) 8 b) 7 c) 4 d) 8.5 38. In an -decay, the kinetic energy of -particle
31. A star initially has deutrons. It produces is and value of the reaction is
energy via the processes . The mass number of the mother
and n nucleus is (assume that daughter nucleus is in
If the average power radiated by the star is ground state)
W, the deuteron supply of the star is a) 96 b) 100 c) 104 d) None of
exhausted in a time of the order of these
[The mass of the nuclei are as follows: 39. If 10% of a radioactive substance decays in
am n am every 5 years, then the percentage of the
am substance that will have decayed in 20 years
am ] will be
a) s b) s c) s d) s a) 40% b) 50% c) 65.6% d) 34.4%
32. After an interval of one day, initial 40. Half-life of a radioactive substance A is two
amount of a radioactive material remains in a times the half-life of another radioactive
sample. Then, its half-life is substance B. Initially, the number of A and B
a) 6 h b) 12 h c) 1.5 h d) 3 h are and , respectively. After three half-
33. In the following atoms and molecules for the lives of A, number of nuclei of both are equal.
transition from to the spectral Then, the ratio is

Page|3
 a) b) c) d) makes a transition to quantum state , a
41. If a star can convert all the He nuclei photon of energy is emitted. The value
completely into oxygen nuclei, the energy of will be
released per oxygen nuclei is ( Mass of the a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
nucleus is 4.0026 am and mass of oxygen 49. isotope of potassium has a half-life of
nucleus is 15.9994 am ) yr and decays to form stable argon,
a) 7.6MeV b) 56.12Me c) 10.24Me d) 23.9MeV Ar. A sample of rock has been taken which
V V contains both potassium and argon in the ratio
42. Half-lives of two radioactive substances A and 1:7, i.e.,
B are, respectively, 20 min and 40 min. mb r o o ass m a oms
Initially, the samples of A and B have equal mb r o argon a om
number of nuclei. After 80 min, the ratio of the Assuming that when the rock was formed no
remaining number of A and B nuclei is argon-40 was present in the sample and none
a) 1:16 b) 4:1 c) 1:4 d) 1:1 has escaped subsequently, determine the age
43. The activity of a radioactive sample is 1.6 of the rock
curie, and its half-life is 2.5 days. Its activity
after 10 days will be a) b) c) d)
years
a) 0.8 curie b) 0.4 curie c) 0.1 curie d) 0.16 years years years
curie 50. During a nuclear fusion reaction
44. What is the age of an ancient wooden piece if it a) A heavy b) A light c) A heavy d) Two
is known that the specific activity of nucleus nucleus nucleus light
nuclide in it amounts to 3/5 of that in fresh breaks bombar bombar nuclei
trees? Given: the half of C nuclide is 5570 years into two ded by ded by combine
and og fragmen thermal thermal to give a
a) 0 years b) 2000 c) 3000 d) 4000 ts by neutron neutron heavier
years years years itself s breaks s breaks nucleus
45. A sample of radioactive material decays up up and
simultaneously by two processes A and B with possibly
half-lives and h, respectively. For first half other
hour it decays with the process A, next one products
hour with the process B, and for further half an 51. The initial activity of a certain radioactive
hour with both A and B. If originally there isotope was measured as 16000 counts
were nuclei, find the number of nuclei after m n . Given that the only activity measured
2 h of such decay was due to this isotope and that its activity
after 12 h was 2100 counts m n , its half-life,
a) b) c) d) in hours, is nearest to [Given og
46. A radioactive element X converts into another a) 9.0 b) 6.0 c) 4.0 d) 3.0
stable element Y. Half-life of X is 2 h. Initially, 52. Some radioactive nucleus may emit
only X is present. After time , the ratio of All the All the
atoms of X and Y is found to be . Then in three three Only
Only one
hours is and and and
a) or b) c) d)
a) 2 b) 4 c) Between d) 6 one simultan
at a time
4 and 6 after simultan eously
47. Binding energy per nucleon of and another eously
are 1.1 MeV and 7.0 MeV, respectively. Energy 53. A radioactive sample consists of two distinct
released in the process is species having equal number of atoms initially.
a) b) c) d) The mean lifetime of one species is and that
48. A hydrogen like atom of atomic number is in of the other is . The decay products in both
an excited state of quantum number . It can cases are stable. A plot is made of the total
emit a maximum energy photon of . If it number of radioactive nuclei as a function of

Page|4
 time. Which of the following figures best 60. In the nuclear reaction given by
represents the form of this plot? , the nucleus X is
a) Nitrogen b) Nitrogen c) Oxygen d) Oxygen
of mass of mass of mass of mass
16 17 16 17
a) b) c) d) 61. The fraction of a radioactive material which
remains active after time is . The
fraction which remains active after time
will be
54. Atomic mass number of an element is 232 and
its atomic number is 90. The end product of a) b) c) d)
this radioactive element is an isotope of lead 62. Which of the following is in the increasing
(atomic mass 208 and atomic number 82). The order for penetrating power
number of - and -particles emitted are a) b) c) d)
a) b) c) d) 63. Assuming that about 20 of energy is
released per fusion reaction
55. The compound unstable nucleus often other particles
decays in accordance with the following Then the mass of consumed per day in a
reaction r order fusion reactor of power 1 megawatt will
particles approximately be
In the nuclear reaction presented above, the a) 0.001 g b) 0.1 g c) 10.0 g d) 1000 g
‘o r ar c ’ m g b 64. A radioactive sample having an activity of 5
a) An alpha b) Two c) One d) Two has twice the number of nuclei as another
particle, protons proton neutron sample which has an activity of 10 . The
which and one s half lives of and can be
consist neutron a) 20 yr b) 20 yr c) 10 yr d) 5 yr
of two and 5 yr and 10 each each
protons ,respecti yr
and two vely ,respecti
neutron vely
s 65. Consider two arbitrary decay equations and
56. In which of the following processes, the mark the correct alternative(s) given below:
number of protons in the nucleus increase? 1.
- - k- 2.
a) -decay b) c) d)
decay decay capture Given: ,
57. Consider -particles, -particles and -rays, ,
each having an energy of . In a
increasing order of penetrating powers, the
am MeV
radiations are:
a) Only b) Only c) Both the d) Neither
a) b) c) d)
decay (i) decay decays of the
58. If in nature there may not be an element for
is (ii) is are two
which the principle quantum number
possible possible possible decays
then the total possible number of elements will
is
be
possible
a) 60 b) 32 c) 4 d) 64
66. 1.00 kg of undergoes fission process. If
59. A freshly prepared radioactive source of half-
energy released per event is 200 MeV, then the
life 2 h emits radiation of intensity which is 64
total energy released is
times the permissible safe level. The minimum
time after which it would be possible to work a) b) c) d)
safely with the source is
67. A sample of a radioactive element has a mass
a) 6 h b) 12 h c) 24 h d) 128 h
Page|5
 of 10 g at an instant . The approximate occur
mass of this element in the sample after two d
mean lives is d
a) 1.35 g b) 2.50 g c) 3.70 g d) 6.30 g d
68. The activity of a radioactive element decreases The rotation d represents the
to one-third of the original activity in a reaction d
period of nine years. After a further lapse of am
nine years, its activity will be am
a) b) c) d) am n 1. am ( am
69. During a negative beta decay
a) An b) An c) A d) A part of The values of the reaction n is
atomic electron neutron the a) b) c) d)
electron which is in the binding 76. A radioactive sample decays by 63% of its
is already nucleus energy initial value in 10 s. It would have decayed by
ejected present decays of the 50% of its initial value in
within emitting nucleus a) 7 s b) 14 s c) 0.7 s d) 1.4 s
the an is 77. Assuming that about of energy is
nucleus electron converte released per fission of nuclei, the mass
is d into an of consumed per day in a fission reactor
ejected electron of power 1 megawatt will be approximately
70. The binding energy per nucleon of is a) g b) 1 g c) 100 g d) 10,000 g
and that of is . The 78. In a sample of rock; the ratio of b to
energy (in ) required to remove a neutron nuclei is found to be 0.5. The age of the rock is
from is (given half-life of is years)
a) 3.52 b) 3.64 c) 4.23 d) 7.86
71. Given a sample of - having half-life
of 4 days. Find the probability, a nucleus a) b) n c) d) n
year
disintegrates after 2 half lives year year
year
a) 1 b) 1/2 c) 1.5 d) 3/4 79. The binding energy of deuteron is
72. The equation per nucleon and an -particle
represents has a binding energy of per
a) -decay b) -decay c) Fusion d) Fission nucleon. Then in the fusion reaction
73. A neutron of energy and mass , the energy released is
kg passes a proton at such a a) b) c) d)
distance that the angular momentum of the 80. The half-life of is 8 days. Given a sample of
neutron relative to the proton approximately at time , we can assert that
equals Js. The distance of closest No No All A given
approach neglecting the interaction between nucleus nucleus nuclei nucleus
particles is will will will may
a) 0.44 nm b) 0.44 mm c) 0.44 d) 0.44 fm a) decay b) decay c) decay d) decay at
74. There are two ratio nuclei A and B. A is an before before before any time
alpha emitter and B a beta emitter. Their after
disintegration constants are in the ratio of 1:2. days days days
What should be the ratio of number of atoms 81. In the fusion reaction n,
of A and B at any time so that probabilities of the masses of deuteron, helium and neutron
getting alpha and beta particles are same at expressed in a.m.u. are 2.015, 3.017 and 1.009,
that instant? respectively. If 1 kg of deuterium undergoes
a) 2:1 b) 1:2 c) d) complete fusion, find the amount of total
75. The following deuterium reactions and energy released a m m
corresponding reaction energies are found to a) b) c) d)

Page|6
 J J J J isotopes isobars isotopes isobars
82. Uranium ores contain one radium-226 atom 90. A photon produces an electron-
for every uranium-238 atoms. positron pair in the vincinity of a heavy
Calculate the half-life of , given that the nucleus. Rest energy of electron is 0.511 MeV.
half-life of a is 1600 years a is a If they have the same kinetic energies, the
decay product of ) energy of each particle is nearly
1200
a) 1.2 b) 12 c) 120 d)
a) b) c) d)
years
years years years 91. The electron emitted in beta radiation
83. Atomic masses of two isobars and n originates from
are 63.9298 u and 63.9292 u, respectively. It a) Inner b) Free c) Decay of d) Photon
can be concluded from this data that orbits of electron a escaping
n is is is atoms s neutron from the
radioacti radioacti radioacti existing in a nucleus
Both the
ve, ve, ve, in a nucleus
isobars
a) b) decaying c) decaying d) decaying nuclei
are
to to n to n 92. The minimum frequency of a -ray that causes
stable
through through through a deuteron to disintegrate into a proton and a
-decay -decay -decay neutron is am
84. The half-life period of a b is 26.8 am am
min. The mass of one curie of RaB is
a) b) c) d)
a) b) c) d)
g g g g 93. Let and be the binding energies of two
85. A nucleus with atomic number and neutron nuclei and . It is observed that two nuclei of
number undergoes two decay processes. combine together to form a nucleus. This
The result is a nucleus with atomic number observation is correct only if
and neutron number . Which decay Nothing
processes took place? a) b) c) d) can be
An - An - said
Two Two decay decay 94. If mass of a m ., mass of
a) b) c) d)
decays decays and a and a a m and mass of neutron
decay decay am then the energy required
86. absorbs a neutron. The product emits to remove one neutron from the nucleus of
an electron. This product further emits an is nearly about
electron. The result is a) b) c) d) Zero
a) b) c) d) 95. In fission, the percentage of mass converted
87. The percentage of quantity of a radioactive into energy is about
material that remains after 5 half-lives will be a) 10% b) 1% c) 0.1% d) 0.01%
a) 31% b) 3.125% c) 0.3% d) 1% 96. The energy released in a typical nuclear fusion
88. A stationery Thorium nucleus reaction is approximately
emits an alpha particle with kinetic energy a) b) c) d)
. What is the kinetic energy of the recoiling 97. Mark out the incorrect statement
nucleus? a) A free b) A free c) In beta d) All of the
neutron proton minus above
a) b) c) d)
can can decay,
89. An element A decays into an element C by a transfor transfor the
two-step process: m itself m itself electron
A and into into originat
a) A and C b) A and C c) B and C d) A and B photon neutron es from
are are are are nucleus

Page|7
98. For uranium nucleus how does its mass vary A B likely for depends
with volume? both on half-
schemes life of
a) b) c) d)
schemes
99. An element X decays, first by positron A and B
emission and then two -particles are emitted 106. The decay constant of a radioactive sample is
in successive radioactive decay. If the product . The half-life and mean-life of the sample are,
nucleus has a mass number 229 and atomic respectively, given by
number 89, the mass number and atomic and n n n
a) b) c) d)
number of element X are n and and and
a) 237, 93 b) 237, 94 c) 221, 84 d) 237, 92 107. The half-life of is 8 days. Given a sample of
100. At any instant, the ratio of the amounts of two at time , we can assert that
radioactive substances is 2:1. If their half-lives No No A given
all nuclei
be, respectively, 12 h and 16 h, then after two nucleus nucleus nucleus
will
days, what will be the ratio of the substances? will will may
decay
a) 1:1 b) 2:1 c) 1:2 d) 1:4 a) decay b) decay c) d) decay at
before
101. If the decay or disintegration constant of a before before any time
radioactive substance is , then its half life and after
days
mean life are respectively days days
and and og and 108. In the disintegration series
a) b) c) d)
and

102. Rank the following nuclei in order from largest The values of and , respectively, will be
to smallest value of the binding energy per a) 92, 326 b) 88, 230 c) 90, 234 d) 91, 234
nucleon: (i) , (ii) r, (iii) m, (iv) 109. The nuclear radius of is m. If
an atomic mass unit is kg, then
g, (v)
the nuclear density is approximately?

a) b) c) d)
g cm gm gm g mm
a) b) c) d) 110. There are two radioactive substances A and B.
Decay constant of B is two times that of A.
Initially, both have equal number of nuclei.
103. Plutonium has atomic mass 210 and a decay After half-lives of A, rates of disintegration of
constant equal to s . The number both are equal. The value of is
of -particles emitted per second by 1 mg a) 1 b) 2 c) 4 d) All of
Plutonium is these
Avogadro’s cons an 111.
a) b) c) d)

104. Neutron decay in the free space is given as

The ratio of to when is maximum is
follows: n
At no
Then, the parenthesis represents
time this n
a) Photon b) Graviton c) Neutrin d) Antineut a) b) 2 c) 1/2 d)
is
o rino
possible
105. U-235 can decay by many ways, let us here
112. Two radioactive materials and have
consider only two ways A and B. In decay of U-
decay constants and , respectively. If
235 by means of A, the energy released per
initially they have the same number of nuclei,
fission is while in B it is .
the ratio of the number of nuclei of to that
Then, the uranium 235 sample is more likely
of will be after a time
to decay by
a) Scheme b) Scheme c) Equally d) It a) b) c) d)

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113. Number of nuclei of a radioactive substance
are 1000 and 900 at times and time vr r r vr
a) b) c) d)
s. Then, number of nuclei at time s s s s s
will be v v
a) 800 b) 810 c) 790 d) 700 119. A certain radioactive material can undergo
114. Gold A undergoes decay to an excited three different types of decay, each with a
state of g. If the excited state decays by different decay constant , 2 and 3 . Then,
emission of a -photon with energy 0.412 MeV, the effective decay constant is
the maximum kinetic energy of the electron a) 6 b) 4 c) 2 d) 3
emitted in the decay is (This maximum occurs 120. The wavelength of the first spectral line in the
when the antineutrino has negligible energy. Balmer series of hydrogen atom is . The
The recoil energy of the g nucleus can be wavelength of the second spectral line in the
ignored. The masses of the neutral atoms in Balmer series of singly ionized helium atom is
their ground states are 197.968225 u for a) b) c) d)
A and 197.966752 u for g.) 121. The ratio of molecular mass of two radioactive
a) b) c) d) substances is and the ratio of their decay
115. The mean life time of a radionuclide, if its
constants is . Then, the ratio of their initial
activity decreases by 4% for every 1 h, would
be [product is non-radioactive, i.e., stable] activity per mole will be
a) 25 h b) 1.042 h c) 2 h d) 30 h a) 2 b) c) d)
116. A radioactive nucleus decay by two different
122. An energy of is required to remove
processes. The mean value period for the first
one of the electrons from a neutral helium
process is and that for the second process is
atom. The energy (in ) required to remove
. The effective mean value period for the two
both the electrons from a neutral helium atom
processes is
is
a) b) c) d) a) 79.0 b) 51.8 c) 49.2 d) 38.2
117. A radioactive isotope is being produced at a 123. If changes to A by a series of -
constant rate X. Half-life of the radioactive and -decays, the number of - and -decays
substance is Y. After some time, the number of undergone is
radioactive nuclei become constant. The value a) 7 and 5 b) 7 and 7 c) 5 and 7 d) 7 and 9
of this constant is 124. The probability of survival of a radioactive
nucleus for one mean life is
a) b) c) n d) n n
n a) b) c) d)
118. Four physical quantities are listed in Column I.
125. A radioactive nuclide is produced at the
Their values are listed in Column II in a
constant rate of per second (say, by
random order
bombarding a target with neutrons). The
Column I Column II
expected number of nuclei in existence s
p. Thermal energy of (i)0.02
air molecules at room after the number is is given by
temperature
q. Binding energy of (ii) 2
heavy nuclei per
a) b) c) d)
nucleon
r. X-ray photon energy (iii)10

s. Photon energy of (iv)7 126. Beta rays emitted by a radioactive material are
visible light
a) Electro b) The c) Charged d) Neutral
magneti electron particles particles
The correct matching of Column I and Column
c s emitted
II is given by
radiatio orbiting by the

Page|9
 ns around nucleus is
the
a) b) c) d)
nucleus m m m m
127. A radio so o ‘ ’ as a a -life of 10 s. Find 135. A heavy nucleus having mass number 200 gets
the number of nuclei in the sample (if initially disintegrated into two small fragments of mass
there are 1000 isotopes which are falling from numbers 80 and 120. If binding energy per
rest from a height of 3000 m) when it is at a nucleon for parent atom is and for
height of 1000 m from the reference plane daughter nuclei is and ,
a) 50 b) 250 c) 29 d) 100 respectively, then the energy released in the
128. Half-life of a radio active substance A is 4 days. decay will be
The probability that a nucleus will decay in a) b) c) d)
two half-lives is 136. Why is a nucleus stable than a
a) b) c) d) 1 nucleus?
a) The b) The lawsc) Forces d) None of
129. The half-life of radioactive radon is 3.8 days. strong of other the
The time at the end of which of the nuclear nuclear than the above
radon sample will remain undecayed is (given force is physics strong
og larger forbid a nuclear
a) 3.8 days b) 16.5 c) 33 days d) 76 days when nucleus force
days the from make
130. In the case of thorium and , neutron containi the
we obtain an isotope of lead to ng more lithium
and after some radioactive proton protons nucleus
disintegration. The number of - and - ratio is than less
particles emitted are, respectively, higher neutron stable
a) 6, 3 b) 6, 4 c) 5, 5 d) 4, 6 s
131. What would be the energy required to 137. The half-life of At is s. The time taken for
dissociate completely 1 g of Ca-40 into its the radioactivity of a sample of At to decay to
constituent particles? of its initial value is
Given: Mass of proton am a) 400 s b) 6.3 s c) 40 s d) 300 s
Mass of neutron = am 138. A rad oac v n c s ‘ ’ d cays o a s ab
Mass if Ca-40 am n c s ‘ ’ T n m gra o rate of
(take a m ) orma on o ‘ ’ aga ns m ‘ ’ w b
None of
a) b) c) d) the
above
132. The largest wavelength in the ultraviolet a) b) c) d)
region of the hydrogen spectrum is 122 nm.
The smallest wavelength in the infrared region
of the hydrogen spectrum (to the nearest
139. A radioactive substance is being consumed at a
integer is)
constant rate of s . After what time will the
a) b) c) d)
number of radioactive nuclei become 100.
133. The activity of a radioactive substance is at
Initially, there were 200 nuclei present
time and at time . Its decay
constant is . Then a) 1 s b) s c) n s d) 2 s
n
c 140. A nucleus moving with velocity emits an -
a) b) c) d)
onstant particle. Let the velocities of the -particle and
134. The nuclear radius of a nucleus with nucleon the remaining nucleus be and and their
number 16 is m. Then, the nuclear masses be and , then
radius of a nucleus with nucleon number 128 a) and b) None of c) d)

P a g e | 10
 must the two must be are 180 and 72, respectively, then what are
be of parallel must be these number for A ?
parallel and to parallel a) 172 and b) 174 and c) 176 and d) 176 and
to each should to 69 70 69 70
other be 148. When an atom undergoes decay,
parallel a) A b) A proton c) A d) A proton
to each neutron ‘c ang s neutron ‘c ang s
other ‘c ang s n o’ a ‘c ang s n o’ an
141. Certain radioactive substance reduces to 25% n o’ a neutron n o’ an antineut
of its value in 16 days. Its half-life is proton antiprot ron
a) 32 days b) 8 days c) 64 days d) 28 day on
142. The half-life of a certain radioactive isotope is 149. From a newly formed radioactive substance
32 h. What fraction of a sample would remain (Half life ), the intensity of radiation is
after 16 h? 64 times the permissible safe level. The
a) 0.25 b) 0.71 c) 0.29 d) 0.75 minimum time after which work can be done
143. A helium atom, a hydrogen atom and a neutron safely from this source is
have masses of 4.003 u, 1.008 u and 1.009 u a) b) c) d)
(unified atomic mass units), respectively. 150. Stationery nucleus decays by a emission
Assuming that hydrogen atoms and neutrons generating a total kinetic energy :
can fuse to form helium, what is binding T
energy of a helium nucleus? What is the kinetic energy of the -particle?
a) 2.01 u b) 3.031 u c) 1.017 u d) 0.031 u Slightly Slightly Slightly
144. The rest mass of a deuteron is equivalent to an a) less than b) c) less than d) greater
energy of , that of a proton to than
and that of a neutron to 151. A freshly prepared radioactive source of half-
A deuteron may disintegrate to a proton and a life 2 h emits radiation of intensity which is 64
neutron if it times the permissible safe level. The minimum
Emits an Captures Emits an Captures time after which it would be possible to work
X-ray an X-ray X-ray an X-ray safely with this source is
photon photon photon photon a) 6 h b) 12 h c) 24 h d) 28 h
a) b) c) d)
of of of of 152. The fission of a heavy nucleus gives, in general,
energy energy energy energy two smaller nuclei, two or three neutrons,
some -particles, and some -radiation. It is
145. The activity of a radioactive element decreases always true that the nuclei produced
to one-third of the original activity in a a) Have a b) Have c) Travel ind) Have
period of 9 years. After a further lapse of 9 total large exactly neutron-
years, its activity will be rest- kinetic opposite to-
a) b) c) d) mass energies directio proton
that is that ns ratios
146. There are number of radioactive nuclei in a greater carry off that are
sample that undergoes beta decay. If from the off the the too low
sample, ’ n mb r o -particles are emitted greater greater for
every 2 s, then half-life of nuclei is part of part of stability
n the the
a) b) c) d) original energy
nucleus released
147. A radioactive nucleus undergoes a series of 153. Fast neutrons can easily be slowed down by
decays according to the scheme a) The use b) Passing c) Elastic d) Applyin
of lead them collision g a
If the mass number and atomic number of A shieldin through with strong

P a g e | 11
 g water heavy electric n n n None of
a) b) c) d)
nuclei field these
154. The rate of decay of a radioactive element at 160. Consider one of fission reactions of by
any instant is disintegrations s . If the thermal neutrons n r
half-life of the elements is 1 s, then the rate of n. The fission fragments are however
decay after 1 s will be unstable and they undergo successive -decay
a) s b) s c) s d) s until r becomes r and becomes
155. Which of the following statements is incorrect . The energy released in this process is
for nuclear forces? [Given n
a) These b) They are c) They are d) They r
are charge effective result
stronges depende only for from Cannot
t in nt short interacti be
depende ranges on of a) b) c) d)
compute
nt every d
nucleon 161. A free nucleus of mass a m emits a
with the gamma photon (when initially at rest). The
nearest energy of the photon is . The recoil
limited energy of the nucleus in is
number a) 2.2 b) 1.1 c) 3.1 d) 2.2
of 162. The half-life of radium is 1500 years. In how
nucleons many years will 1 g of pure radium be reduced
156. A radioactive nucleus is being produced at a to one centigram?
constant rate per second. Its decay constant
is . If are the number of nuclei at time a) b) c) d)
, then maximum number of nuclei years years years years
possible are 163. If the value of an endothermic reaction is
a) b) c) d) 11.32 MeV, then the minimum energy of the
reactant nuclei to carry out the reaction is (in
157. In the nuclear reaction
laboratory frame of reference)
n
Less Greater Data is
If the mass of the deuterium atom
a) b) than c) than d) insufficie
am mass of atom
nt
=3.016977 a.m.u. and mass of neutron
164. If a nucleus such a that is initially at rest
=1.008987 a.m.u., then the value of the
undergoes alpha decay, then which of the
reaction is nearly
following statements is true?
a) b) c) d)
a) The b) The c) The d) We
158. An -particle of energy strikes with a
alpha alpha alpha cannot
nucleus of uranium at stationary at an
particle particle particle say
scattering angle of . The nearest distance
has has less and anything
upto which -particle reaches the nucleus will
more kinetic daughte about
be of the order of
kinetic energy r kinetic
a) b) c) d)
energy than the nucleus energy
159. A radionuclide A with decay constant
than the daughte both of alpha
transform into a radioactive A with decay
daughte r have particle
constant . Assuming that at the initial
r nucleus same and
moment the preparation contained only the
nucleus kinetic daughte
radioactive A , then the time interval after
energy r
which the activity of the radioactive A
nucleus
reaches its maximum value is
165. Two radioactive materials and have

P a g e | 12
 decay constants and , respectively. If will be
initially they have the same number of nuclei,
a) b) c) d)
then the ratio of the number of nuclei of to
that of will be after a time 173. A radioactive sample undergoes decay as per
the following graph. At time , the number
a) b) c) d)
of undecayed nuclei is . Calculate the
166. On an average, a neutron loses half of its number of nuclei left after 1 h
energy per collision with a quasi-free proton.
To reduce a neutron to a thermal
neutron having energy , the number of
collisions required is nearly
a) 50 b) 52 c) 26 d) 15
167. A container is filled with a radioactive
substance for which the half-life is 2 days. A
week later, when the container is opened, it
contains 5 g of the substance. Approximately
a) b) c) d)
how many grams of the substances were
initially placed in the container?
Multiple Correct Answers Type
a) 40 b) 60 c) 80 d) 100
174. Let be the mass of proton, the mass of a
168. In a sample of a radioactive substance, what
neutron, the mass of a nucleus and
fraction of the initial nuclei will remain
the mass of a a nucleus. Then,
undecayed after a time , where
half-life of radioactive substance?
a) b) c) d)
a) b) c) d)

169. Binding energy per nucleon vs. mass number 175. Mark out the correct statement(s)
curve for nuclei is shown in W,X,Y and Z are a) In both b) In c) In fusion d) In fusion
four nuclei indicated on the curve. The process fission fission process, process,
that would release energy is and process, BE per BE per
fusion BE per nucleon nucleon
processe nucleon of of
s, the of reactant reactant
mass of reactant nuclide nuclide
reactant nuclide is less is
nuclide is less than the greater
is than the binding than the
greater binding energy binding
than the energy per energy
a) b) c) d)
mass of per nucleon per
170. A certain radioactive element has half-life of 4 product nucleon of nucleon
days. The fraction of material that decays in 2 nuclide of product of
days is product nuclide product
nuclide nuclide
a) 1/2 b) c) d)
176. An electron in hydrogen atom first jumps from
171. The half-life of a radioactive decay is times second excited state to first excited state and
its mean life. The value of is then from first excited state to ground state.
Let the ratio of wavelength, momentum and
a) 0.3010 b) 0.6930 c) 0.6020 d)
energy of photons emitted in these two cases
172. The half-life of radium is 1620 years and its be and respectively. Then
atomic weight is 226. The number of atoms
a) b) c) d)
that will decay from its 1 g sample per second

P a g e | 13
177. For a certain radioactive substance, it is one of whether effective fission
observed that after 4 h, only 6.25% of the the or not ly are both
original sample is left undecayed. If follows products the greater
that`1 of the reaction than the
After a reaction would correspo
further 4 is that sustain nding
h, the very itself as quantiti
amount particle a ‘c a n es for
The The
of the which r ac on’ nuclear
The half- mean decay
substanc initiates fusion
life of life of constant
e left the
a) the b) the c) of the d)
over reaction
sample sample sample
would 180. A radioactive substance emits
is 1 h is in
is by only a) Electro b) Electron c) Charged d) Neutral
n
0.39% of magneti s particles particles
the c revolvin
original radiatio g around
amount n the
178. n o r’s mod o ydrog n a om nucleus
The 181. During -decay (beta minus), the emission of
The magnitu antineutrino particle is supported by which of
The total angular
de of the following statement(s)?
energy moment
The potential The KE
of the um of Angular Linear
radius of energy of
electron electron moment moment
the of the emitted
in in an um um
a) orbit is b) c) d) electron -
orbit is orbit is conserva conserva
proporti in any particle None of
inversel an tion tion
onal to orbit is a) b) c) is d) the
y integral holds holds
greater varying above
proporti multiple good in good in
than its continuo
onal to any any
of kinetic usly to a
nuclear nuclear
energy maximu
reaction reaction
179. The phenomenon of nuclear fission can be m value
carried out both in a controlled and in an 182. A radioactive sample has initial concentration
uncontrolled way. Out of the following the of nuclei. Then,
correct statements vis-à-vis these phenomena The
are: activity
The
a) The b) It is the c) The d) The of
number
fission ‘s r ac ‘con ro energy the The
of The
energy to rods’ n released sample number
undecay number
released vo m ’ a per at any of
ed nuclei of
per ratio of nuclear fission instant is decayed
present decayed
reaction the reactor as well directly nuclei
a) in the b) c) d) nuclei
is much sample must be as proporti grows
sample grows
more of made of energy onal to exponen
decays linearly
than nuclear a released the tially
exponen with
conventi fuel material per unit number with
tially time
onal used that mass of of time
with
nuclear which absorbs the fuel undecay
time
reaction determi neutron in ed nuclei
s and nes s nuclear present
P a g e | 14
 in the lying in lying in
sample the the
at that range of range of will will
time release release
183. From the following equations, pick out the will energy energy
possible nuclear fusion reaction: release will when when
energy release broken broken
n energy into two into two
equal equal
r fragmen fragment
a) b) c) d)
n ts s
n 187. It has been found that nuclides with 2, 8, 20,
y 50, 82, and 126 protons or neutrons are
exceptionally stable. These numbers are
184. Two samples A and B of same radioactive referred to as the magic numbers and their
nuclide are prepared. Sample A has twice the existence has led us to
initial activity of sample B. For this situation, a) The idea b) The so- c) The so- d) Have a
mark out the correct statement(s) of called called conveni
a) The half-b) The half-c) After d) After periodici ‘ d ‘s ent
lives of lives of each has each has ty in drop model of explanat
both the the passed passed nuclear model of the ion of
samples samples through through properti the n c s’ ‘n c ar
would are 5 half- 5 half- es n c s’ ss on’
be same different lives, the lives, similar
ratio of ratio of to the
activity activitie periodici
of A to B s of A to ty of
is 2:1 B is 64:1 chemical
185. An nucleus is spherical and has a radius element
and a volume . According to the s in
periodic
empirical observations, the volume of the
table
nucleus assumed to be spherical is ’
188. Which of the following statement(s) is (are)
and radius is . Then
correct?
a) b) c) d)
The rest The rest In
186. Assume that the nuclear binding energy per
mass of mass of nuclear
nucleon (B/A) versus mass number (A) is as In
a stable a stable fission,
shown in the figure. Use this plot to choose the nuclear
nucleus nucleus energy is
correct choice(s) given below fission,
is is released
energy is
greater greater by fusing
released
than the than the two
a) b) c) d) by
sum of sum of nuclei of
fragment
the rest the rest medium
ation of
masses masses mass
a very
of its of its (approxi
heavy
Fusion Fusion Fission Fission separate separate mately
nucleus
of two of two of a of a d d 100
nuclei nuclei nucleus nucleus nucleons nucleons a m
a) b) c) d)
with with lying in lying in 189. Mark out the correct statement (s)
mass mass the mass the mass a) Higher b) If the c) Binding d) Binding
numbers numbers range of range of binding binding energy energy
P a g e | 15
 energy energy of a of a 193. Atomic weight of Boron is 10.81 and it has two
per of nucleus nucleus isotopes and . Then the ratio would
nucleon nucleus can be is be
means were negative always a) b) c) d)
the zero, positive 194. In an electron transition inside a hydrogen
nucleus then it atom, orbital angular momentum may change
is more would by ( Planck constant)
stable spontan
a) b) c) d)
eously
break 195. Mark out the correct statement(s)
apart a) In alpha b) In beta c) In beta d) In
190. Which of the following isotopes is used for decay, decay, minus gamma
treatment for cancer? the the decay, decay,
a) b) o c) r d) energy energy the the
191. Choose the correct statements from the released released energy energy
following: is is in the released released
The shared form of is is in the
energy between kinetic shared form of
required alpha energy between energy
to particle of beta electron carried
Like and particles and by
remove When
other The daughte antineut photons
one two
light binding r rino termed
neutron deuteriu
nuclei, energy nucleus as
from m nuclei
the per in the gamma
to fuse
nucleon form of rays
transfor together,
nuclei decrease kinetic
m it into they give
also s for energy
a) b) c) the d) rise to a
have a nuclei and
isotope tritium
low with share of
is nucleus
value of small as alpha
5.6 MeV, accompa
the well as particle
which is nied by a
binding large is more
the same release
energy atomic than
as the of
per number that of
binding energy
nucleon the
energy
per daughte
nucleon r
of nucleus
192. A nuclide A undergoes -decay and another 196. If and denote the mass number, the
nuclide B undergoes -decay. Then, atomic number, and the neutron number for a
All of the All the The - given nucleus, we can say that
The - Isobars Isotopes Isotopes
- - particles
particles have the have the have the
particles particles emitted
emitted same same same
emitted emitted by B a) b) c) d)
by B but but but
a) by A will b) c) by B will d) may
will have different different different
have have have
widely and and and
almost almost widely
different 197. In a nuclear reactor
the same the same different
speeds The The Heavy Out of
speed speed speeds a) b) c) d)
chain thick water and
P a g e | 16
 reaction concrete (or MeV and MeV and equal to of
is kept shield is graphite natural the KE of the KE of value products
under used to ) uranium incident incident of should
control slow moderat has less particle particle reaction, be
by rods down e the than 1% is 2.44 is 2.44 then the greater
of the activity of MeV, MeV, reaction than the
cadmiu speed of of the then the then the will be BE per
m, which fast reactor total KE total KE carried nucleon
reduces neutrons of of out of
the rate products products reactant
198. The decay constant of a radioactive substance of of s
is y ar . Therefore, reaction reaction
a) Nearly b) Half-life c) One- d) All of the is 15.00 is 12.56
63% of of the fourth of above MeV MeV
the radioacti the 201. The energy, the magnitude of linear
radioacti ve radioacti momentum and orbital radius of an electron in
ve substanc ve a hydrogen atom corresponding to the
substanc e is substanc quantum number are and respectively.
e will (1/0.17 e will be T n accord ng o o r’s ory o ydrog n
decay in 3)year left after atom,
(1/0.17 8 years is is
is is
3)year constant proporti
a) proporti b) proporti c) d)
199. It is observed that only 0.39% of the original for all onal to
onal to onal to
radioactive sample remains undecayed after orbits
eight hours. Hence
If the Assertion - Reasoning Type
number
of This section contain(s) 0 question(s) numbered
radioacti 202 to 201. Each question contains STATEMENT
ve nuclei 1(Assertion) and STATEMENT 2(Reason). Each
The question has the 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out
of this
mean- Decay of which ONLY ONE is correct.
The half- substanc
life of constant a) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is True;
life of e at a
the of the Statement 2 is correct explanation for Statement
a) that b) c) d) given
substanc substanc 1
substanc instant is
e is e is (log b) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is True;
e is 1 h 10, then
[1/(log 2) Statement 2 is not correct explanation for
the
2)] h Statement 1
number
left after c) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is False
30 min d) Statement 1 is False, Statement 2 is True
would 202
be 7.5 Statement 1: Neutrons penetrate matter
200. Mark the correct statement(s) more readily as compared to
For an For an For an For an protons
exother exother endothe exother Statement 2: Neutrons are slightly more
mic mic rmic mic massive than protons
a) reaction, b) reaction, c) reaction, d) reaction, 203
if if if we the BE
value is value is give the per Statement 1: According to classical theory,
+12.56 +12.56 energy nucleon the proposed path of an

P a g e | 17
 electron in Rutherford atom 210
model will be parabolic
Statement 2: According to electromagnetic Statement 1: On a decay, daughter nucleus
theory an accelerated particle shifts two places to the left
continuously emits radiation from the parent nucleus.
204 Statement 2: An alpha particle carries four
units of mass.
Statement 1: Balmer series lies in the 211
visible region of
electromagnetic spectrum. Statement 1: The binding energy per
Statement 2: nucleon, for nuclei with
where
atomic mass number
, decreases with
205 Statement 2: The nuclear forces are weak
for heavier nuclei
Statement 1: The ionizing power of -
212
particle is less compared to -
particles but their penetrating Statement 1: Light nuclei are most stable if
power is more , while heavy nuclei are
Statement 2: The mass of -particle is less more stable if .
than the mass of -particle number of neutrons,
206 number of protons]
Statement 2: As the number of protons
Statement 1: It is not possible to use
increases in a nucleus, the
as the fuel for fusion energy
o omb’s r s v orc
Statement 2: The binding energy of is
increases, which tends to
too small
break the nucleus apart. So, to
207
keep the nucleus stable, more
Statement 1: Hydrogen atom consists of number of neutrons are
only one electron but its needed which are neutral in
emission spectrum has many nature
lines 213
Statement 2: Only Lyman series is found in
Statement 1: undergoes 2 -decays, 2
the absorption spectrum of
-decays (negative ) and 2
hydrogen atom whereas in
-decays. As a result, the
the emission spectrum, all the
daughter product is
series are found
Statement 2: In -decay, the mass number
208
decreases by 4 unit and
Statement 1: 1 amu is equivalent to 931 atomic number decreases by
MeV. 2 unit. In -decay (negative
Statement 2: Energy equivalent or ), the mass number remains
mass is unchanged and atomic
209 number increases by 1 unit.
In -decay, mass number and
Statement 1: Bohr had to postulate that the atomic number remain
electrons in stationary orbits unchanged
around the nucleus do not 214
radiate
Statement 2: According to classical physics Statement 1: Isobars are the element
all moving electrons radiate having same mass number
but different atomic number

P a g e | 18
 Statement 2: Neutrons and protons are cancerous cell
present inside nucleus 222
215
Statement 1:
Statement 1: Density of all the nuclei is represents fusion.
same Statement 2: The above case is a decay.
Statement 2: Radius of nucleus is directly
proportional to the cube root 223
of mass number
Statement 1: The fission of a heavy nucleus
216
is always accompanied with
Statement 1: Electron capture occurs more the neutrons along with two
often than positron emission product nuclei
in heavy elements Statement 2: For a lighter stable nuclide,
Statement 2: Heavy elements exhibit the ratio has to be slightly
radioactivity greater than 1
217 224

Statement 1: The ionisation potential of Statement 1: Radioactive nuclei emits

hydrogen to be 13.6 eV, the particles
ionised potential of doubly Statement 2: Electrons exist inside the
ionized lithium is 122.4 eV. nucleus
Statement 2: Energy in th state of 225
hydrogen atom is
Statement 1: A certain radioactive
218
substance has a half-life
Statement 1: Heavy nuclides tend to have period of 30 days. Its
more number of neutrons disintegration constant is
than protons day
Statement 2: In heavy nuclei, as there is Statement 2: The decay constant is related
coloumbic repulsion between with half-life
protons, so excess of neutrons 226
are preferable
219 Statement 1: r from the radioactive
fall out from a nuclear bomb
Statement 1: All nuclei are not of same size ends up in the bones of
human beings through the
Statement 2: Size depends on atomic mass
milk consumed by them. It
220 causes impairment of the
production of red blood cells
Statement 1: The mass of -particles when Statement 2: The energy particle
they are emitted is higher emitted in the decay of r
than the mass of electrons damage to bone marrow
obtained by other mean 227
Statement 2: -particle and electron, both
are similar particles Statement 1: The ratio of time taken for
221 light emission from an atom
to that for release of nuclear
Statement 1: Cobalt-60 is useful in cancer energy in fission is 1 : 100.
therapy Statement 2: Time taken of the light
Statement 2: Cobalt-60 is source of - emission from an atom is of
radiations capable of killing the order of s

P a g e | 19
228 energy of alpha particles has
been compared. It is found
Statement 1: Electrons in the atom are held that as the energy of alpha
due to coulomb forces particle increases the half-life
Statement 2: The atom is stable only of the decay goes on
because the centripetal force decreasing
d o o omb’s aw s Statement 2: More is the energy in any
balanced by the centrifugal decay process, more is the
force probability of decaying the
229 nuclide which leads to faster
Statement 1: Amongst alpha, beta and rate of decay
gamma rays, -particle has 234
maximum penetrating power Statement 1: (A) Fission of is brought
Statement 2: The alpha particle is heavier
about by thermal neutron,
than beta and gamma rays
whereas that of is
230
brought about by a fast
Statement 1: Radioactivity of neutron.
undecayed radioactive nuclei Statement 2: is an even-odd nucleus,
of half life of 50 days is equal whereas is an even-
to that of number of even nucleus.
undecayed nuclei of some 235
other material with half life of
Statement 1: For the scattering of -
60 days
particles at large angles, only
Statement 2: Radioactivity is proportional
the nucleus of the atom is
to half-life
responsible
231
Statement 2: Nucleus is very heavy in
Statement 1: The positively charged comparison to electrons
nucleus of an atom has a 236
radius of almost
Statement 1: The mass of a nucleus can be
Statement 2: In -particle scattering
either less than or more than
experiment, the distance of
the sum of the masses of
closest approach for -
nucleons present in it
particles is
Statement 2: The whole mass of the atom is
232
considered in the nucleus
Statement 1: r from the radioactive fall 237
out from a nuclear bomb ends
Statement 1: The amount of energy
up in the bones of human
required to remove an
beings through the milk
average nucleon from
consumed by them. It causes
different nuclei having
impairment of the production
different mass numbers is
of red blood cells.
approximately the same,
Statement 2: The energetic particles
while to remove an average
emitted in the decay of r
electron from atoms having
damage the bone marrow.
different mass numbers
233
widely varying amounts of
Statement 1: In alpha decay of different energies are required
radioactive nuclides, the Statement 2: Nucleons in a nucleus are
bounded by short-range
P a g e | 20
 nuclear force while in a mass number as A
electrons in an atom are Statement 2: Mass number of an element is
bounded by long-range an integer that specifies an
o omb’s orc s isotope and has no units,
238 while atomic mass is
generally not an integer
Statement 1: The force of repulsion 243
between atomic nucleus and
-particle varies with Statement 1: To determine the age of
distance according to inverse certain very old organic
square law samples, dating of the sample
Statement 2: Rutherford did -particle with radioactive isotopes
scattering experiment having larger half-life is a
239 better choice than with
radioactive isotopes having
Statement 1: Half-life of a certain smaller half-lives
radioactive element is 100 Statement 2: The activity of a radioactive
days. After 200 days, fraction sample having smaller half-
left undecayed will be 50% life is negligibly small after a
Statement 2: , where symbols very long time and hence
have usual meaning. makes it next to impossible to
240 get detected
244
Statement 1: A nucleus having
energy decays be Statement 1: undergoes decays,
emission to daughter nucleus 2 decays and decays
having energy , but the and the daughter product is
rays are emitted with a
continuous energy spectrum Statement 2: In -decay the mass number
having end point energy decreases by 4 and atomic
number decrease by 2. In -
Statement 2: To conserve energy and decay the mass number
momentum in d cay at remains unchanged, but
least three particles must take atomic number increases by 1
part in the transformation. only
241 This question contains statements I and 245
statements II of the four choices given after the
Statement 1: Energy is released in nuclear
statements, choose the one that best describes
fission
the two statements.
Statement 2: Total binding energy of the
Statement 1: Energy is released when
fission fragments is larger
heavy nuclei undergo fission
than the total binding energy
of light nuclei undergo fusion.
of the parent nucleus
Statement 2: For heavy nuclei, binding
246
energy per nucleon increases
with increasing while for Statement 1: If the half-life of a radioactive
light nuclei it decreases with substance is 40 days then
increasing . 25% substance decays in 20
242 days
Statement 2: where
Statement 1: The nucleus is having
atomic mass as well as its

P a g e | 21
 A B C D
Matrix-Match Type
(a) P,q,s, q s s
This section contain(s) 0 questions. Each question t
contains Statements given in 2 columns which have
to be matched. Statements in columns I have to be (b) q s s p,q,s,t
matched with Statements in columns II. (c) s q p,q,s,t s
247 Column II gives certain systems undergoing a (d) s p,q,s,t q s
. process. Column I suggests changes in some of
the parameters related to the system. Match 248 In Column I consider each process just before
the statements in Column I to the appropriate . and just after it occurs. Initial system is
process(es) from Column II isolated from all other bodies. Consider all
Column-I Column- II product particles (even those having rest mass
zero) in the system. Match the system in
(A) The energy of the (p) System : A Column I with the result they produce in
system is capacitor, initially Column II:
increased unchanged Column-I Column- II
Process : It is
connected to a (A) Spontaneous (p) Number of proton is
battery radioactive decay increased
(B) Mechanical energy (q) System : A gas in an of a uranium
is provided to the adiabatic container nucleus initially at
system, which is fitted with an rest as given by
converted into adiabatic piston reaction
energy of random Process : The gas is
motion of its parts compressed by T
pushing the piston
(C) Internal energy of (r) System : A gas in (B) Fusion reaction of (q) Momentum is
the system is rigid container two hydrogen conserved
converted into its Process : The gas nuclei as given by
mechanical energy gets cooled due to reaction
colder atmosphere
surrounding it
(D) Mass of the system (s) System : A heavy
(C) Fission of (r) Mass is converted to
is decreased nucleus, initially at
nucleus initiated energy or vice versa
rest
by a thermal
Process : The
neutron as given
nucleus fissions into
by reaction n
two fragments of
a
nearly equal masses
n
and some neutrons
are emitted (D) -decay (negative (s) Charge is conserved
(t) System : A resistive beta decay)
wire loop Codes :
Process : The loop is
A B C D
placed in a time
varying magnetic (a) P,r,s r,s p,s s,p
field perpendicular
to its plane (b) r,s p,s s,p s,r
Codes :

P a g e | 22
 (c) q,r,s q,r,s q,r,s p,r,s (c) r q p s

(d) p,s p,r,s r,s q,r,s (d) q p s r

249 In Column I some of the nuclear reactions are 251

. given. Match this with the energy involved in .
these reactions in Column II
Column-I Column- II Column-I Column- II

(A) (p) 3.3 (A) Stability of nucleus (p) ve

decided by
(B) Four radioactive (q) Binding energy per
(B) (q) 18.3
substance nucleon is minimum
n
spontaneously
(C) (r) 4
decays because its
n
(C) For the stable orbit (r) Neutron-proton
(D) (s) 17.6
or bound orbit, ratio
total energy is
(t) 200
(D) Stopping potential (s) Packing fraction
Codes :
(t) Mass defect
A B C D
Codes :
(a) p q r s
A B C D
(b) s p q r
(a) R,s s,t q t,r
(c) q r s p
(b) r,s,t q p p
(d) r s p q
(c) q t,r s,t r,s,t
250 Four physical quantities are given in Column I
(d) t,r r,s,t p, q
. and their order of values in Column II. Match
approximately 252
Column-I Column- II .

(A) Thermal energy of (p) 0 Column-I Column- II

air molecules at
room temperature (A) Nuclear fusion (p) Satisfies
(B) Binding energy of (q)
(B) Nuclear fission (q) Generally possible
heavy nuclei per
for nuclei with low
nucleon
atomic number
(C) X-ray photon (r)
(C) -decay (r) Generally possible
energy
for nuclei with
(D) Photon energy of (s)
higher atomic
visible light
number and
Codes :
unstable
A B C D (D) Exothermic (s) Essentially proceeds
nuclear reaction by weak nuclear
(a) p s r q forces
(t) Significant
(b) s r q p
momentum
conservation

P a g e | 23
 Codes : A B C D

A B C D (a) p s t p

(a) P,r s q,s p,q,t (b) s t p p

(b) s q,s p,q,t p,r (c) t p p s

(c) p,q,t p,r, s q,s (d) p t s p

(d) q,s p,q,t p,r s 255 Match the Column I of properties with Column
. II of reactions
253
. Column-I Column- II

Column-I Column- II (A) Mass of products (p) -decay

formed is less than
(A) Photoelectric (p) Photon the original mass
effect of the system in
(B) Wave (q) Frequency (B) Binding energy per (q) -decay
(C) X-rays (r) K capture nucleon increase
in
(D) Nucleus (s) -rays (C) Mass number is (r) Nuclear fission
conserved in
Codes : (D) Charge number is (s) Nuclear fusion
A B C D conserved in
Codes :
(a) q r s p
A B C D
(b) r s p q
(a) P,q,r r,s q,s p,s
(c) s q p r
(b) p,q,r, p,q,r,s p,q,r,s p,q,r,s
(d) p q r s s

254 (c) p,q q,s p,s q,p

.
(d) q,s p,s p,q r,s
Column-I Column- II

(A) Binding energy per(p) Shell model Linked Comprehension Type

nucleon for middle
This section contain(s)0 paragraphs. Based upon
order of element is
(B) Nuclear force (q) each paragraph, multiple choice questions have to
depends on be answered. Each question has at least 4 choices
(C) For nuclear fission,(r) v (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is
correct.
is
(D) Magic numbers 2, (s) Spin of nucleons Paragraph for Question Nos. 256 - 255
8, 20, 28, 50, 82,
According o o r’s ory o ydrog n a om
126 are explained
electrons revolve around the nucleus in stationary
by
orbits. The radius of stationery orbits .
(t) Greater than 15
Velocity of electron in stationary orbits and
Codes : total energy of electron in stationary orbits

P a g e | 24
 . Energy emitted when an electron jumps from
outer orbit to inner is, a) b) c) d)

where Rydberg constant Paragraph for Question Nos. 260 - 260

m Various rules of thumb have been proposed by the
scientific community to explain the mode of
256. Total energy of electron in first stationary radioactive decay by various radioisotopes. One of
orbit of hydrogen atom is . The the major rules is called the ratio. If all the
energy in second stationery orbit would be known isotopes of the elements are plotted on a
a) 13.6 eV b) 8.6 eV c) d) graph of number of neutrons versus number of
Paragraph for Question Nos. 257 - 257 protons , it is observed that all isotopes lying
Atomic number of an element is the number of o s d o a ‘s ab ’ ratio region are radioactive
protons present in the nucleus of an atom of the as shown in
element.Mass number is total number of
protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of the
atom of the element. The size of nucleus is given by
where a constant

m. Nuclear density
constant

gm
The graph exhibits straight line behavior with unit
257. Number of neutrons in a gold nucleus with slope up to . Above , those isotopes
and is with an ratio lying below the stable region
a) 79 b) 197 c) 118 d) None of usually undergo electron capture while those with
these ratios lying above the stable region usually
Paragraph for Question Nos. 258 - 258 undergo beta decay. Very heavy isotopes
Nuclei of a radioactive element X are being are unstable because of their relatively large nuclei
produced at a constant rate and this element and they undergo alpha decay. Gamma ray emission
decays to a stable nucleus Y with a decay constant does not involve the release of a particle. It
and half-life . At time , there are nuclei represents a change in an atom from a higher
of the element X energy level to a lower energy level

258. The number of nuclei of X at time 260. How would the radioisotope of magnesium
is with atomic mass 27 undergo radioactive
decay?
Data
a) Electron b) Alpha c) Beta d) Gamma
a) b) c) d) insufficie
capture decay decay ray
nt
emission
Paragraph for Question Nos. 259 - 259 Paragraph for Question Nos. 261 - 261
A radionuclide with decay constant is being The radionuclide n is being produced in a
produced in a nuclear reactor at a rate per cyclotron at a constant rate by bombarding a
second, where is a positive constant and is the manganese target with deuterons. n has a half-
time. During each decay, energy is released. The life of 2.5 h and the target contains large number of
production of radionuclide starts at time only the stable manganese isotopes n. The
reaction that produces n is
259. Which differential equation correctly n d n
represents the above process?
After being bombarded for a long time, the activity

P a g e | 25
of n becomes constant, equal to indepen range conserv depende
s . (Use n Avagardo number dent force ative nt force
; atomic weight of n g mo .) force
Paragraph for Question Nos. 264 - 264
261. At what constant rate n nuclei are being When subatomic particles undergo reactions,
produced in the cyclotron during the energy is conserved, but mass is not necessarily
bombardment? cons rv d ow v r a ar c ’s mass ‘con r b s’
o s o a n rgy n accordanc w ns n’s
a) b) c) d)
n c s n c s n c s n c s famous equation,
Paragraph for Question Nos. 262 - 262 In this equation, denotes the energy a particle
Many unstable nuclei can decay spontaneously to a carries because of its mass. The particle can also
nucleus of lower mass but different combination of have additional energy due to its motion and its
nucleons. The process of spontaneous emission of interaction with order particles
radiation is called radioactivity. Three types of Consider a neutron at rest, and well separated from
radiations are emitted by radioactive substance other particles. It decays into a proton, an electron,
Radioactive decay is a statistical process. and an undetected third particle:
Radioactivity is independent of all external ron ro on c ron
conditions The table below summarizes some data from a
The number of decays per unit time or decay rate is single neutron decay. An (mega electron volt)
called activity. Activity exponentially decreases is a unit energy. Column 2 shows the rest mass of
with time. Mean lifetime is always greater than half- the particle times the speed of light squared
life time Particle Kineti
c
262. Choose the correct statement about energ
y
radioactivity:
(
Radioact When a )
ivity is nucleus Neutron 940.97 0.00
indepen undergo Proton 939.67 0.01
Radioact
dent of es - or electron 0.51 0.39
ivity is a All of
a) b) high c) -decay, d)
statistica these
tempera its
l process
ture and atomic 264. Assuming the table contains no major errors,
high number what can we conclude about the mass c of
pressure changes the undetected third particle?
Paragraph for Question Nos. 263 - 263 It is less It is less
All nuclei consist of two types of particles-protons than or than or
and neutrons. Nuclear force is the strongest force. equal to equal to
Stability of nucleus is determined by the neutron- It is It is
a) b) c) d)
proton ratio or mass defect or binding energy per ; but we ; but we
nucleus or packing fraction. Shape of nucleus is cannot cannot
calculated by quadrupole moment. Spin of nucleus be more be more
depends on even or odd mass number. Volume of precise precise
nucleus depends on the mass number. Whole mass Paragraph for Question Nos. 265 - 265
of the atom (nearly 99%) is centered at the nucleus. The compound unstable nucleus often decays
Magnetic moment of the nucleus is measured in in accordance with the following reaction:
terms of the nuclear magnetons r other particles
D r ng r ac on ran m n c s ‘ ss on’
263. The correct statements about nuclear force (splits) into the two smaller nuclei. The reaction is
is/are energetically favorable because the small nuclei
a) Charge b) Short- c) Non- d) Spin- have higher nuclear binding energy per nucleon

P a g e | 26
(although the lighter nuclei have lower total radioactive sample are given in the table below.
nuclear binding energies, because they contain Time (h) Decays
fewer nucleons) s
Inside a nucleus, the nucleons (protons and 0 20000
n rons a rac ac o r w a ‘s rong n c ar’ 0.5 14800
1.0 11000
force. All nucleons exert approximately the same
1.5 8130
strong nuclear force on each other. This force holds
2.0 6020
the nucleus together. Importantly, the strong 2.5 4460
nuclear force becomes important only when the 3.0 3300
protons and neutrons are very close together at 4.0 1810
intranuclear distances 5.0 1000
6.0 550
265. In the nuclear reaction presented above, the 7.0 300
‘o r ar c s’ m g b
a) An alpha b) Two c) One d) Two
particle, protons proton neutron 268. The half-life of the radioactive nuclei is nearly
which and one s n n
consists neutron a) 2.5 h b) 7 h c) 5 h d) 1.2 h
of two Paragraph for Question Nos. 269 - 269
protons Scientists are working hard to develop nuclear
and fusion reactor. Nuclei of heavy hydrogen, ,
neutron known as deuteron and denoted by , can be
s thought of as a candidate for fusion reactor. The -
Paragraph for Question Nos. 266 - 266 reaction is energy. In the
A beam of alpha particles is incident on a target of core of fusion reactor, a gas of heavy hydrogen is
ad A ar c ar a a ar c com s n ‘ ad-on’ fully ionized into deuteron nuclei and electrons.
to a particular lead nucleus and stops This collection of nuclei and electrons is known
m away from the center of the nucleus.(The point is as plasma. The nuclei move randomly in the reactor
well outside the nucleus.) Assuming that the lead core and occasionally come close enough for
nucleus, which has 82 protons, remains at rest. The nuclear fusion to take place. Usually, the
mass of alpha particle is kg temperatures in the reactor core are too high and
no material wall can be used to confine the plasma.
266. Calculate the electrostatic potential energy at Special techniques are used which confine the
the instant when the alpha particle stops? plasma for a time before the particles fly away
a) b) c) d) from the core. If is the density (number/volume)
Paragraph for Question Nos. 267 - 267 of deuterons, the product is called Lawson
A nucleus, kept at rest in free space, break up into number. In one of the criteria, a reactor is termed
two smaller nuclei of masses and . Total successful if Lawson number is greater than
energy generated in this fission is . The bigger . It may be helpful to use the
part is radioactive, emits five gamma ray photons in following : Boltzmann constant
the direction opposite to its velocity, and finally
comes to rest. Now, answer the following
questions: (given: J s, 269. In the core of nuclear fusion reactor, the gas
g mc ms becomes plasma because of
a) Strong b) Coulom c) Coulom d) The high
267. Fractional loss of mass in the fission is nuclear b force b force tempera
force acting acting ture
a) b) c) d) acting between between maintain
Paragraph for Question Nos. 268 - 268 between the deutero ed
The results of activity measurements on a the deutero ns- inside
deutero ns electron the
P a g e | 27
 ns pairs reactor proton. We will extend this to a general rotational
core motion to find quantized rotational energy of a
Paragraph for Question Nos. 270 - 270 diatomic molecule assuming it to be rigid. The rule
When a particle is restricted to move along -axis ob a d s o r’s an a on cond on
between and , where is nanometer
dimension, its energy can take only certain specific 272. A diatomic molecule has moment of inertia .
values. The allowed energies of the particle moving y o r’s an a on cond on s ro a ona
in such a restricted region, correspond to the energy in the level ( is not allowed)
formation of standing waves with nodes at its ends is
and . The wavelength of this standing
a) b) c) d)
wave is related to the linear momentum of the
particle according to the de Broglie relation. The Paragraph for Question Nos. 273 - 273
energy of the particle of mass is related to its The -decay process, discovered around 1900, is
linear momentum as . Thus, the energy of basically the decay of a neutron , in the
the particle can be denoted by a quantum number laboratory, a proton and an electron are
taking values , called the observed as the decay products of the neutron
ground state) corresponding to the number of therefore, considering the decay of a neutron as a
loops in the standing wave. two-body decay process, it was predicted
Use the model described above to answer the theoretically that the kinetic energy of the electron
following three questions for a particle moving in should be a constant. But experimentally, it was
the line to . observed that the electron kinetic energy has a
Take and continuous spectrum. Considering a three-body
decay process, , around 1930,
270. The allowed energy for the particle for a Pauli explained the observed electron energy
particular value of is proportional to spectrum. Assuming the anti-neutrino to be
massless and possessing negligible energy, and
a) b) c) d)
neutron to be at rest, momentum and energy
Paragraph for Question Nos. 271 - 271
conservation principles are applied. From this
In a mixture of gas ( is singly ionized
calculation, the maximum kinetic energy of the
atom), atoms and ions are excited to
electron is . The kinetic energy carried
their respective first excited states. Subsequently,
by the proton is only the recoil energy
atoms transfer their total excitation energy to
ions (by collisions). Assume that the Bohr model of
273. What is the maximum energy of the anti-
atom is exactly valid
neutrino
Much
271. The quantum number of the state finally Much
Nearly larger
populated in ions is less than
a) Zero b) c) d) than
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
Paragraph for Question Nos. 272 - 272
T y a r o o r’s ory o s c r m o
hydrogen atom is the quantization of angular
momentum when an electron is revolving around a Integer Answer Type

P a g e | 28
 13.NUCLEI

: ANSWER KEY :
1) d 2) c 3) c 4) a 181) a,b,c 182) a,b,c 183) a,b,c 184)
5) b 6) c 7) b 8) b a,c
9) b 10) b 11) d 12) c 185) a,c 186) b,d 187) a,c 188)
13) a 14) b 15) b 16) a a,d
17) b 18) c 19) c 20) c 189) a,b,d 190) b 191) b,c 192)
21) c 22) d 23) d 24) b a,d
25) a 26) d 27) d 28) c 193) a 194) b,c 195) a,c,d 196)
29) b 30) a 31) c 32) a b,c,d
33) d 34) b 35) d 36) d 197) a,d 198) a,c 199) a,b,c 200)
37) b 38) b 39) d 40) b a,d
41) c 42) c 43) c 44) d 201) a,b,c,d 202) b 203) e 204) a
45) a 46) c 47) d 48) b 205) b 206) c 207) b 208) a
49) a 50) d 51) c 52) a 209) b 210) a 211) c 212) a
53) d 54) b 55) d 56) b 213) a 214) b 215) a 216) b
57) c 58) a 59) b 60) d 217) a 218) a 219) a 220) b
61) d 62) a 63) b 64) a 221) a 222) c 223) a 224) c
65) d 66) c 67) a 68) c 225) a 226) a 227) b 228) c
69) c 70) c 71) d 72) c 229) e 230) c 231) a 232) b
73) d 74) a 75) c 76) a 233) a 234) b 235) a 236) e
77) b 78) c 79) c 80) d 237) a 238) b 239) d 240) c
81) c 82) c 83) c 84) d 241) a 242) d 243) a 244) a
85) d 86) a 87) b 88) d 245) b 246) d 247) a 248) c
89) a 90) b 91) c 92) b 249) d 250) a 251) b 252) c
93) c 94) b 95) c 96) a 253) d 254) a 255) b 256) d
97) a 98) a 99) b 100) a 257) c 258) a 259) a 260) c
101) b 102) c 103) b 104) d 261) b 262) d 263) a,b,c,d 264) d
105) a 106) b 107) d 108) d 265) d 266) c 267) a 268) d
109) b 110) a 111) b 112) d 269) d 270) a 271) c 272) d
113) b 114) c 115) a 116) d 273) c 274) 4 275) 0 276) 8
117) a 118) a 119) a 120) a 277) 2 278) 2 279) 7 280) 1
121) c 122) a 123) b 124) a 281) 6 282) 6
125) c 126) c 127) b 128) b
129) b 130) b 131) a 132) b
133) b 134) c 135) c 136) c
137) a 138) c 139) c 140) d
141) b 142) b 143) d 144) d
145) c 146) b 147) a 148) b
149) b 150) c 151) b 152) b
153) b 154) a 155) b 156) a
157) b 158) c 159) d 160) b
161) b 162) b 163) c 164) a
165) d 166) c 167) c 168) a
169) c 170) d 171) b 172) a
173) c 174) c,d 175) a,b,c 176)
a,c,d
177) a,b,c,d 178) a,c,d 179) a,b,c 180)
a,c
P a g e | 29
 13.NUCLEI

: HINTS AND SOLUTIONS :

Single Correct Answer Type 6 (c)
1 (d) Energy is released in a process when total binding
energy (B.E.) of the nucleus is increased or we can
Also, say when total of products is more than the
or reactants. By calculation we can see that only in
case of option , this happens
og Given
of reactants
and of products
og
i.e., of products > of reactants
2 (c) 7 (b)
During fusion, binding energy of daughter nucleus
is always greater than the total binding energy of
or the parent nuclei. The difference of binding
Also rate of decay energies is released. Hence,
Initially number of atoms of both are equal
but since , therefore, will decay at a 8 (b)
faster rate than Here
3 (c)
Where Number of half lives

Now,
Or 9 (b)
Or Number of atoms in 2 kg fuel
4 (a)
Both the beta rays and the cathode rays are made
Fission rate = Number of atoms fissioned in one
up of electrons. So, only option (a) is correct
second
Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves
Alpha particles are doubly ionized helium atoms
Protons and neutrons have approximately the
s
same mass
Each fission gives . Hence, energy
Therefore, (b), (c) and (d) are wrong options
obtained in one second,
5 (b)
s
90% of the sample is left undecayed after time
s
10 (b)
Accord ng o Do r’s c of light, the
n (i)
wavelength shift is given by
After time ,
(ii)

of (iii)
Therefore, 19% of initial value will decay in time ms
11 (d)

P a g e | 30
 Activity reduces from 6000dps to 3000dps in 140
days. It implies that half-life of the radioactive
sample is 140 days. In 280 days (or two half- gm
lives)activity will remain th of the initial activity 18 (c)
. Hence the initial activity of the sample is
4 6000 dps = 24000 dps
12 (c)
Total binding energy of helium atom is

Total binding energy of deuteron n is Or Rate of decay

Initially, number of atoms of both are equal
Hence, binding energy of 2 deuterons is but since , therefore, Y will decay at a
faster rate than X
So, the energy released in forming helium nucleus 19 (c)
from two deuterons is Decay constant, s . The half-life is
thus given by
13 (a)
s
Rest mass of parent nucleus should be greater
than the rest mass of daughter nuclei. days w
14 (b) week
Activity of a radioactive substance, 20 (c)
The net reaction is
n
n
Here, particles per second and
J
This is energy produced by the consumption of 3
15 (b) deuteron atoms. So, the total energy released by
The total energy required to make the electron deuteron is
free from nucleus is the sum of the energy
required to separate the electrons from the
influence of each other and the energy required to Let total supply of deuteron in star be exhausted
separate the electrons from the influence of in seconds. Then,
nucleus i.e.,
Total required energy = BE of electron in atom s
+ ionization energy of He atom 21 (c)
A and B can be isotopes if number of -decays is
two times the number of -decays
16 (a) 22 (d)

So ionization energy
During emission 23 (d)
n The mass defect for n is more than that for
The proton changes into neutron. So, charge . So, Zn is more stable. Therefore, is
number decreases by 1 but mass number remains radioactive and will decay to n through -
unchanged decay as follows
17 (b) n
Nuclear density of an atom of mass number , Alternative solution:
mass By the conservation of charge and nucleons, only
vo m potential is feasible

P a g e | 31
24 (b) (b)
The difference in the binding energies is the 30 (a)
energy required to add an extra neutron = |Activity of radioactive substance|
25 (a)
Given that
Taking log both sides

Also Then n n
Hence, ln t graph is a straight line with
26 (d)
slope- .
From the graph we can see that,

Number of radium nuclei in g

Now applying the equation
Decay constant,

nuclei decreases by a factor of 8.

g Hence the answer is 8.
kg 31 (c)
27 (d) The given reactions are
Atomic mass of hydrogen and nuclear mass
are n
and n
Mass defect, Mass defect,
D
D mass of deuteron am
am
As 1 u corresponds to energy, Energy released
therefore, mass defect corresponds to energy,

28 (c) This is the energy produced by the consumption

of three deuteron atoms. Therefore, total energy
released by deuterons is

Net rate of formation of Y at any time is

The average power radiated is or
s
Therefore, total time to exhaust all deuteron of
is maximum when
the star will be

s s
Or
32 (a)
29 (b)
Once the neutron gets sufficiently close to the
nucleus, the strong nuclear force sucks it in. Same
happens with the proton except it is
electrostatically repelled by the six protons
or
already inside the carbon nucleus. The repulsion
prevents a ms proton from getting close Or h=6h
enough to the nucleus. Therefore, the answer is 33 (d)

P a g e | 32
 og
For di-ionised lithium the value of is maximum
og
34 (b)
After a time , a sample originally consisting og
of atoms will have decayed to . The
number of b atoms, og

and og
Dividing,
og
y ars og
n n
n Or og og
years years
35 (d) Or
X has activity at and its half-life is 24
Percentage of substance decayed is
years
Y has activity at and its half-life is 16
40 (b)
years
Three half-lives of A is equivalent to six half-lives
At years, activity of X A of B
(2 half-lives have elapsed) Hence,
At years, activity of
(3 half-lives have elapsed)
Thus, total activity of the mixtures of X and Y at Or
years is 41 (c)

Mass defect,
36 (d) am
am
Energy released per oxygen nuclei
and
Therefore, number of atoms decayed
42 (c)
37 (b) We know that

The new element X has a atomic number 6.

For A,
Therefore, the element is carbon
38 (b)
Let

For B,

Or
or
39 (d)
43 (c)
Since four half-lives have elapsed
c r c r

P a g e | 33
44 (d) Or

and

og og or og From equation (i) and (ii)

Or og

49 (a)
y ars y ars At present,
mb r o a oms
years
mb r o Ar a om
45 (a)
Let age of rock be half-lives of K-nuclide. Then,
After first half hours,
mb r o a oms r s n now
mb r o a om r s n n a y

For to four half-lives

Hence, Where number of K atoms present initially =

number of K atoms + number of Ar atoms present
For to now
or bo A and
So, age of rock is 3 half-lives of K nuclides, i.e.,
years
51 (c)
h= three half-lives
og

46 (c)
Let be the number of atoms of X at time . 52 (a)
Then, at h (two half-lives) No radioactive substance emits both and
and particles simultaneously. Some substances emit
particles and some other emits particles,
rays are emitted along with both and
particles
At h (three half-lives)
53 (d)
and or
(i) and
The given ratio lies between and
(ii) and
Therefore, lies between 4 h and 6 h
47 (d) Adding (i) and (ii), we get
Energy released would be
total binding energy of (total 1. Is not the correct option as there is a time
binding energy of ) for which is constant, which means for
time there is no process of radioactivity
which does not makes sense
48 (b)
2. and (c) show intermediate increase in the
Let ground state energy (in ) be
number of radioactive atoms which is
Then from the given condition
impossible as will only decrease
exponentially. Hence, the correct option is

P a g e | 34
 (d)

54 (b) h
Number of -particles emitted h
Decrease in charge number due to -emission = 60 (d)
12 Use mass balance and balance of atomic number
But actual decrease in charge number 61 (d)

Clearly, four -particles are emitted

55 (d)
Nuclear reactions conserve total charge, and also
conserve the total approximate mass. The other
particles in the reaction will have mass or

Or
The other particles are two neutrons. Hence, (a) is
not correct. Note the special technique used in the problem
For nuclei, number of protons tells the charge. So, 62 (a)
the other particles must have charge Z such that Penetration power of is 100 times of , while
that of is 100 times of
63 (b)
Therefore, the other particles have a total atomic
mass 2 and total charge 0. Hence, only (d) is Time day s
correct Energy produced,
56 (b) s
For decay: A J
For decay: A Energy released per fusion reaction is
For decay: A
For k-capture, there will be no change in the Energy released per atom of is
number of protons. Hence, only case in which J
number of protons increases is decay Number of atoms used is
57 (c)
The penetrating power is dependent on velocity.
For a given energy, the velocity of -radiation is Mass of atoms =2 g
highest and -particle is least Mass of atoms
58 (a) g
For , maximum number of states 64 (a)
and for , maximum number of states
Activity of ac v y o
would be 8, 18, 32 respectively, Hence number of
possible elements Or )
Or
59 (b)
Or
Given
Let safe level activity be , initial activity
Hence,
65 (d)
For decay (i):
Or or
Hence,

P a g e | 35
 For decay (ii): 73 (d)
If is the distance of closest approach given, then
the angular momentum Js

As is negative for both the decays, so none of

the decays is allowed Momentum,
66 (c)
The number of nuclei in 1 kg is gms
m m

n c 74 (a)

Total energy released is

Probabilities of getting - and -particles are
same. Thus, rates of disintegration are equal
67 (a)
Let , g
Or
75 (c)
Then, The value of the first reaction implies that
d
Where represents the mass of nucleus in
g energy units. This can be rearranged to give
68 (c) d
The second reaction similarly implies as
or d
69 (c) And the third reaction gives
Following nuclear reaction takes place d
n Adding these three equations, we have
70 (c) d
The equation is n n
Energy required = B.E. of B.E. of d n
Now,
71 (d) d n
am
am

Probability
76 (a)
72 (c) Given, s
represents a
n
fusion reaction s
77 (b)
Power of fission reactor,
s
Time day s
Energy produced,
Or
J
Energy released per fission of is

P a g e | 36
 Number of atoms used is

Hence,
Mass of atoms of g
Mass of atoms of is
g g a
78 (c)
Suppose an initial radioactive I decays to a final years
product F with a half-life years
At any time, 83 (c)
Expected atomic mass of Cu must be less than that
of zinc, but it is not so. So, it means Cu is
radioactive and unstable and decays to Zn
through -decay
n 84 (d)
Here, mn s
n n
y ar Decay constant,
n n
79 (c)
Energy equivalent to s
Now, 1 curie is equal to
Energy equivalent to disintegrations per second
If be the number of atoms in one curie, then
From the equation, energy released

80 (d) Or N
Number of nuclei decreases exponentially,

Rate of decay, Further, atomic weight of a and

Therefore, decay process lasts upto . Avogadro’s n mb r
Therefore, a given nucleus may decay at any time Mass of one atom
after Mass of atoms
81 (c)
g
Mass defect,
85 (d)
am
Two protons and two neutrons are lost in an -
As a m , energy released will
decays, so and each decrease by 2. A decay
be
changes a proton to a neutron, so decreased by
Energy released per deuteron is
1 and increases by 1. The net result is
decreases by 3 and decreases by 1
Number of molecules in 1 kg deuterons is
Initially, number of neutrons
Now, number of neutrons,
Therefore, energy released per kg of deuterium
fusion 86 (a)
n

82 (c) 87 (b)

P a g e | 37
 94 (b)
Mass of one atom of is
am
88 (d) Mass of neutron am .
The -particle emitting radioactive gas, thoron- Sum of the masses of and neutron
220, decays to radium-216 an emits an -particle. am
The reaction can be represented by Mass of one atom of is
T a am am
By conservation of momentum, we have Mass defect
momentum of -particle = momentum of am
recoiling nucleus Ra Therefore, energy required to remove one
neutron is

95 (c)
The kinetic energy of Ra, , is related to the Binding energy per nucleon of fission products is
kinetic energy of alpha particle by . Binding energy per nucleon of reactants
=
Increase in binding energy per nucleon is

Energy released per nucleon in fission is

Fractional energy released
Percentage of mass converted into energy during
89 (a) fission
Isotopes A and C have same number of protons
90 (b)
If the kinetic energy of each particle is , then 97 (a)
When a free neutron decays to a proton along
with an electron and an antineutrino, the value
of the reaction is positive which means the
reaction is possible all by itself, while a free
proton cannot convert itself into a neutron due to
91 (c) negative value
We know that in a nucleus, neutron converts into In beta minus decay, the electron originates from
proton as follows: nucleus only, by the transformation of neutron
into a proton, with simultaneous emission of an
Thus, decay of neutron is responsible for - antineutrino
radiation orgination 98 (a)
92 (b) Nuclear density is constant hence, mass volume
Total mass of the products am Or
which is greater than the mass of the deuteron by 99 (b)
0.0024 a m The extra mass must be provided
by the energy of the photon so that minimum
Given and
possible frequency must be given by
am
am g 100 (a)
Hz Let (mass ratio)
93 (c) 2 days h= 48 h
Transformation occurs only when the same net For first substance, 4 half-life periods and for
energy is released, which is possible only when second substance 3 half-life periods are passed;

P a g e | 38
 the masses are reduced to Density
gm
110 (a)
Let and . Initially, rate of
disintegration of A is and that of B is .
After one half-life of A, rate of disntigration of A

102 (c) will become (half-life of B = one-half the half-

The binding energy per nucleon is lowest for very life of A). So, after one half-life of A or two half-
light nuclei such as , is greatest around lives of B,
, and then decreases with increasing
103 (b)
Number of -particles per second = activity
111 (b)
Where

For to be maximum,
s
So,
or
112 (d)

104 (d)
The emission of antineutrino is a must for the
validity of different laws
105 (a)
Since scheme A releases more energy than
113 (b)
scheme B, scheme A is more likely to occur. This is
In 2 s only 90% nuclei are left behind. Thus, in
because the more the energy released, the more
next 2 s 90% of 900 or 810 nuclei will be left
stable the daughter nucleus is. A heavy nucleus
114 (c)
undergoes fission such that its products will be
A
more stable than the parent nucleus
g
107 (d)
Mass defect,
As we regard the decay process as a spontaneous
and statistical process, therefore the decay can
Energy of -proton
start any time after . Therefore, the answer
Maximum kinetic energy of the electron emitted
is (d)
in the decay is
108 (d)
-decay decreases mass number by 4 and reduces
115 (a)
charge number by 2. -decay keeps mass number
From given information,
unchanged and increases charge by 1. Clearly,
option (d) is the right choice
109 (b) Computing above equation with standard decay
For nucleus of : equation,
Mass kg
Volume
s
m
s
m
116 (d)
P a g e | 39
 Let the decay constants for the first and second
processes be and and the effective decay Or (i)
constant for the combined process be . Then, and
and
Substituting this value in Eq. (1), we get
Now, the probability for decay through first
124 (a)
process in a small time interval is and the
Probability of survival for any nucleus at time is
probability for decay through second process in
the same time interval is . The probability
for decay by the combined process in the same
So, in one mean life, required probability is
time interval is
But this is also equal to
125 (c)

Or
Because the population is simultaneously
Or or
increasing at rate and decreasing due to decay
117 (a) at rate
Number of radio nuclei become constant, when
rate of production becomes equal to rate of decay,

Or . Given n

n
119 (a) 126 (c)
-particles are radioactive material emitted by
the nucleus
120 (a) 127 (b)
Calculate time when it reaches a height of 1000 m,
then use
128 (b)
After two half-lives th fraction of nuclei will
remain undecayed or fraction will decay.
Hence , the probability that a nucleus decays in
two half-lives is
121 (c)
129 (b)
Activity, . Number of nuclei per mole
day
are equal for both the substances

Or
If the initial number of atoms is , then after
122 (a) time the number of atoms is . We have
After the removal of first electron remaining atom to find
will be hydrogen like atom
So energy required to remove second electron og og og

from the atom day

Total energy required 130 (b)
123 (b) Decrease in mass number
Let number of -decays are and number of - Number of -particles emitted
decays are . Then, Due to emission of 6 particles, decrease in charge
P a g e | 40
 number is 12. But actual decrease in charge attractive strong nuclear forces overcome the
number is 8. Clearly, 4 -particles are emitted repulsion of the protons. Hence, the nucleus holds
131 (a) together. But in , the mutual repulsion of the
Mass defect, three protons overcomes the strong nuclear
attractions and the nucleus falls apart (or
undergoes radioactive decay into a more stable
am nucleus). Therefore, the answer will be (c)
Binding energy 137 (a)
When one atom of Ca-40 completely dissociates,
the energy to be supplied
1 g of Ca-40 contains Or or
atoms Or s
The energy required for the dissociation of 1 g of 138 (c)
Ca-40

132 (b) Which decreases exponentially with time

139 (c)
Let be the number of nuclei at any time . Then,

133 (b)
Let be the initial activity. Then,
Or
Given: and s
and

Or n s
Or 140 (d)
134 (c) Since no external force is present, so momentum
Radius of a nucleus changes with the nucleon conservation principle is completely applicable
number of the nucleus as
m Or
Hence, 141 (b)

Thus, 10 days = 2 half-lives

m
Half-life = 8 days
m
142 (b)
135 (c)
The radioactive decay constant is given by
Energy released is
n

136 (c)
From the equation , the fraction of a
All neutrons attract each other with the same
strong nuclear force. So, the strong nuclear force sample remaining after 16 h is given by
holds together three protons and one neutron
just as vigourously as it holds together two
143 (d)
protons and two neutrons . Specifically,
Refer to the definition of mass defect
protons electrostastically repel other protons.
144 (d)
This repulsion tries to make a nucleus fly apart.
Disintegration of deuteron to a proton and a
Since contains only two protons, the

P a g e | 41
 neutron can be represented by
n
The energy captured is the -ray photon is Thus, the kinetic energy of the -particle
given by expressed as the fraction of the total kinetic
energy is the given by

145 (c)
Which is slightly less than
151 (b)
From , we have

Dividing, we get
Or number of half-lives
or
152 (b)
146 (b)
The nuclear fission differs from other nuclear
reaction in three respects
147 (a) 1. The nucleus is deeply divided into two
Two -particles reduce mass number by 8 large fission fragments or nuclei of
Therefore, new mass number roughly equal mass. The nuclei or fission
Emission of two -particles reduces charge fragments fly apart at great speed and
number by 4 thus posses large kinetic energies that
Emission of -particles increases charge number carry off the greater part of the energy
by 1 released
Therefore, the new charge number
2. The mass decrease is appreciable and
hence large energy is released
148 (b)
A nucleus contains protons and neutrons with no 3. Other neutrons, called fission neutrons,
antiprotons and antineutrons. Hence, answer can are emitted in the process. Small amount
be either (b) or (d). Due to conservation of spin, of energy is released in the form of
the answer is (b) radiation
149 (b)
153 (b)
Fast neutrons can be easily slowed down by
After 6 half lives intensity emitted will be safe passing them through water. This is because of
Total time taken comparable masses the energy passed by neutron
150 (c) to water molecule is high
Let the kinetic energy of the -particle be and 154 (a)
that of the thorium Th be The ratio of kinetic
energies is
or s
155 (b)
By conservation of momentum, the momentum of Nuclear forces are charge independent
-particle and that of the recoiling thorium must 156 (a)
be equal. Thus, Maximum number of nuclei will be present when
rate of decay = rate of formation
Or
Or (ii)
Substituting Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i), we have
157 (b)
P a g e | 42
 and
Where sum of the masses of reactants
and sum of the masses of the products
am am Given,
am
am
am Or or
am 166 (c)
Decrease in mass appears as equivalent energy, Let collisions are required for the given
condition. Then,

158 (c)
At closest distance of approach
Kinetic energy = Potential energy
After solving above equation,
167 (c)
For uranium , so For this substance 7 days correspond to 3.5 half-
159 (d) lives. Over 3 half-lifes the sample reduces to
Conserve the number of nucleons of its initial mass. After 4 half-lifes, the
160 (b)
sample has only of its initial mass. Hence,
The complete fission reaction is
n r n after 3.5 half-lives the sample must contain
somewhere between 1/8 and 1/16 of its initial
r n
mass
Hence, 5 g is somewhere between 1/8 and 1/16
161 (b)
of the initial mass
Use conservation of linear momentum
So, the initial mass is somewhere between
162 (b)
g and g
Here, half-life of radium, years
168 (a)
Disintegration constant y ar Fraction of nuclei which remain undecayed is
g mg c n gram g
mg
Now apply
163 (c)
The minimum energy needed to carry out an
endothermic reaction is greater than the value
of the reaction. This is because to conserve the
169 (c)
momentum some extra energy has to be provided
Energy will be released when stability increases.
, where is the mass of the This will happen when binding energy per
incident particle and is the mass of target nucleon increases
164 (a) Reactant Product
As the alpha particle decays, the daughter nucleus Reaction
recoils. In such a process, the momentum (a)
conservation holds good, Reaction
So, (b)

Reaction
and (c)
Reaction
As , so
(d)
165 (d)

P a g e | 43
170 (d)
After half-lives, the radioactive nuclei remaining 175 (a,b,c)
is . So, number of nuclei disintegrated in half- In general, fission and fusion processes are
exothermic reactions, i.e., energy is released.
lives is
Hence, mass of products must be less than mass of
For , the fraction disintegrated is the reactant nuclides, and BE/ of reactants
171 (b) of products nuclides
176 (a,c,d)
or First transition is from o Second
Or transaction is from o
Clearly,
172 (a)
Accord ng o Avogadro’s y o ss

Half-life years
As therefore,

s
Because half-life is very much large as compared
to its time interval, hence . Now,
As

Or or or

177 (a,b,c,d)
173 (c) We have,
The given time of 4 h thus equals 4 half-lives so
that the half-life is 1 h
is the sample left after two half-lives
Since half-life and mean life

, after further 4 h, the amount left

mn
over would be or or of
mn
original amount
178 (a,c,d)
Multiple Correct Answers Type
174 (c,d)
Due to mass defect (which is finally responsible
for the binding energy of the nucleus), mass of a
nucleus is always less than the sum of masses of
its constituent particles
is made up of 10 protons plus 10 neutrons
Thus option (a), (c), (d) are correct
Therefore, mass of nucleus,
179 (a,b,c)
The last statement is incorrect because the
Also, heavier the nucleus, more is the mass defect
amount of energy released per unit mass of the
fuel is much more for fusion than for fission.
Thus, Hence, (a), (b) and (c) are correct
Or 181 (a,b,c)
Now, since If the nuclear reaction involving -decay is

P a g e | 44
 n , the spins on two sides are not equal
as all the three (neutron, proton and electron)
have spins of . So, to conserve angular
momentum (spin), some other particle must be
186 (b,d)
emitted.
If in nuclear reaction binding energy per nucleon
Through experiments it has been observed that
increases, energy is released
direction of emitted electron and recoiling nuclei
187 (a,c)
are almost never exactly opposite as required for
T d a o ‘mag c n mb r’ as d o s
linear momentum to be conserved
model and the nuclides with these number of
During -decay, the energy of electron is found to
protons or neutrons have been compared with the
vary continuously from 0 to a maximum value
‘ n r gas s’ v s-à-v s s ab y n rms o ‘c os d
(this maximum value is a characteristic of
s s’
nuclide). To explain this experimental
188 (a,d)
observation, we also need some other particle
In nuclear fusion, two or more lighter nuclei are
182 (a,b,c)
combined to form a relatively heavy nucleus and
We know,
thus, releasing the energy
(i)
189 (a,b,d)
Where, number of decayed nuclei in the It has been observed that total mass of nucleus is
sample at time , always less than the sum of the masses of its
initial number of nuclei
nucleus. The energy difference between the
Hence, total number of undecayed nuclei
nucleus and its constituent particles due to their
mass difference is termed as the binding energy of
Substituting it in (i), we get the nucleus.
In other words, we can say that to break the
This shows that the total number of undecayed nucleus into its constituent particles, some energy
nuclei decays exponentially with time and total is needed to be supplied. This energy is termed as
number of decayed unclei grows exponentially binding energy of the nucleus
with time. Now, For (a) more is the binding energy per nucleon,
= activity) more is the energy required to break the nucleus
Hence, activity number of undecayed nuclei and hence we can say the more stable the nucleus
Therefore, (a), (b), (c) are correct answers is
184 (a,c) For (b), (c) and (d), in actual the binding energy is
Half-lives of both the samples would be same as always positive but if it were zero, then nucleus
half-life is property of radioactive material and is will break spontaneously
independent of number of nuclei present or its 190 (b)
activity. Let , then , where o is used for treatment of cancer
denotes initial activity
191 (b,c)
Activity of A after 5 half-lives is
Statement (a) is incorrect. The nucleus (or
the -particle) is exceptionally stable and has a
Activity of B after 5 half-lives is much higher value of BE per nucleon than that for
most other light nuclei. Statement (b) is correct
but the reason of decrease in binding energy is
different for the cases of smaller and larger values
of . The reason for the decrease in the BE per
185 (a,c) nucleon for nuclei with large is that with an
increase in the number of protons, the Coulomb
For repulsion increases. On the other hand, the
For decrease in the BE per nucleon for nuclei with
small is due to a surface effect: the nucleons at

P a g e | 45
 the surface being less strongly bound than those 4. True, it is a fact
in the interior. Statement (c) is also correct. The
energy required to remove one neutron (i.e., one 198 (a,c)
nucleon) is the same as the binding energy per y ar
nucleon for a given isotope
Statement (d) is incorrect. To ensure both charge As , hence
and mass number conservation, a proton must be
produced as a by-product of the reaction:
D D T
y ars
192 (a,d)
In -decay, the entire energy is carried away by 199 (a,b,c)
the -particles as its kinetic energy. In -decay, Use
the energy is shared between the -particle and 200 (a,d)
the anti-neutrino. Hence, the speed of the - For an exothermic reaction
particle will vary, depending on the energy of the
anti-neutrino If is the kinetic energy of incident particle x,
193 (a) then from energy conservation
Let percentage of be and percentage of

Average atomic weight

In any exothermic reaction, mass of the products
is less than the mass of reactants, i.e., in products,
the nucleons are more tightly bound and hence
have greater BE per nucleon as compared to BE
per nucleon of reactants. For endothermic
reaction to be carried out, minimum energy given
to the reactant must be greater than value
201 (a,b,c,d)
194 (b,c) We know that and
Orbital angular momentum

When When

195 (a,c,d)
All the statements are very conceptual statements
related to different decays constant for all orbits.
196 (b,c,d)
Statement (a) is incorrect. In fact, is proportional to
Assertion - Reasoning Type
Statements (b), (c) and (d) are correct; they are 202 (b)
the definitions of isobars, isotopes and isotones Neutron is about 0.1 more massive than proton.
197 (a,d) But the unique thing about the neutron is that
1. True, d absorbs neutrons while it is heavy, it has no charge (it is neutral).
This lack of charge gives it the ability to penetrate
2. No, concrete reflects, does not slow down
matter without interacting as compared to the
3. ‘ od ra ac v y’ s no corr c beta particles or alpha particles
‘ od ra or’ n s ns o s ow ng
203 (d)
neutrons is different
According to classical electromagnetic theory, an
accelerated charged particle continuously emits
P a g e | 46
 radiation. As electrons revolving in circular paths
are constantly experiencing centripetal
acceleration, hence they will be losing hteir
energy continuously and the orbital radius will go
on decreasing, form spiral and finally the electron
will fall in the nucleus

204 (a)
The wavelength in Balmer series is given by 209 (b)
Bohr postulated that electrons in stationary orbits
around the nucleus do not radiate.

This s on o o r’s os a Accord ng o

this the moving electrons radiates only when they
go from one orbit to the next lower orbit

211 (c)
Nuclear foce is nearly same for all nucleus
and
212 (a)
Here, both the statements are correct and
statement II correctly explains Statement I

213 (a)
205 (b)
Statement II, is true by definition and correctly
-particles, being emitted with very high speed
explains Statement I, namely, undergoes 2 -
compared to -particles, pass for very little time
decay, 2 -decays (negative ) and 2 -decays. As
near the atoms of the medium. So the probability
a result, the daughter product is
of the atoms being ionized is comparatively less.
But due to this reason, their loss of energy is very 215 (a)
slow and they can penetrate the medium through Experimentally, it is found that the average radius
a sufficient depth of a nucleus is given by
206 (c) where
In fusion, lighter nuclei are used so fusion is not
possible with . Also binding energy of is and mass number
not too small
216 (b)
207 (b) Electron capture occurs more often than positron
When the atom gets appropriate energy from emission in heavy elements. This is because if
outside, then this electron rises to some higher positron emission is energetically allowed,
energy level. Now it can return either directly to electron capture is necessarily allowed, but the
the lower energy level or come to the lowest reverse is not true, when electron capture is
energy level after passing through other lower energetically allowed, positron emission is not
energy levels, hence all possible transitions take necessarily allowed
place in the source and many lines are seen in the
spectrum 217 (a)
From o r’s ory n rgy o ydrog n a om
208 (a) in the state is given by . For an
Substituting am kg and atom of atomic number , with one electron in the
ms in the energy-mass equivalence outer orbit (singly ionised He or double ionised
relation lithium) we use where is
atomic number. Hence, ground state energy of

P a g e | 47
 doubly ionised lithium is nuclear transformation

225 (a)
Ionisation potential (potential to be applied to
From the relation,
electron to overcome this energy) is 122.4V.

218 (a)
Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement
II is a correct explanation for Statement I
day
219 (a)
The radius of nucleus is given by 226 (a)
where is a constant m. r decays to when -rays emission is
For different nuclei mass number is different, occurred. r gets absorbed in bones along with
therefore is different calcium which causes impairment of the
production of red blood cells. So, assertion is true.
220 (b)
-particles are emitted with very high velocity Now, r
(up to o accord ng o ns n’s ory
of relatively, the mass of a -particle is much r decays to Yttrium r emits -rays of very
higher compared to its rest mass . The high energy. Bone marrow is damaged by these
velocity of electrons obtained by other means is high energetic -particles. So, reason is also true
very small compared to (velocity of light). So its
228 (c)
mass remains nearly . But -paricle and
Accord ng o os a s o o r’s a om mod
electron both are similar particles
electron revolves around the nucleus in fixed
221 (a) orbit of definite radii. As long as the electron is in
Factual a certain orbit it does not radiate any energy

222 (c) 229 (d)

From the reaction hydrogen is converted into The penetrating power is maximum in case of
helium, with the nucleus releasing two positions gamma rays because gamma rays are
and energy. Because of positron emission it electromagnetic radiations of very small
cannot be d cay The energy emitted and wavelength
participation of light nuclei correspond to the
230 (c)
fusion reaction.
Radioactivity
223 (a)
When fission of heavy nucleus takes place, it splits
itself into two lighter nuclei which are having too
many neutrons and are highly unstable. To attain
stability, they decay neutrons and hence try to
achieve ratio somewhat greater than 1 Radioactivity is proportional to , and not to

224 (c)
Nuclear stability depends upon the ratio of 231 (a)
neutron to proton. If the ratio is more than In -particle scattering experiment, Rutherford
the critical value, then a neutron gets converted found a small number of -particles which were
into a proton forming a particle in the process scattered back through an angle approaching to
. This is possible only if the positive charges
are concentrated at the centre or nucleus of the
The particle is emitted from the nucleus atom
in some radioactive transformation. So electrons
do not exist in the nucleus but they result in some 232 (b)

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 5. If Assertion is True, Reason is True, Reason is nucleus and electron separation from the nucleus.
correct explanation of 1 If we take the average of the energies required to
detach all the electrons from the outermost shell
6. If Assertion is True, Reason is True, Reason is to the innermost K shell, then this average
not correct explanation of 1 increases rapidly with increase in atomic number
7. If Assertion is True, Reason is False 238 (b)
8. If Assertion is False, Reason is True Rutherford confirmed that the repulsive force on
-particle due to nucleus varies with distance
233 (a) according to inverse square law and that the
Statement II is correctly explaining Statement I positive charges are concentrated at the centre
and not distributed throughout the atom
More probability of decay means faster decay
process and hence shorter half-life 239 (d)
Number of half-lives
234 (b)
Fission of occurs by slow neutrons only (of
energy about 1 ) or even by thermal neutrons
(of energy bout 0.025eV). Fission of is
The fraction left undecayed is given
brought about by a fast neutron. has odd
mass number and even atomic number, hence it is
an even-odd nucleus whereas has even
mass number and even atomic number, hence it is
an even-even nucleus. 240 (c)
235 (a) In particle situation , at least three particles take
We know that an electron is very light particle as place in transformation, so energy for -
compared to an -particle. Hence electron cannot particle energy of third particle –
scatter the -particle at large angles, according to Hence, energy of -particle –
law of conservation of momentum. On the other 241 (a)
hands, mass of nucleus is comparable with the Here, statement I is correct and Statement II is
mass of -particle, hence only the nucleus of atom wrong can be directly concluded from binding
is responsible for scattering of -particles energy/nucleon curve.
242 (d)
236 (d) Atomic mass and mass number are different. Mass
The whole mass of the atom is concentrated at number is simply representing number of
nucleus and (Sum of the masses of nucleons, while atomic mass is the average of the
nucleons) because, when nucleons combine some masses of isotopes of a given element and has
energy is wasted units of u (atomic mass unit)
237 (a) 243 (a)
As in a nucleus, nucleons are bounded by short- If the half-life of a radioactive isotope is small as
range nuclear force, so a given nucleon is in compared to the age of organic sample, then over
interaction only with neighboring nucleons. So, the age of the sample the activity of radioactive
detaching a nucleon from a nucleus is irrespective isotope becomes very small and hence is
of the fact that how many nucleons are present in impossible to detect. While this process will not
the nucleus. Moreover, due to short-range nuclear arise if we use radioactive isotope having larger
force only, the versus curve is slowly half-life for dating with organic samples
varying for
244 (a)
While, in atoms electrons are bound with nucleus In =decay, the mass number decreases by 4 and
by o omb’s orc w c s a ong-range force atomic number decreases by 2. In -decay, the
and depends on the number of protons in the mass number does not change but atomic number

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 changes by 1.In -decay the atomic and mass (s) All natural process, energy of the system
number remain unchanged. decreases
(t) The current is produced. Hence energy of the
The reaction can be summarised as system increases
(B) (p), (r), (s) no mechanical energy is provided
to the system
(q) The mechanical energy is provided which
increases the temperature and hence random
Thus, at a far extent reason explain assertion but motion of molecules
not completely (t) Mechanical work is done to change the
magnetic field, which increases the mechanical
245 (b)
energy of electron and these electrons strike with
In a nuclear fission, when a bigger nucleus is
stationary positive charge and energy is
fissioned into two light weight nuclei, then due to
converted in random motion
mass defect some energy is released. According to
(C) (s) Internal binding energy is converted into
concept of binding energy, fission can occur
mechanical energy
because the total mass energy will decrease; that
(D) (s) Mass changes only in nuclear process
is (binding energy) will increase. W see that
248 (c)
for high mass nuclide , the binding
1. In the given spontaneous radioactive
energy per nucleon is about 7.6MeV/nucleon. For
decay, the number of protons remain
the middle weight nuclides , it is about
constant and all conservation principles
8.5 MeV/nucleon. Thus, binding energy of fission
are decayed
fragments is larger than the total binding energy
of the parent nucleus 2. In fusion reaction of two hydrogen nuclei,
a proton is decreased as a position shall be
246 (d)
emitted in the reaction. All the three
Here, conservation principles are obeyed

3. In the given fission reaction, the number

or
of protons remain constant and all
conservation principles are obeyed
where is the half-life period and is fraction of
atoms left after time . Here , days and 4. In beta negative decay, a neutron
transforms into a proton within the
nucleus and the electron is ejected out

Putting the values of and in Eq. (i), we get 249 (d)

or n
m
or or days
n
Matrix Match Type m
247 (a)
(A) (p) Capacitor is charged, hence its energy is
increased
(q) The temperature is increased, henc its energy 250 (a)
is increased or as the external positive work is 1. Thermal energy of air molecules at room
done, hence energy increases temperature:
(r) The temperature decreases, its energy is
decreased

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 2. Binding energy of heavy nuclei per In case of k capture x-rays are emitted
nucleon 254 (a)
Binding energy per nucleon for middle order
3. X-ray wavelength element is maximum because middle order
element is most stable
So, a
Nuclear force depends only on spin of nucleons
4. For visible light: wavelength s So, b s
For nuclear fission, is greater than 15
So, c
Magic numbers are explained by Shell model
251 (b) So, d
Stability of nucleus is decided by
255 (b)
1. Mass defect greater stability greater In all the reactions in Column II:
Mass of products will be less than original mass of
2. Neutron-proton ratio, i.e.,
the system. The mass converts into energy, hence
More stable binding energy increases
Basically, in all four reactions mentioned in
3. Packing fraction = negative more stable
Column II, energy is released and hence for all
4. Binding energy per nucleon greater
greater stability As energy is released in all 4 reactions,
BE/nucleons increases in all
For radioactive substance binding energy per
Mass number and charge number are conserved
nucleon is minimum. So, they are unstable
in all processes
For bound orbit, total energy is always negative Linked Comprehension Type
256 (d)
Stopping potential is the particular negative As
potential when no electron reaches the plate (i.e.,
anode)

252 (c)
In nuclear fusion, two lighter nuclei fuse and 257 (c)
make big nuclei. In this, mass defect is converted
into energy according to
258 (a)
In nuclear fission, heavy nuclei split into two or
more than two smaller nuclei. In this process,
mass is converted into energy according to

In -decay, neutron proton ratio decreases, so

nucleus becomes more stable
Both nuclear fission and nuclear fusion are
exothermic reactions
253 (d) 259 (a)
For all types of waves, sound wave, light wave,
string wave the term related is frequency, which
is given only in one option. Other phenomenon 260 (c)
are property matching. From the graph and the fact that the (=no. of
Photoelectric effect proves photon character of neutrons/no. of protons) ratio for magnesium is
light 27/12, which is greater than 1 (=unit slope)
-rays can only be produced from nucleus 261 (b)
In equilibrium,
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 Rate of decay = rate of production (alpha particle), (gold nucleus),
262 (d) m
Radioactivity is independent of all external m
conditions. When a nucleus undergoes an -
decay, its atomic number decreases by 2 and in m
beta decay, atomic number increases by 1
263 (a,b,c,d) Or
All options are basic properties of nuclear forces.
So, all options are correct
267 (a)
264 (d)
Use conservation of energy and momentum
According to the passage, subatomic reactions do
Momentum of a photon
not conserve mass. So, we cannot find the third
268 (d)
ar c ’s mass by s ng equal to
. By constrast,
the total energy n s cas s m o ‘mass From the given data,
n rgy’ and n c n rgy s cons rv d
denotes total energy, then

The neutron has energy . The proton

has energy
. The electron has energy
. Therefore, the
third particle has energy
Or d cays s
c ron
j s o nd rd ar c ’s o a n rgy Half-life, s
sum of its mass energy and kinetic energy. 269 (d)
Without more information, we cannot figure out The high temperature maintained inside the
how much of that energy is mass energy reactor core
265 (d) 270 (a)
Nuclear reactions conserve total charge and also
conserve the total approximate mass (as
measured by the atomic mass number). For standing waves
Therefore, since the uranium, xenon, and
strontium nuclei have atomic masses 236, 140
271 (c)
and ‘o r ar c s’ m s av o a
atomic mass such that
In first excited state and
So, . The other particles are two nucleons.
This narrows down the answer to options (b), (c)
272 (d)
and (d). For nuclei, the atomic number i.e., the
number of protons tells us the charge. So, the
other particles must have total charge such that
Rotational kinetic energy
or
In summary, the other particles have total atomic 273 (c)
mass 2 and total charge 0. Only option (d) fits this of
description
266 (c)
If the particles are treated as point charges, is almost zero
When
Then

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Integer Answer Type original number. The number of remaining active
274 (4) nuclei is, therefore,
We have

Thus, 279 (7)

So, one fourth of the original activity will remain and are number of -decays and -decays
after 40 hours respectively
275 (0) (i)
The activity of the sample at time is given by Or (ii)
Similarly,
Where is the decay constant and is the , put in (i) we get
activity at time when the capacitor plates 280 (1)
the connected. The charge on the capacitor at time
is given by at

Where is the charge at and F Mass of sample = (mass of the atom)

Thus,

281 (6)
It is independent of if Effective decay constant will be sum of all
different decay constants
Or
So , hence
276 (8) 282 (6)
We have to find the time at which

n n

n n
n n
n mn s
277 (2)
,
No of atoms decayed in

n
Hence
278 (2)
In one half-life the number of active nuclei
reduces to half the original number. Thus, in two
half-lives the number is reduced to of the

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