MATEC Web of Conferences 162, 02014 (2018) https://doi.org/10.

1051/matecconf/201816202014
BCEE3-2017

Effect of different curing conditions on the mechanical

properties of reactive powder concrete
Mazin Abdulrahman1, *, Alyaa Al-Attar2 and Marwa Ahmad2
1Civil Engineering Department, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq
2Technical College, Kirkuk, Iraq

Abstract. Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) is an ultra-high performance concrete which has superior
mechanical and physical properties, and composed of cement and very fine powders such as quartz sand and
silica fume with very low water/ binder ratio and Superplasticizer. Heat treatment is a well-known method
that can further improve the performance of (RPC). The current research including an experimental study of
the effect of different curing conditions on mechanical properties of reactive powder concrete (compressive
strength, modulus of rupture and splitting tensile strength), the curing conditions includes three type of
curing; immersion in water at temperature of 35 OC (which is considered as the reference-curing situation),
immersion in water at temperature of 90 OC for 5 hours daily and curing with hot steam for 5 hours daily)
until 28 days according to ASTM C684-99 [8]. This research includes also the study of effect of adding
silica fume as percentage of cement weight on mechanical properties of reactive powder concrete for
different percentage ratios (5%,10% and 15%). Super plasticizer is also used with ratio of (1.8%) by weight
of cementitious material; constant water cement ratio (0.24) was used for all mixes. For each reactive
concrete mix, it has been cast into a cubes of (150*150*150) (to conduct the compression test), a cylinders
of 150mm diameter with 300mm height (to conduct split test) and prisms of (500*100*100)mm to conduct
the modulus of rupture test. The results showed that the best method of curing (according to its enhancing
the RPC mechanical properties) is the method of immersion in hot water at temperature 90 OC for the all
silica fume percentages, and the best used silica fume percentage was (10%) for the all used curing
methods.

The advanced mechanical and physical properties of

1 Introduction RPC are obtained by optimizing packing density of
concrete mixture with fine gradation of all mix particles,
The conventional concrete has a compressive strength of and by using highly refined silica fume to improve the
usually less than 40 MPa. It is relatively brittle and its microstructure of hydrated cement paste through the
resistant to plastic deformation is relatively low and have pozzolanic reaction. The granular size less than 600
low tensile strength and the cracks appears fast. Also, micrometers and can be widely used in structural
conventional concrete is heavy somewhat and have low engineering applications, especially in locations where
resistance to vibration loads. Thus, the designers and large loads generate tension stresses and high cutting
construction professionals sought to introduce new ideas forces.
and approaches that would make the concrete more Furthermore, researchers reported that application of
efficient. Recently, a new generation of concrete with different heat cure processes improve mechanical
excellent characteristics and properties called High properties of RPC [4] The aim of the heat treatment of
Performance Concrete (HPC)have been developed [1]. concrete is to increase the hydration speed and thus
The Reactive Powder Concrete RPC, which was decrease the setting and hardening period. Besides
manufactured in France in the 1990s is a new type of conventional water curing (standard) of setting concrete,
high performance concrete which has good mechanical resistance can be gained in a shorter time with different
properties and durability [2] [3]. The major difference curing methods. These kinds of cures that facilitate the
between reactive powder concrete and conventional resistance gaining are generally categorized as heat
concrete is that no coarse aggregate is involved in treatment [5]. Thus, heat treatment is a well-known
reactive powder concrete, but crushed quartz and quartz method that can further improve the performance of
sand are used instead, with a high dosage of silica fume. (RPC).
So that all materials are granular size less than 600
micrometers.

* Corresponding author: dr.mazinburhan @tu.edu.iq

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
MATEC Web of Conferences 162, 02014 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816202014
BCEE3-2017

2 Objective of research
1- Studying the possibility of producing reactive
powder concrete. Table 2 Grading of fine aggregate
2- Studying the effect of different curing methods on Sieve Size Cumulative Passing Limits of B.S.882
the properties of hardened concrete (compressive (mm) % (zone III)
strength, split strength and the modulus of rupture). 4.75 100 90-100
2.36 92 85-100
The treatments used include ordinary treatment by 1.18 83 75-100
immersion in water at 35°C and immersion in hot 0.6 62 60-79
water treatment at 90 °C for 5 hours per day and 0.3 23 12-40
steam treatment for 5 hours per day according to 0.15 5.25 0-10
ASTM C684-99 [8] until testing of samples.
3- Study the effect of the addition of silica fume at Table 3. physical and chemical properties of fine aggregates
different ratios (5%, 10%, 15%) by cement weight Limit of Iraqi specification
on the mechanical properties of (RPC). properties Test result
No.5/1984
Specific gravity 2.7 -------
Absorption 0.7 -------
3 Experimental program Sulphate content 0.13 0.5 (max)
Materials finer than
1.24 5 (max)
0.075 mm
3.1 Material used

3.1.1Cement 3.1.3 Water

Local Iraqi cement was used (Type mass), which is an
ordinary Portland cement. The results of the test were in Ordinary tap water was used for mixing and curing all
accordance with the Iraqi standard specifications (IQS concrete mixes of this investigation.
No.5/1984) [9]. The physical and chemical properties of
3.1.4 Silica fume
this cement are shown in Table (1).
Silica fume used in this research is type (silica fume
Table 1. Physical and chemical properties of cement
HR). Silica fume is produced as a by-product of the
Limits of IQ Specification # silicon industry, which is 100 times finer than the
Properties Value
5/1984[9]
Portland cement. When used in concrete, it is used as a
Specific Surface Area 259 230 lower limit filler and as cementitous material, where the Silica
Initial Setting Time
(min.)
127 Not less than 45 min. Fume's small particles fill the spaces between cement
5 Not more than 10 hrs. particles and between cement and aggregates. Silica
Final Setting Time (hr.)
Compressive Strength fume also reacts with Calcium Hydroxide resulting from
23.6 (15 Mpa)
(MPa) at age of 3 days. the process of cement hydration to form extra calcium
CaO 61.44% - silicate during the reaction, thus producing a denser,
Al2O3 4.1% 8% upper limit stronger and less permeable concrete. It was used in the
SiO2 3.93% 5% upper limit form of addition to the cement as percentages of cement
SO3 1.21% 4% upper limit weight by 5%, 10%, 15%. The used silica fume is of
Fe2O3 3.93% 5% upper limit high quality, and is dependable as concrete additive
MgO 2.46% 2.5% upper limit according to the US specification (ASTM C1240-03)
L.O.I 1.26% 4% upper limit [11], Tables (4) and (5) illustrate the physical and
I.R 0.78% 1.5 % upper limit
chemical properties of this type of silica fume
C3S 58.17% -
respectively.
C2S 16.34% -
C 3A 6.7% -
Table 4. Physical properties of silica fume
C4AF 13.28% -
property Value
Density 300 kg/m3
form powder
Appearance/ colour Grey powder
3.1.2 Fine aggregate

The sand used in the concrete mix is known as quartz

sand of granular size (150-600) micrometer. The sand
Table 5. Chemical properties of silica fume
sieve analysis and its properties are shown in Tables 2
property Test Value Limits According to ASTM
and 3 and it conforms to the British Specifications SiO2 90 %  85 %
(B.S.882) [10]. L.O.I 2.86 % <6%

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3.1.5 Superplasticizer Table 7. Ingredients of concrete mix

In this study, the super-plasticizer PC260 is used to Ingredients kg/m3.

enhance the early and final resistance of the concrete. Fine Cement Silica Super
Water(kg/m) aggregate (kg/m3) fume plasticizer
The additive is highly effective for the production of (kg/m3) (kg/m3) %
reactive powder concrete. It gives good workability and 237.6 1090 990 0 1.8
flow-ability. This additive does not contain chlorides or 237.6 1090 990 49.5 1.8
any compounds that help to iron corrosion. Table (6) 237.6 1090 990 99 1.8
237.6 1090 990 148.5 1.8
shows the specifications for this additive [12]. The
additive is commercially known as PC260, which is
different from the standard super-plasticizers, which 3.3 Cast of samples
consists of long chain polycarboxylic ether polymers, After completion of the mixing process, the contents of
which makes the concrete smooth and gives high the mix shall be emptied and poured into the molds using
compressive strength and the plasticizer is suitable for the iron molds set for this purpose. All molds shall be
use with ordinary Portland Cement. cleaned before casting. The inner faces of the molds
shall be greased to prevent adhesion of the hardened
Table 6. Specification of superplasticizer concrete with the inner surface of the molds. The cubes
Main action Super-plasticizer properties and cylinders are casted in three layers whereas the
Appearance Light yellow liquid
Specific Gravity 1.1±0.02 prisms are casted in two layers and each layer is vibrated
Viscosity 22cp,20C by the electric vibrator. After casting, the samples are
Chloride Content 0.1% placed in a dry place and covered with plastic sheeting to
Chemical Base Polycarboxylic either prevent plastic cracking due to shrinkage for 24-hour and
polymers
then cured. The following samples where casted: three
cubes of dimensions (150*150*150) mm , three
3.2 Design of concrete mix cylinders of dimensions (500*300) and three prisms of
The key to the production of Reactive Powder Concrete dimensions (100*100*500)mm. Thus, the number of
(RPC) is the high cement content, glass sand (150-600) models are (72) cubic, (72) cylinder and (72) prism, Fig.
micrometer, and the ratio of water to cement is very low (1).
with high content of super plasticizer, where the mortar
consisting of quartz sand, cement and silica fume have a
great effect on providing high resistance. The concrete
mix of reactive powder concrete is designed in order to
obtain the highest compressive strength according to the
ACI code ACI-211-91 [13]. The following quantities of
contents are used: 990 kg/m3 of ordinary Portland
cement, 1090 kg/m3 of the quartz sand content, 237.6
kg/m3 the water content and 1.8% per 100 kg of cement
of the plasticized ratio. Three ratios of silica fume as
additives to cement has been used (5%, 10%, 15%) in
addition to the silica-free reference concrete. This
plasticized ratio of 1.8% was used because it is the
optimum ratio that gives the best operational reliability
through the precipitation test. The mixing of concrete Fig. 1. Casting of concrete specimens
components is important for the required workability and 3.4 Curing of samples
the homogeneity of mix, and concrete mixing process
Curing is the process of controlling the rate of moisture
affects the quality of the concrete at the hardened state
loss by providing continuous moisturizing of the
and the mixture materials should be distribute regularly
concrete in order to obtain good concrete quality. This is
during concrete for reactive concrete powders. The steps
created by providing a suitable environment for the
of mixing are as follows: A mixer with a capacity of 0.1
curing to obtain the appropriate strength because the
m3 used, where cement and quartz sand are mixing
quantity and rate of humidity depends on the temperature
together in there dry state for 3 minutes and then add
and humidity of the concrete sample. Three kinds of
silica fume and mixing there for another 5 minutes. The
curing were used: the curing with immersed in normal
water and plasticizer are mixed separately and gradually
water at temperature 35oC , curing by immersing in hot
added to the pre-mixed dry ingredients and mix all for 3
water at temperature 90oC for a period of five hours per
minutes.
day at the age of 28 days according to specifications
ASTM C684 [8], where a metal basin is equipped with
two electric heaters and the basin is equipped with a
metal cover to maintain the temperature of water, and
finally the curing by hot steam for 5 hours continuously
daily and for 28 days according to specifications ASTM
C684 [8], where a thick cloth room is equipped with

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dimensions of cubic meter connected to a steam

generator that works on electric power and generates
relative humidity of 95% and temperature degree 95°C.

3.5 Studied variables

As mentioned previously, the variables studied in the
current research are the method of concrete curing as
well as the percentage of silica fumet, where three ratios
of silica fume were used for each curing method in
addition to the reference reactive powder concrete free of
silica fume, see Table (8).
Fig. 2. Compressive Test of Concrete Cubes
Table 8. Studied variables of RPC specimens

Group Specimen Silica fume add 4.2 Splitting strength test

curing
No. No %
ASTM C 496-96 [15] was adopted to conduct the
S1 35 OC 0
splitting strength test on 28-day cylindrical specimens
G1 S2 90 OC 0 with standard dimensions (300*150) using an electrical
S3 steam 0 test machine (U-TEST). The average of three specimens
S1 O
35 C 5 for each type of RPC mix was adopted, Fig. (3).
G2 S2 90 OC 5
S3 steam 5
S1 35 OC 10
G3 S2 90 OC 10
S3 steam 10
S1 35 OC 15
G4 S2 90 OC 15
S3 steam 15
O
S1 35 C 0
G5 S2 90 OC 0 Fig. 3. Split Test of concrete cylinder
S3 steam 0
S1 35 OC 5 4.3 Modulus of rupture test
O
G6 S2 90 C 5
Concrete prisms of dimensions (500 * 100 * 100) mm
S3 steam 5
were used to measure the modulus of rupture (fr) of RPC
S1 35 OC 10 by using the third point loading method according to
G7 S2 90 OC 10 (ASTM C78-02) [16]. The average of results of three
S3 steam 10 prisms for each RPC mix at the age of (28) day was
S1 O
35 C 15 adopted. The test is conducted using a (U-TEST)
G8 S2 90 OC 15 machine with a capacity of 300 kN and a load ratio of 1
S3 steam 15
MPa/min, Fig. (4).

4 Hardened concrete tests

4.1 Compressive strength test

The compressive strength was conducted according to
BS 1581: Part 116: 1983] [14] for cubes (150 * 150 *
150) mm where it was loaded axially using a (U-Test)
machine of capacity (2025 KN) with loading rate of
(7kN / sec), so that the load is on the opposite sides of
the cube and vertical to the direction of casting, the rate Fig. 4. Prism Test
of three cubes strength was adopted at the age of (7, 28)
days considered from the time of adding water to the
mixture, Fig. (2). 5 Results and discussion

5.1 Compressive strength

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The average of three cubes strength f'c was adopted for steam curing respectively at 7 days, and with increasing
the compressive strength tests. Figures (5) and (6) shows percentage of (23.8%, 42.75%) for hot water curing 90 °
the results for the compressive strength at 7 and 28 days C and steam curing respectively at 28 days, At the rate of
age for different silica fume ratios under different curing addition of S.F 15%, the accelerated curing contributes
conditions. Results showed that increasing of silica fume to the increase of compressive resistance but with very
ratio significantly increases the compressive resistance slight percentage increase of (0.05%, 1%) for hot water
of concrete cubes to all concrete mixes compared with curing 90 ° C and steam curing respectively at 7 days,
the reference concrete mix which is free of silica dust, either in case of the accelerated curing at the ages of 28
where the curing by immersing in water with 35 oC with days, the accelerated curing has a negative effect on
5% SF increases the compressive strength by (4.1%, compressive strength as the percentage of reduction is
7.07%) for concrete cubes at age of 7 and 28 days (25%, 20% for hot water curing 90 ° C and steam curing
respectively, and for 10% S.F, the increase was 9.7% respectively. From the above values, it can be concluded
and 10.08% at 7 days and 28 days respectively. When that accelerated curing using immersing in 90°C hot
adding 15% of the S.F, this leads to decrease in water method improves the compressive strength
compressive strength by (2% ,2.5%) for 7 and 28 days compared with steam-accelerated curing and reference
age respectively. curing method.
When using the curing by hot water immersing at 90
°C method with adding 5% of S.F, this leads to increases
in compressive strength by (34.5% , 32.7%) for ages of
(7, 28) days respectively. Adding 10% of silica dust
increases f'c by (41.9%, 37.1%) for ages of (7 , 28) days
respectively. Adding 15% of silica fume results in a
decrease in compressive strength of 26% and 19.3% for
concrete cubes with 7 days and 28 days respectively.
For the steam method of curing with adding 5% S.F,
this will lead to an increas in compressive strength by
(2% , 8.7%) for ages of (7 , 28) days respectively. When
adding 10% of S.F, this leads to an increas in
compressive strength by (10.6%,14.2%) for ages of (7 ,
28) days respectively, and when adding 15% of S.F, the
increasing in compressive strength will be (25%,35%)
for ages of (7, 28) days respectively. The increasing of
compressive strength values with increasing of S.F
percentages can be attributed to the reason that the S.F is
a very fine material that penetrates between the granules Fig. 5. Relationship between silica percentage and compressive
of cement and the quartz sand, reduces voids and strength at 7 days
increase the density. Also, the pozzolanic activity of this
material causes more hydration process which leads to
more strength and producing the gel, which increases the
density of concrete, and thus, increasing the compressive
strength. For the effects of different treatments on the
compressive strength for constant S.F ratios, and
considering the curing by water at 35°C is the reference
curing method, the effects is as follow: When the S.F
ratio is 0%, the accelerated curing contributes to the
increased compressive strength of the concrete by ratios
(24%, 14.6%) for curing by hot water of temperature
degree 90°C and for steam curing respectively for 7 days
age, and the percentage increase is (13.6%, 17.6%) for
curing by hot water of temperature degree 90°C and for
steam curing respectively for 28 days. For 5% S.F ratio,
accelerated treatment contributes to an increased
compressive strength as the percentage increase is
Fig. 6. Relationship between silica percentage and compressive
(17.4%, 42) for curing by hot water of temperature
strength at 28 days
degree at 90°C and for steam curing respectively for 7
days age, and the percentage increase is (22.8%,
44.22%) for hot water curing at 90 ° C and steam 5.2 Split tensile strength
treatment respectively at 28 days. When the percentage
of S.F is 10%, accelerated treatment contributes to an The results showed, Figure (7), that the addition of S.F
increased compressive strength as the percentage results in an increase in the tensile strength of the RPC
increase is (41%, 63.4%) for hot water curing 90 ° C and cylinders. Considering that the curing with water at 35°C

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temperature is the reference curing, the effect of silica respectively, and for the steam curing method, the
fume on splitting strength is as follows: adding S.F increase in the silica dust additive content contributes to
increases the tensile strength by (14%, 137.5%, 80.3%) the increase in the modulus of rupture by (51.4%, 21.3%,
for S.F percentages (15%, 10%, 5%), respectively 12.6%) for the S.F addition ratios (15%, 10%, 5%)
comparing with RP contains no S.F. When applying a respectively.
hot water at 90°C curing, the addition of S.F increases Either the effect of different treatment methods on
the tensile strength by (25.5%, 38.4%) for the S.F modulus of rupture values is as follows: when the
addition (5%, 10%). But it decreases by about (40%) concrete is free of S.F and cured with hot water at 90°C
when adding 15% of S.F. and steam curing, the modulus of rupture values increase
Either by steam curing, this will leads to increases of by (1%, 48.7%), where the increase in fr due to steam
tensile strength by (214.1%, 243.9%, 33.3%) for the curing method was very slight compared to increase due
addition of S.F (5%, 10% and 51%), respectively. As for to hot water curing method. At the percentage of 5% of
the effect of different curing methods on the tensile S.F and when the RPC is cured by hot water at 90°C and
strength values, with constant S.F ratio, when the cured by steam method, the values of modulus of rupture
concrete is free of S.F, the percentage of increase in the increased by (44.4%, 0%), and as noted, the steam
splitting tensile strength was (1%, 135.9%) for hot water curing method have no effect in fr increase. At the
curing at 90°C and steam curing respectively. In the case percentage of 10% of S.F and when the RPC is cured by
of 5% S.F ratio, the increase in tensile strength was hot water at 90°C and cured by steam method, the values
(63.77%, 38.8%) for hot water curing of 90°C and steam of modulus of rupture increased by (12.1% ,96.5%)
curing respectively. respectively, and when 15% ratio of S.F is used, and the
For 10% of S.F ratio, the percentage of increase in RPC is cured with hot water at 90°C and with steam
splitting tensile strength is (35.7%, 15.27%) for hot method, the values of modulus of rupture is increased by
water curing of 90°C and steam curing respectively and (22.3% ,30.9%) respectively.
for 15% of S.F, then the increase splitting tensile
strength is 34.4% for hot water curing of 90°C, but in
steam curing method, there was a decrease in splitting
tensile strength by about 7%. The results indicated that
increase addition of S.F from 5% to 10% had a positive
effect on the splitting tensile strength ft.

Fig. 8. Modulus of rupture results

Table. 9. Compressive strength, split tensile strength and

modulus of rupture at 28 days age

Curing Split Modulus

Fig. 7. Split tensile strength results Method Silica Compressive Tensile of
Fume Strength for Strength Rupture
% cubes fcu for fr (MPa)
5.3 Modulus of rupture (MPa) Cylinders
ft (MPa)
The experimental program results, Figure (8) showed Immersion
0 53.55 3.2 10.22
that the effect of the change in the addition of S.F and 5 55.78 5.77 12.95
in water
10 58.77 7.6 13.9
the effect of the change in the curing methods is as 35°C
15 55.1 3.66 9.4
follows: when the immersion in water at 90°C curing Immersion 0 59.79 7.55 15.2
method is used, then the increase S.F ratio contributes to in hot 5 80.45 9.45 18.7
the increase in modulus of rupture by (36.9% and water 10 83.9 10.32 27.3
90°C 15 44 4.92 19.9
26.7%) for the addition ratio (5% and 10%) respectively. 0 63 2.55 10.3
However, a decrease of (8.9%) is occurred for S.F ratio 5 68.5 8.01 11.6
steam
of 15% , and when the hot water at 90°C curing method 10 71.9 8.76 15.6
is used, then the increase S.F ratio contributes to the 15 41 3.2 12.3
increase of the modulus of rupture by (36.9%, 31%,
26.7%) for the S.F addition ratios (15%, 10%, 5%)

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6 Conclusions 9. Iraqi specification, No.5/1984., "Portland cement"

1. (Reactive Powder Concrete can be product by using 10. B.S.882, "Specification for Aggregates from Natural
silica fume , quartz sand with mixing ratio (1:1.1) Sources for Concrete", British Standards Institution,
(cement:quartz sand) with cement content of 990 kg (1992)
/m3 , w/c equal to 0.24 ratio, and an addition ratios of
silica fume (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%) from the weight of 11. ASTM C1240 –03, "Standard Specification for Use
cement and super-plasticized content 1.8% from the of Silica Fume as a Mineral Admixture in Hydraulic-
weight of cementations materials. Cement Concrete, Mortar, and Grout" (2003)

2. Accelerated methods of curing using hot water at 12. Superplasticizer ,pc260, for DCP company, product
90°C and steam for 5 hours per day allow a better data sheet, http://www.dcp-int.com/psmenaenglish.
contribution in improvement of the mechanical
properties of hardened reactive powder concrete
(compressive strength, indirect tensile strength ft, 13. ACI Committee 211-91 ""Standard Practice for
modulus of rupture fr) compared with water- Selecting Proportions for Normal, Heavyweight, and
immersed curing at a temperature of 35°C. The Mass Concrete" (ACI 211.1-91) (Reapproved 2009),
immersion in hot water at 90°C is better than steam American Concrete Institute, (1991)
curing method to improve the mentioned properties.
14. B.S. 1881 Part 116 "Method for Determination of
3. For the various curing methods mentioned , the best Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes" British
addition ratio of silica fume in improving the Standards Institution, )1989)
mechanical properties of concrete (compressive
strength, indirect tensile strength ft, modulus of 15. ASTM C 496 – 96 "Standard Test Method for
rupture fr) is the ratio of (10%). Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete
Specimens manual book of ASTM standards، Vol.
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