TCP/IP.

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TCP/IP Reference Models

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 TCP/IP Reference Model
• Reference model used in the ARPANET (grandparent of all WAN) and its
successor, the worldwide Internet
• ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network)
• Research network sponsored by the DoD (U.S. Department of Defense)
• Connected hundreds of Universities and Government installations, using
leased telephone lines
• When satellite and radio networks were added later, the existing protocols
had trouble interworking with them
• So, a new reference architecture was needed
• Thus, the ability to connect multiple networks in a seamless way was one of
the major design goals from the very beginning
• This architecture later became known as the TCP/IP Reference Model, after
its two primary protocols
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 TCP/IP Reference Model
• Another major goal
• network must be able to survive loss of subnet hardware, with existing
conversations not being broken off.
• ie, DoD wanted connections to remain intact as long as the source and
destination machines were functioning
• even if some of the machines or transmission lines in between were
suddenly put out of operation.
• Also, a flexible architecture was needed
• since applications with divergent requirements were envisioned, ranging
from transferring files to real-time speech transmission

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 TCP/IP Reference Model
• Host-to-Network Layer
• host has to connect to the network using some protocol so that it can send
IP packets to it
• protocol is not defined and varies from host to host and network to network
• TCP/IP reference model does not really say much about what happens
here ,
• It combines the link layer and the physical layer of the ISO/OSI model.
• At this layer, data is transferred between adjacent network nodes in a WAN
or between nodes on the same LAN.

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• Internet Layer
• All requirements of DoD led to the choice of a packet-switching network
based on a connectionless internetwork layer
• This layer is called the internet layer, because it is the key player that
holds the whole architecture together

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 TCP/IP Reference Model
• Internet Layer
• Job is to permit hosts to inject packets into any network and
• have them travel independently to the destination on a different network
• They may even arrive in a different order than they were sent
• it is the job of higher layers to rearrange them, if in-order delivery is
desired
• Note that ''internet'' is used here in a generic sense, even though this
layer is present in the Internet

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 TCP/IP Reference Model
• Internet Layer
• Internet layer defines an official packet format and protocol called IP (Internet
Protocol).
• The job of the internet layer is to deliver IP packets where they are supposed
to go.
• Packet routing & avoiding congestion are the major issue here
• For these reasons, it is reasonable to say that the TCP/IP internet layer is
similar in functionality to the OSI network layer

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 TCP/IP Reference Model
• Internet Layer
• IP, in turn, uses four supporting protocols:

1. ARP-Address Resolution Protocol

2. RARP- Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
3. ICMP-Internet Control Message Protocol
4. IGMP-Internet Group Message Protocol

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 TCP/IP Reference Model
• Transport Layer
• designed to allow peer entities on the source and destination hosts to
carry on a conversation
• Transport layer was represented in TCP/IP by Two end-to-end transport
protocols
• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
• UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
• IP is a host-to-host protocol, meaning that it can deliver a packet
from one physical device to another.
• UDP and TCP are transport level protocols responsible for delivery
of a message from a process (running program) to another process.
• A new transport layer protocol, SCTP, has been devised to meet the needs of
some newer applications.

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 • TCP
• Reliable connection-oriented protocol
• allows a byte stream originating on one machine to be delivered without
error on any other machine in the internet
• TCP divides a stream of data into smaller units called segments.
• Each segment includes a sequence number for reordering after receipt,
and an acknowledgment number.
At the receiving end, TCP collects each datagram as it comes in and reorders the
transmission based on sequence numbers.

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 TCP/IP Reference Model
• Transport Layer
• TCP
• At the destination, the receiving TCP process reassembles the
received messages into the output stream
• TCP also handles flow control to make sure a fast sender cannot
swamp a slow receiver with more messages than it can handle
• Does not mean it has a physical connection between sender and receiver
• TCP provides the function to allow a connection virtually exists – also called
virtual circuit

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 TCP/IP Reference Model
• Transport Layer
• UDP
• Unreliable connectionless protocol
• for applications that do not want TCP's sequencing or flow control and
wish to provide their own
• also widely used for one-shot, client-server-type request-reply queries
and
• applications in which prompt delivery is more important than accurate
delivery, such as transmitting speech or video.
• adds only port addresses, checksum error control, and length
information to the data from the upper layer.

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 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)

• SCTP provides support for newer applications such as voice over the
Internet. It is a transport layer protocol that combines the best features of UDP
and TCP.

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 TCP/IP Reference Model
• Application Layer
• TCP/IP model does not have session or presentation layers
• Because they are of little use to most applications
• contains all the higher-level protocols like
• virtual terminal (TELNET)
• file transfer (FTP)
• electronic mail (SMTP)
• Domain Name System (DNS)
• Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)
• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

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 TCP/IP Reference Model
• Application Layer
• TELNET
• virtual terminal protocol allows a user on one machine to log onto a
distant machine and work there

• FTP (File Transfer Protocol )

• provides a way to move data efficiently from one machine to another

• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

• Electronic mail was originally just a kind of file transfer, but later a
specialized protocol (SMTP) was developed for it

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 TCP/IP Reference Model
• Application Layer
• DNS (Domain Name System)
• for mapping host names onto their network addresses

• NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol )

• protocol for moving USENET news articles around
• USENET (worldwide distributed Internet discussion system)

• HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol )

• protocol for fetching pages on the World Wide Web (WWW)

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OSI & TCP/IP MODEL –Similarities

• Both are logical models.

• Both define standards for networking.
• Both provide a framework for creating and implementing networking standards and
devices.
• Both are based on layered architecture divide the network communication process
into layers.
• In both models, a single layer defines a particular functionality and sets standards
for that functionality only.

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 OSI & TCP/IP MODEL -Differences
• The OSI Layer model has seven layers while the TCP/IP model has four layers.
• The OSI Layer model is no longer used while the TCP/IP is still used in computer
networking.
• To define the functionalities of upper layers, the OSI model uses three separate layers
(Application, Presentation, and Session) while the TCP/IP model uses a single layer
(Application).
• Just like the upper layers, the OSI model uses two separate layers (Physical and Data-
link) to define the functionalities of the bottom layers while the TCP/IP uses a single
layer (host to network layer) for the same.
• To define the routing protocols and standards, the OSI model uses the Network layer
while the TCP/IP model uses the Internet layer.
• The OSI model is well documented than the TCP/IP model.
• The OSI model explains every standard and protocol in detail while the TCP/IP model
provides a summarized version of the same. 24
 OSI & TCP/IP MODEL -Differences
• The OSI reference model was devised before the corresponding protocols were
invented. With TCP/IP the reverse was true: the protocols came first, and the model was
really just a description of the existing protocols
• The OSI model supports both connectionless and connection-oriented communication in
the network layer, but only connection oriented communication in the transport layer.
• The TCP/IP model has only one mode in the network layer (connectionless) but
supports both modes in the transport layer

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