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The document discusses discrete-time signals and systems, focusing on the z-transform and its properties. It includes examples of finite-duration sequences, convolution, and the analysis of linear time-invariant systems. Additionally, it covers the concept of the region of convergence (ROC) and provides methods for determining system functions and unit sample responses.
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Save Advanced Signal Processing For Later ‘te Time Sigrals and Systems
x(n) an} = x(a) x= 1)
Ditteremiato
tb)
ep
5 Iator
variant systems
© EXAMPLE 2.3.1
Consider the special case of a finite-duration sequence given as
x(0) = 2.4.0.3}
Resolve the sequence x(n) into a sum of weighted impulse sequences,
23. Analysis of Disceete-Time Linear Time-nvacant Systems 73
Solution, Since the sequence x(n) is nonzero for the time instants 1
three impulses at delays & = —1, 0, Following (2.3.10) we find that
1, 0,2, we need
2m) = 25(a +1) +4560) + 350 = 2)
‘We can view convolution more abstractly as a mathematical operation between
two signal sequences, say x(n) and ), that satisfies a number of properties. The
property embodied in (2.3.31) and (2.3.32) scaled the commutative la,
«= a a
Mel <>
Figure 23.4 foterpretation of the commutative property of convolution,
fa 144 Chapter 2. Discrete-Time Signals and systems
ain)
by by
——~
o
Figure 2.5.4 Structures for the reslization of second-order sys
tems: (a) general second-order system; (b} FIR system: (c) “purely
recursive system.” Set of all values of ¢ for which X(2) attains a nite value. ‘Thus any time we cite 8
z-transform we should also indicate its ROC.
‘We illustrate these concepts by some simple examples.
EXAMPLE3.1.1
Determine the z-transform of the following finite-duration signals,
49) y(n) = (2,2.5,7,000)
© 11.2.5.7.0.0)
© (0.0,1,2,5,7.0,1)
@ 2,4,5.7.0,
co) 40m)
o Sin Bk > 0
® Sin tH A > O
Solution. From definition (3.1.1), we have
(a) X4(c) 5 14201 + Se2 +72 +8, ROC: catire e-plane except
(by Xo(2) 2? +22 +5472! + 9, ROC: entire z-plane except 2 = 0 and ¢ = 00
(©) Xs@) 8 +229 + Set FTF + 7, ROC entice e-plane except : = 0
(A) Kae) = 22? 44g +547e-1 + 29, ROC. entice e-plane except ¢ = O and
(©) Xs) =1 fie, 5m) <> 1], ROC. entire z-plene
Xel2)= 2 fie, Sta —k) E+ 24], > 0, ROC: entire « plane except: = 0
(a) Xo{2) = fle, a +h) ++ j,k > O, ROC: emire z-plame except z = co
2)
of2345 7
© by
Figure 3.1.2 The exponential signal x(n} = *w(n) (a), and the ROC of its z-
transform (b} 31 The s-Tonsform 153
xn)
Rew
dae!
o »
Figure 3.1.3 Anticausal signal s(n) = -e*w(-n ~ 1) (a), and the ROC of its
eltassform (6) 341 The eTransform 155
TABLE 3.1 Characteristic Families of Signals with Their Corresponding
ROCs
wl, YY st
Infinite-Duration Signals
lion
N
Two-sided
rysiien, Time reversal, I
x) XG), ROCK < Kl
By using (3.2.12), we easily obtain
(oa) >
ROC: |e] < 1 3.2.13)
k(n) = natuln)
Solution. The signal x(e) can be expressed as nxy(n), where 1y(n) = a°u(n}. Flom (3.2.2)
We have that
a(n) = a(n) > KC
= ROC:|el > lt
Thus, by using (3.2.14), we obtain
ROG 2 > [al (3218)
aut) ROC: [2 > 1 6216) Solution. Since the autocorrelation sequence of @ signal is its correlation with itself, (3.2.18)
gives
Rect) = Zire Dh = XE
From (3.2.2) we have
get? ROC [zl = lal (causal signal)
and by using (3.2.15), we obtain
XG (anticausal signal)
‘Thus
ROC lal < [el ©
Reale al
EXAMPLE3.3.1
Determine the pole-rero plot for the signal
xin) aun), a= 0
Solution, From Table 3.3 we find that
aos
sat ma
“Thus X(¢) has one zero at z; = O and one pole at py = a. The pole-zere plot is shown in
Fig. 331, Note thatthe pole p, = a is not included ia the ROC since the :transform does
‘not converge a a pole
xe ROC |e) > a
ts
ea
Yy,
Vl
Figure 3.3.1
Pole-2et0 plot for the
causal exponential signal
a(n) = aun). EXAMPLE3.3.4
Determine the system function and the unit sarmple response of the system described by the
difference equation
vd= Spe 42009
Solution, By computing the transform of the difference equation, we obtain
YQ) = 5012) 42K)
Hence the system fanetion is
“This system has.apole at 2 = and »zer0 at the origin. Using Table 33 we obtain the inverse
transform
1.
hun) = 2G yale)
This i the unit sample response ofthe system.
1 1 1
Ay
Trp Tp
x2) 427)
Paz
‘The inverse ¢-trensform, x(x) = Z~"{X (@)},can be obtained by inverting each term
in 3.4.27) and taking the corresponding linear combination. From Table 3.3 ¢ follows
that these terms can be inverted using the formula
(payin), if ROC: [2] > [pul
(causal signals)
~(pi)"u(—n 1), if ROC: |2| = |p|
(anticausal signals)
(3.428)
If the signal x(n) is causal, the ROC is [c) > pags Where Poa = maxttprl,
|pzl.--+-[pw}- In this ease all terms in (3-427) result in causal signal components
and the signal x(n) is given by
x(n) = (Arpt + Aap toot Awe yin) 8.429) EXAMPLE3.4.10
Determine the causal signal x(n) having the ¢-transtorm,
x@
Solution, From Example 3.47 we have
192 Chapter’ The zeansform and ts Application to the Analysis of U1 Systems
By applying the inverse transform relations in (3.4.28) and (3.4.35), we obtain
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