MODULE 8

Assessment & Evaluation

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Aim and Objectives

Aim
To improve student judgement for better educational services in accordance
with student learning outcomes

Objectives:
❖ To help in forming the value of judgement, educational status, planning or achievement of
students
❖ To aid in planning service education, identify gaps in students learning.

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Definitions

❖ Educational assessment or educational evaluation is the systematic

process of documenting and using empirical data on the knowledge,

skill, attitudes, aptitude and beliefs to refine programs and improve

student learning

❖ Assessment: focused on gathering information to understand

current status and inform improvement

❖ Evaluation: focused on making judgments about the value or

effectiveness of something based on predetermined criteria or

standards

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Differences between assessment and evaluation

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Importance of assessment and evaluation
❖ Main purpose of assessment
: to provide information on learners’ achievement &
progress
: to set the direction for an on-going improvement in the
teaching/learning process

❖ Main purpose of evaluation

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What is assessment?

❖ Assessment: broader, not just about grading but also includes minor formative assessments without

summative assessments, which can promote student learning by including feedback, guiding students

and helping them in the next learning steps

❖ Assessment includes frequent minor tasks that educators give students in class or as homework, in

addition to summative tests or quizzes. Qualitative feedback is also part of the evaluation, acting as a

control point in the student’s learning

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What is assessment?

❖ Assessments include tests, minor homework, and daily checks,

revealing more about student learning than grades. While grades

can indicate student progress or serve as red flags, assessments

can identify specific learning gaps that may require teacher

intervention

❖ Assessment forms a crucial component of the teaching and

learning journey

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What is assessment?
❖ Teachers: data at the individual and group levels, students learning what we are teaching them?

❖ Way to increase teaching effectiveness to encourage better learning outcomes for the student

❖ The assessment process includes the following:

❖ Setting goals

❖ Collecting qualitative and quantitative information

❖ Using the information to improve quality.

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Advantages & Disadvantages of Assessment

❖ Advantages and Disadvantages of Assessment

❖ Advantage: provide detailed and personalized

feedback, one of the best ways to improve weaknesses

❖ Disadvantages; impact the motivation of low-performing

learners, mainly when the assessment criteria are

generic and not student-focused, time-consuming,

require considerable investment in resources

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Types of assessment

❖ Diagnostic assessments

❖ Formative assessments

❖ Summative assessments

❖ Ipsative assessments

❖ Norm-referenced assessments

❖ Criterion-referenced assessments

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Type of assessment

Formative Assessment
❑ Group projects
Diagnostic Assessment
❑ Progress reports
▪ Short quizzes ❑ Class discussions
❑ Entry and exit tickets
▪ Journal entries
❑ Short, regular quizzes
▪ Student interviews ❑ Virtual classroom tools like Socrative or Kahoot!

▪ Student reflections
Summative assessments
▪ Classroom discussions
➢ Recording a podcast
▪ Graphic organizers (e.g., mind maps, flow charts, KWL charts) ➢ Writing a script for a short play
➢ Producing an independent study project

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Type of Assessment
Ipsative assessments
❖ Portfolios
❖ A two-stage testing process
Criterion-referenced assessments
❖ Project-based learning activities
o In the classroom,
o grade-level standards

Norm-referenced assessments o end-of-unit or final tests

• IQ tests
▪ Physical assessments ❑ Outside of the classroom,

▪ Standardized college admissions tests like the SAT and GRE ❑ professional licensing exams
❑ high school exit exams
▪ Commonly Used for
▪ Language ability ❑ citizenship tests where the student must answer a certain

▪ Grade readiness percentage of questions correctly to pass.

▪ Physical development
▪ College admission decisions
▪ Need for additional learning support
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Effective assessment
❖ Use Multiple Methods: A single method is not enough to provide a complete picture of the knowledge and skills

acquired by the students

(projects, questionnaires, surveys, and others help in the assessment of different skills conducted in the form of

either formative or summative assessment)

❖ Specify the Objectives: Any form of learning has some necessary objectives for acquiring the required skills and

knowledge and assessment motivates them to perform better as they are aware of what they are doing

❖ Stick to the Goals: Effective assessment activities are completely goal-oriented

❖ Aware of the goals and objectives of learning and should stick to them

❖ Activities that do not fulfill the goal requirements are avoided to avoid the sheer waste of time

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Effective assessment
❖ Eschew Biases: Biases create hindrances in the process of development and unbiased assessments contribute to

the development of their overall personality

❖ Engage Learners : Learner engagement is a fundamental requirement for learning. The assessment of learning

produces more accurate results when the learners actively participate in the classroom. Also, participation inculcates

self-confidence in students as they learn to take initiative. Moreover, the students learn many social skills as they

collaborate with peers in group activities. Therefore, assessment activities involving more learner interaction and

participation must be prioritized.

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Effective assessment
❖ Record the Results: Important to keep results which helps to assess the levels of improvement in the learners,

also gives a clear picture of their potential and helps the teachers identify areas where the learner requires

assistance and practice

❖ Design lessons and choose a teaching methodology that serves the purpose

❖ Students get to know where they stand, and a sense of healthy competition develops among them, motivates the

students to compete for better results

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Effective assessment

❖ Give Feedback: Feedback is what helps students to move further in learning. It gives them insights into their

current performance and the areas they need to improve upon. Also, it helps teachers identify potential threats to

learning and encourage the students to overcome their fears.

❖ Moreover, feedback initiates an interaction between students and teachers. This creates a healthy classroom

environment that leads to the development of communication skills. Also, the overall development of the students’

personality takes place within the classroom.

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Effective assessment

❖ Modify Instructional Strategies: Choosing the right instructional strategy determines the effectiveness of the

assessment and the overall course. Thus, the teacher must give clear instructions and should not refrain from

modifying the instructional strategy. Incorporating Gamification in assessments is a strategy that works to engage

students while they have fun developing their skills. Apart from this, Blended Learning and Flipped Classroom are

two other effective instructional strategies to use. Furthermore, experimenting with instructional strategies helps to

cater to the individual learning needs of the students and renders better performance results in assessments.

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Function and purpose of assessment

❖ to identify learners’ current performance

❖ to aid learning

❖ for review, transfer and certification

❖ to check on the overall efficacy of the teaching/learning program

❖ to determine any particular learners’ stage of development

❖ to gain information about learners’ specific instructional needs

❖ to identify any concepts or procedures which may need to be re-taught or reviewed

❖ to motivate and direct learning

❖ to provide feedback to learners on their performance

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What is evaluation?

❖ Evaluation: process of accumulating data belonging to a person or even something from various

sources to get an idea of ​the level of skills or knowledge of the subject

❖ Defined criteria and measure their performance

❖ Effective way to help a program, project, or even an organization assess a proposal, objective, or any other

alternative in the decision-making process

❖ Include to access teaching practice, learning process, validity of the content, syllabus and program

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Types of evaluation

❖ Summative evaluation – carried out towards the end of a predetermined period

❖ Interim evaluation – continuous process during which a subject is given regular feedback to improve

❖ Alternate evaluation – Determine how a person or subject can implement the knowledge acquired during

a learning process.

(The examination system of schools, universities, and other institutes)

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Types of Evaluation
❖ Formative Evaluation: assesses the development or progress of a project,

program, or product to improve its effectiveness

❖ Summative Evaluation: type of evaluation occurs at the end of a learning period or

program

❖ Process Evaluation: track attendance of participants, program adherence, and how

well you followed your work plan

❖ Outcome evaluation: assess the effectiveness of a program in producing change

❖ Diagnostic / Placement evaluation: Before staring the lesson or unit (Baseline)

Diagnostic; strength & weakness (Area of difficulty)

Placement ; skill & knowledge

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Criteria of Evaluation

❖ Relevance

❖ Coherence

❖ Effectiveness

❖ Efficiency

❖ Impact

❖ Sustainability

For consistent, high-quality evaluation

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Advantages & Disadvantages of Evaluation

❖ Advantages and Disadvantages of Evaluations

❖ Advantages: match a project’s resources and outcomes

❖ Disadvantage: strict and artificial. An error in the grading parameters

affects the quality of data resulting from an evaluation process

Assessment and evaluation is important tools for designing curriculum and instructional approaches as per need of students
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Process of evaluation

❖ Identifying and defining general objectives: to determine what to evaluation and so to set down educational

objectives

❖ Selecting teaching points: to select teaching points through which the objectives can be realized

❖ to decide the content (curriculum, syllabus, course) to help in the realization of objectives

❖ Planning suitable teaching and learning activities: to plan the learning activities to be provided to the learners & at

the same time, bear in mind the objectives as well as teaching points

❖ Evaluating: observes and measures the changes in the behavior of learners through testing

❖ Using the results as feedback: use of results as feedback in reconsidering the objectives and in organizing the

learning activities

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