Cagayan State University – Carig Campus

College of Public Administration

CDI – Criminal Investigation and Intelligence

Instructor – SJO4 Mary Jane S Aquino-Melad

NATURE, CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF INTELLIGENCE

BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

1. Biblical Beginnings
 Moses (Numbers 13:3-17) – sent 12 leaders of Israel to spy the land of Canaan.
 Rehab ( Joshua 2: 1- 21)- employed the art of deception by concealing agents of
Israel and duped their pursuers.
 Delilah ( Judges 16:9) – used “sex” to obtain information from a powerful enemy.

2. Pre-Modern Times
 Sun Tzu -knowing oneself and the enemy to insure victory.
 Alexander the Great – devised the first letter sorting.
 Sertorius – used the “supernatural power” of animals.
 Akbar – employed more than 4,000 agents to know what is happening.
 Genghis Khan – used spies and prisoners as a source of information.
 Julius Caesar –established “speculators” who served as information collecting
Agency.

3. Renaissance Period
 Sir Francis Walsingham – employed spies to monitor activity of the enemy
 Richlieu – introduce the network of covert collectors
 Louis XIV – systematized postal censorship.
 Napoleon Bonaparte – organized two Bureau of intelligence; Bureau of
Intelligence and Topographic Bureau.
 Frederick the Great – The Father of Organized Military Espionage.
 Hannibal – disguised as beggar to obtain information in the streets

POLICE INTELLIGENCE
- The end product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis, integration and
interpretation of all available information regarding the activities of criminal and other
law violators for the purpose of affecting criminals and other law violators for the
purpose of affecting their arrest, obtaining evidence, and forestalling plan to commit
crime.
INFORMATION
- An evaluated material of every description including those derived from observation,
reports, rumors and other sources of information.
INTELLIGENCE SERVICE - an agency that chiefly gathers and evaluates information for a
country’s political and military leaders.

Kinds:
1. Foreign Intel Service – gathers info about foreign countries and institutions.
 2. Internal Security Service – seeks to neutralize hostile intelligence security
services operating within the country.

BEST SECURITY INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES IN THE WORLD

1. ISI, Pakistan
- Created in 1948 and the Inter-Services Intelligence belonging to Pakistan is the best
in the world. It was established to strengthen the country’s foundation as well as
protect it.
2. CIA, USA
- An independent agency, the Central Intelligence Agency (owned by the United
States) is controlled by the Director of National Intelligence.
3. MI6, UK
- Formed in 1909, the MI6 is UK’s intelligence service. It was formed in 1909 and has its
headquarters in Vauxhall Cross, London.
4. FSB, Russia
- Established in 1995, the Federal Security Service (FSB) is the country’s principal
security organization.
The agency has its main office in Lubayanka Square, Moscow.
5. BND, Germany
- The Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND) was established in 1956 as Germany’s
federal intelligence agency. With its headquarters in Pullach,
6. DGSE, France
- The General Directorate for External Security (DGSE) belonging to France is also
one of the world’s most powerful security intelligence agencies. Established in 1982, it
is controlled by the country’s defense ministry.
7. ASIS, Australia
- The Australian Secret Intelligence Service was established in 1952, with its
headquarters in the country’s capital, Canberra.
8. RAW, India
- India’s intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing was created in 1968,
with its headquarters in New Delhi. It collects intelligence data about criminals, foreign
governments, corporations, and so on.
9. MSS, China
- A strong and very large agency, China’s Ministry of State Security is the cardinal
security intelligence agency saddled with the responsibility of protecting the country’s
people and defending its borders against internal and external conspiracies.
10. Mossad, Israel
- Established in 1949, the Mossad is Israel’s secret intelligence agency, which collects,
combines, and analyzes security intelligence data and makes necessary security
decisions based on its findings
https://www.expertsecuritytips.com/top-best-intelligence-agencies/

Major Intelligence Services in the Philippines

1. NICA – National Intelligence Coordinating Agency

The National Intelligence Coordinating Agency or NICA is the primary

intelligence collection and analysis arm of the Philippine government
in charge in carrying out overt, covert, and clandestine intelligence
programs.
2. NBI – National Bureau of Investigation
 The National Bureau of Investigation is an agency of the Philippine
government under the Department of Justice, responsible for handling
 and solving major high-profile cases that are in the interest of the
nation.

3. ISAFP – Intelligence Service of the Armed Forces of the Philippines

GENERAL ACTIVITIES IN POLICE INTELLIGENCE

1. Strategic Intelligence – An intelligence activity which is primarily long range in
nature with little practical immediate operation value. It is usually in descriptive in
nature, accumulation of physical description of personalities such as modus operandi
2. Line Intelligence – The kind of intelligence required by the commander to provide
for planning and conduct tactical and administrative operation in counter-insurgency.
3. National Intelligence – It is the integrated product of intelligence developed by all
the governmental branches, departments concerning the broad aspect of national
security and policy.
4. Counter-Intelligence - This kind of intelligence covers the activity devoted in
destroying the effectiveness of hostile foreign activities and to the protection of info
against espionage(spy) , subversion and sabotage.

THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE

1. Planning & Direction – involves determination of intelligence requirements,
priorities, selection of intelligence agency and means of supervision.
2. Collection of Information – involves the systematic exploitation of sources of
information by collection agency and the delivery of information to proper intelligence
unit.
3. Processing – the phase of intelligence cycle where information becomes
intelligence. It involves recording, evaluation and interpretation of information.
4. Dissemination – the timely conveyance of information by any suitable means to
those who needs it.

PHASES OF THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE

A. PHASE 1 - DIRECTING COLLECTION EFFORT - In this phase, the Intel Staff Officer or
Unit commander determines the required or important information relevant to mission.
Then these requirements will be distributed to the different collection agencies by
direction or by request.

B. PHASE 2 - COLLECTING THE INFORMATION - In this phase, the collecting agency

determines what specific information is to be collected, by whom and from whom. After
the collecting activity is carried out, the collected information is then submitted for
processing.

Methods of Collection:
a. overt – open
b. covert – close/ secret

C. PHASE 3 - PROCESSING THE COLLECTED INFORMATION - Here, the collected

information is transformed into intelligence. Processing collected information involves
four stages, to wit:

1. Recording - it is the reduction of information into writing or some other form of

geographical representation and the arranging of this information into groups of
related items.
 2. Evaluation -The determination of the pertinence of the information to the operation
reliability of the source of or agency the accuracy of the information; or examination
of raw information to determine intelligence value.

Evaluation to determine:

a. Pertinence (usefulness) – does it hold some value to current operation? Is it

needed immediately?
b. Reliability (dependable) – judging the source of information
c. Credibility (truth of information) – Is it possible for the reported fact or event to
have taken place? Is the report consistent within itself? Is the report confirmed or
corroborated by information from different sources or agencies? If the report does
not agree with information from other sources, which one is more likely to be
true?

EVALUATION GUIDE:

RELIABILITY OF INFO ACCURACY OF INFO. SOURCES OF INFORMATION

A - Completely reliable 1- Confirmed by other  T - Direct observation by the

B - Usually reliable sources commander and chief of a unit
C - Fairly reliable 2- Probably true  U - Reports by penetration agent
D - Not usually reliable 3 - Possibly true or resident agent
E – Unreliable 4- Doubtfully true  V - Report by PNP/AFP troops
F - Reliability cannot be 5 - Improbable involved in encounter
judged 6 - Truth cannot be judged  W - Interrogation of capture
enemy agent/foreigner
 X - Observation of government
and civilian employee or official
 Y - Observation by a member of
the populace
 Z - Documentary

3. Interpretation – it is establishing the meaning and significance of the information. It

involves the following:

a. Analysis – The determination of significance of information relative to the

information and intelligence already known and drawing deductions about
probable meaning of the evaluated information. It is done by shifting and isolating
those elements that have significance in light of the mission or national objective.
b. Integration – it is the combination of the elements stated in assessment with
other known information or intelligence to form a logical feature or hypothesis for
enemy activities or information of the operational area and characteristics of the
mission of the command.
c. Deduction – The formulation of conclusions from the theory developed, tested
and considered valid; determination of effort and meaning of the information.

D. PHASE 4 - DISSEMINATION AND USE - Final phase of the cycle. Processed

information is disseminated to the agency, unit or command to effect or implement the
mission. Dissemination is through – Annexes - to attach addition to document; Briefing;
Estimate; Message; Reports; Situation; Overlaps & Summaries.
 Criteria of dissemination:

1. Timeliness – it must reach the users on time to be of value and must be

disseminated in accordance with the urgency and must reach the user in sufficient
time to be used.
2. Propriety – The message must be clear, concise and complete, as well as in the
proper form for the receiver to readily understand its contents.

INTELLIGENCE DEFINED
According to Government - Commission Task Force - It means the collection,
processing, collation, interpretation, evaluation and dissemination of information, with
references to national security. In certain context, it may also mean the network or the
system for the collection, collation, interpretation, evaluation, processing, and dissemination
of information. “The term as used here doesn’t include any police powers or authorities, any
investigative function other than those involve in the collection of information nor any
function involved in the enforcement of laws, orders, or regulation.

According to Military Terminologies - Intelligence is the end product resulting from the
collection, evaluation, analysis, integration and interpretation of all available information
which may have immediate or potential significance to the development and execution of
plans, policies and programs of the users.

According to Police Parlance - The end product resulting from the collection, evaluation,
analysis, integration and interpretation of all available information regarding the activities of
criminal and other law violators for the purpose of affecting criminals and other law violators
for the purpose of affecting their arrest, obtaining evidence, and forestalling plan to commit
crime.

Functions of Intelligence in General

Today all counties have their intelligence services. They may be different in their
organization, efficiency and method but they all have the basic functions such as:
- the collection or procurement of information
- the evaluation of the information which then become intelligence
- the dissemination of intelligence to those who need it.
- counter intelligence or negative intelligence, which is dedicated to the
concealment and protection of one’s own information from the adversary
intelligence operation. It is a defensive function of intelligence.

INFORMATION + EVALUATION = INTELLIGENCE

Principles of Intelligence
1. Objectivity - in intelligence, only the well guided succeed. It is a basic intelligence
concept that there must be unity between knowledge and action. It follows
therefore that intelligence should interact and condition the decision.
Intelligence must be adapted to the needs of the decision; it is both giver and
taker. Action or decision is planned by knowledge and guided by it at every
step.
2. Interdependence - Intelligence is artificially subdivided into component elements
to insure complete coverage, eliminate duplication and to reduce the overall
task or manageable sizes. Nevertheless, each subdivision remains as
essential part of unity; contributes proportionately to the end result;
possesses a precise interrelationship; and interacts with each other so as to
achieve a balanced and harmonious whole.
 3. Continuity - Intelligence must be continuous. It is necessary that coverage be
continuous so that the shape of what happens today could be studied in the
light of what happened before, which in turn would enable us to predict the
shape of things to come.
4. Communication - Intelligence adequate to their needs must be communicated to
all the decision makers in manner that they will understand and form that will
permit its most effective use.
5. Usefulness - Intelligence is useless if it remains in the minds, or in the files of its
collectors or its producers. The story must be told and it must be told well.
The story must be convincing and to be convincing it must not only be
plausible or factual but its significance must be shown.
6. Selection - Intelligence should be essential and pertinent to the purpose at hand.
Intelligence involves the plowing through a maze of information, considering
innumerable number of means or of picking the most promising of a
multitude of leads. The requirement of decision-making covers very nearly
the entire span of human knowledge. Unless there is selection of only the
most essential and the pertinent, intelligence will go off in all directions in
one monumental waste of effort.
7. Timeliness - Intelligence must be communicated to the decision maker at the
appropriate time to permit its most effective use. This is one of the most
important and most obvious, for Intelligence that is too soon or too late are
equally useless. Timeliness is one principle that complements all the others.
8. Security - Security is achieved by the measures which intelligence takes to protect
and preserve the integrity of its activities. If intelligence has no security, it
might be as well being run like a newspaper to which it is similar.

General Activities in Police Intelligence

1. Strategic Intelligence – it is an intelligence activity which is primarily long range in
nature with little practical immediate operation value.
2. Line Intelligence – it is an intelligence activity that has the immediate nature and value
necessary for more effective police planning and operation.
3. National Intelligence - it is the integrated product of intelligence developed by all the
governmental branches, departments concerning the broad aspect of national
security and policy. It is concerned to more than one department or agency and it is
not produced by single entity. It is used to coordinate all the activities of the
government in developing and executing integrated and national policies and plans.
4. Counter-Intelligence – phase of intelligence covering the activity devoted in
destroying the effectiveness of hostile foreign activities and to the protection of info
against espionage, subversion and sabotage.
5. Undercover Work – is an investigative process in which disguises and pretext cover
and deception are used to gain the confidence of criminal suspects for the purpose
of determining the nature and extent of any criminal activities that maybe
contemplating or perpetuating.

Functional Classification of Police Intelligence

1. Criminal Intelligence – refers to the knowledge essential to the prevention of crimes
and the investigation, arrest, and prosecution of criminal offenders.
2. Internal Security Intelligence – refers to the knowledge essential to the maintenance
of peace and order.
3. Public Safety Intelligence – refers to the knowledge essential to ensure the protection
of lives and properties.

Forms of Intelligence
1. Sociological Intelligence – deals with the demographic and psychological aspects of
groups of people. It includes the population and manpower and the characteristics
 of the people, public opinion – attitude of the majority of the people towards matter
of public policy and education.
2. Biographical Intelligence – deals with individual’s personalities who have actual
possession of power.
3. Armed Force Intelligence – deals with the armed forces of the nation. It includes the
position of the armed forces, the constitutional and legal basis of its creation and
actual role, the organizational structure and territorial disposition, and the military
manpower recruitment and Order of Battle
4. Geographical Intelligence – deals with the progress of research and development as
it affects the economic and military potential of a nation.

OLICE INTELLIGENCE –
The end product
resulting from the
collection, evaluation,
analysis,
integration and
interpretation of all
available information
regarding the activities
of criminal and
OLICE INTELLIGENCE –
The end product
resulting from the
collection, evaluation,
analysis,
integration and
interpretation of all
available information
regarding the activities
of criminal and