MICROWAVE ENGINEERING DAVID M.

POZAR BOOK
EXAMPLE 3.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF A RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE

Computing for the first few values of m and n gives:

TE10 TE20
The Broadest and Deepest Simulation Portfolio

Materials Embedded Safety Analysis Structures Fluids Electronics Semiconductor

Granta MI
Software
Digital Safety Manager Mechanical Fluent HFSS RedHawk-SC
SCADE Suite
Granta Selector medini analyze LS-DYNA CFX Maxwell RedHawk-SC
SCADE Display Electrothermal
Granta EduPack Forming Chemkin-Pro SIwave
medini analyze for
SCADE Vision Totem
Granta MDS Cybersecurity Motion Forte Icepak
SCADE Architect PowerArtist
medini analyze for Sherlock Rocky Motor-CAD
SCADE Test Semiconductors RaptorH
Additive Solutions FENSAP-ICE Q3D Extractor
SCADE Lifecycle RaptorQu
nCode DesignLife EnSight NuHertz
Exalto
Connect Autodyn Turbo Tools EMA3D Cable
VeloceRF
optiSLang Polyflow EMA3D Charge
Mission Engineering PathFinder
Minerva Model Fuel Library
AV Simulation Path FX
ModelCenter STK
AVxcelerate Headlamp
Acoustics Clock FX
ODTK Simulation Photonics
AVxcelerate Sensor TETK Sound Optics and VR Lumerical FDTD

Speos Lumerical FDTD

Accelerator
Zemax Optics
Cloud VRXPERIENCE HMI
Lumerical MODE
Zemax OpticStudio
Ansys Cloud Digital Twin VRXPERIENCE Light
3D Design Simulation
Lumerical Multiphysics
Zemax OpticBuilder
Twin Builder Discovery Lumerical
VRXPERIENCE Zemax OpticStudio STAR
INTERCONNECT
Perceived Quality Module
Lumerical CML Compiler

2 ©2023 ANSYS, Inc/Confidential

 Virtual Prototypes Far-Field Pattern

Radar Cross Section

Fields

HFSS Virtual
Physical
ESD
Prototype
Prototype

Virtual
Compliance
S-Parameters

3 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Virtual Prototype
TDR

Stress

ESD

Thermal
Power Integrity

Virtual
Prototype

Virtual
Compliance
Signal Integrity

4 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Virtual EMI Test

5 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 HFSS solves arbitrary 3D structures
Applications are nearly limitless

Platform Integration and RCS Phased Array Antenna and Antenna Design

Commercial Platform
Integrated Mobile Devices Biomedical Integration
6 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023
7

HFSS Includes Multiple EM Solvers

• HFSS FEM (Finite Element Method)
– Fully arbitrary 3D - the whole simulation space gets meshed
– Used for microwave, antenna, and PCB signal integrity applications
– HFSS is also a “design type” within the HFSS product. FEM
(with FE-BI)
• HFSS IE (Integral Equation) Solver
– 3D surface meshing – but only meshes surfaces
– Commonly used for antenna applications
– Available within the HFSS design type
• HFSS PO (Physical Optics) and SBR+ (Shooting Bouncing Ray) Solvers
– Approaches wave propagation in terms of rays
– Commonly used for antenna applications
– Available within the HFSS design type PO, IE, SBR+
• HFSS Transient Solver
– Time domain formulation that can employ pulsed excitations
– Commonly used for applications such as EMI (electromagnetic interference)
• HFSS Eigenmode Solver
– Used to obtain fields in cavities and periodic structures along with the associated
dispersion curves
– No excitation needed - not a driven solution
HFSS FEM is the subject
of this course.
7 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023
 Solve
HFSS: Finite Elements (FEM)
– HFSS: Technology
• A 3D volumetric Field solver
− Finite Element solver technology
− Visualize fields in the solutions volume
− Extract S-Parameters or Full-Wave SPICE models
– HFSS: Applications
• Antenna placement, Radar cross section (RCS), and S-Parameters
• Signal Integrity
• On-chip component design
• Filters, EMI/EMC, Waveguide, Connectors
– HFSS: Advantage
• Automated results with accuracy
− Effective utilization of automated adaptive meshing technique
• Ensures accuracy
− Employs advanced matrix solver technology for larger simulation
− Advanced material handling for complex designs
– HFSS: User Interface
• 3D Parametric Modeling Editor
− ANSYS Workbench integration for CAD integration and Multi-Physics simulation
• 3D Parametric Layout Editor

8 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Electromagnetic simulation capability
ANSYS Domain Decomposition Method

HFSS SBR+: Shooting Bouncing Ray

Electrical Size

The ANSYS Solution

HFSS IE: Fast Method of Moments

HFSS: Finite Elements Method

Geometry and Material Complexity

9 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Multi-Domain: Multiple Physics
Two-way coupled Two-way coupled

EM Fields Thermal Stress

(HFSS) (ANSYS Mechanical) (ANSYS Mechanical)

HFSS Mechanical
Adaptive Meshing Common Geometry
Interface
Temperature Dependent
Materials Conformal Mesh

Full-Wave Finite-Element Transient and Steady-State

Method Thermal
Temperature
IcePak: Thermal

Power Loss Density

as Thermal Source

Structural
10 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023
11

HFSS in ANSYS Electronics Desktop (AEDT)

• The ANSYS Electronic Desktop is a graphical user interface (GUI) common to many electronic simulation
tools.

Simulation Types Available within AEDT

– HFSS fully arbitrary 3D FEM (FA3D)
– HFSS 3D Layout
HFSS runs
– Maxwell 3D/2D in AEDT.
– Q3D/Q2D Extractor An HFSS
– Circuit Simulation project file
These appear as design types within the Project Manager. extension
is *.aedt

11 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

12

HFSS in ANSYS Electronics Desktop (AEDT) 3D Modeler

3 Basic Interfaces - 1 Desktop

3D Layout

3D Modeler, 3D Layout, and Circuit:

– different GUI features
– Different design types
HFSS 3D Layout
These can all operate simultaneously
within one project. This course covers
HFSS FA3D. Schematic

12 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

13

HFSS 3D: Arbitrary 3D Modeler - Mechanical CAD (MCAD)

HFSS 3D MCAD is the
most general…and
the subject of this
course.
Fully Parametric 3-Dimensional For additional background on the
basic operations in the ANSYS
MCAD - Uses HFSS design type
electronic desktop, AEDT,
including file operations, there
are a number of resources that
come with HFSS.
In the HFSS install directories,
such as
AnsysEM19.X\Win64\Help\HFSS\
GSG
there is an HFSS help document
“HFSS.pdf” which includes
sections:
2 - Working with ANSYS
Electronics Desktop Projects
including opening, closing, and
saving project

13 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 HFSS Meshing
• Automatic Adaptive Meshing for HFSS Simulation
− Geometrically conforming, tetrahedral mesh automatically generated and refined below a user defined
electrical length
− Iterative algorithm solves the fields of the model and intelligently refines the mesh until S-parameters
converge below a user defined threshold, Max Delta S
• User defines frequency or frequencies at which adaptive meshing is performed
• After each solution, tetrahedral elements are “graded” for their accuracy to Maxwell's Equations
• User defines percentage of “bad” tetrahedral elements to be refined after each pass (30% Default)

Geometrically conforming,
tetrahedral mesh

14 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

15

HFSS FEM Automated Solution Adaptive Meshing Process

Initial Mesh Refine Mesh Freq. Sweep

Geometry Initial Mesh Converged Mesh

Initial Mesh Electrical Mesh Adaptive Port

Initial Mesh Geometric Mesh Seeding/Lambda Refinement Refinement The HFSS setting
used in the
Mesh Refinement Solve decision diamond
HFSS tunes the FEM is called Delta S.
Adaptive
mesh to accurately Mesh
capture the device’s Creation
electrical performance. Quantify Mesh No Yes
Max(|S|)<goal? Frequency Sweep
Accuracy

15 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Example: Adaptive Meshing Meshing

• Automatic Adaptive Meshing Convergence vs.

Adaptive Pass
– Provides an Automatic, Accurate and Efficient solution
– Removes requirement for manual meshing expertise
• Meshing Algorithm
– Meshing algorithm adaptively refines mesh throughout geometry
– Iteratively adds mesh elements in areas where a finer mesh is needed to accurately represent field
behavior, resulting in an accurate and efficient mesh

Mesh at each
adaptive pass

16 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Converging on Maximum Delta S
• Summarizes the S-Parameter’s sensitivity
– A single number characterizing mesh sensitivity for the entire S-
Matrix
– Accounts for magnitude and phase variation between meshes of
all S-parameters simultaneously.
– Default value of 0.02 is reasonable for most cases
– Reports the worst case violation

Max S = Max S N − S N −1
• DON’T over-specify
– Setting the Maximum Delta S too small wastes computer
resources and time.
• DON’T under-specify
– Setting the Maximum Delta S too large jeopardizes accuracy

17 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 18.0 Release

HFSS for 3D – GUI

Introduction to ANSYS HFSS

18 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 3D Model Editor
– Geometry is displayed in the 3D Model Editor Graphics Area
– 3D Model Tree provides list of all Objects, Coordinate Systems and Planes defined in the model

3D Modeler Tree

Graphics Area

19 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

20

The HFSS Project Manager Reflects EM Simulation Workflow

Geometric Structure Primarily addressed in

Materials the 3D Modeler Tree

Boundaries
Simulation Space

Excitations/Ports

Simulation Setup
Adaptive Process

Simulation Setup -
Frequency Sweep

Simulation Results

The document "An Introduction to HFSS", Chapter 5 "HFSS Modeling GUI Basics" section "Modeling Practice in HFSS" with an HFSS workflow.

20 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Primitives
• The model’s geometry is described through primitives and boundary condition
– Primitives are the physical building blocks for every geometrical object in the 3D Model Editor
– There are 4 basic types of primitives available within the 3D Model Editor
• Solids
– Occupy volume
– Material definition defines its electromagnetic properties
Mesh
– Electric fields are solved within a solid’s volume Fills Solids
– Tetrahedral mesh placed inside the solid’s volume
and conforms to its faces
• Sheets
– Defines surfaces throughout the geometry
– Does not occupy volume Mesh
– Boundary conditions define its electromagnetic properties Conforms to
– Can be used as a building block for complex solids Sheets
– Can be used to define boundary conditions
– Tetrahedral mesh will conform to sheet surfaces
• Lines
– Used to create trace paths by defining a cross-section
– Can be used as a building block for complex sheets or solids
– Does NOT impact mesh The mesh is not
affected by lines and
• Points points
– Used almost exclusively for field post-processing purposes

21 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Background Definition
• Any undefined volumetric region in the model is considered part of the “background”
– The background material properties are chosen to eliminate the need to solve the fields in it
• In Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations the background is considered a perfect conductor
– The electric field is 0 V/m inside a perfect conductor
• In Integral Equation simulations the background is considered a vacuum Background
– The electric and magnetic current densities is 0 A/m inside a vacuum Definition

• Overriding the material properties of the

“background”
– An object or Region of a specified material
property needs fill in the volume of interest
– A boundary condition must be applied to the
outside of the object or region to properly
terminate the fields

22 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Editing Objects
• Arranging Objects
– An object’s position and orientation can also be modified by applying additional commands to the
object’s history in addition to changing a command’s properties
– Arrange Commands can be found by selecting Edit > Arrange … from HFSS’s Toolbar or through the
Toolbar Icons
• Move: Translates the object(s) through 3D space by defining a translation vector
– Translation vectors are defined by defining a first point (in 3D space) for the vector’s tale and a second point
for the vector’s tip
• Rotate: Translates the object(s) around one of the coordinate system axis
– Relative coordinate systems can be defined to rotate around axis not corresponding to the Global Coordinate
System Axis
• Mirror: Flips an object about a plane
– The plane is defined through a vector describing it’s normal vector
– The normal vector is defined by specifying to points.
The first point must lie on the plane’s surface and a second Move Mirror
point forms a line (with the first point) that is perpendicular to plane Rotate

23 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Editing Objects (contd.)
• Duplicating Objects
– Objects can also be duplicated
– Duplicate commands can be found by selecting Edit > Duplicate… from HFSS’s Toolbar or through the
Toolbar Icons
• Along a Line: Creates several versions of the object(s) translated in 3D space
– Translation vectors are defined by defining a first point (in 3D space) for the vector’s tale and a second point for
the vector’s tip
• Around An Axis: Creates several versions of the object(s) translated around an axis
• Mirror: Creates a flipped copy of an object about a plane

Along a Line Mirror

Around an Axis

24 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Intersecting Solids
• What happens when two solids occupy the same volume? Solid 2
– When two solids occupy the same volume HFSS follows r2, r2, tane2, tanm2, 2
certain rules to rectify to the conflict
• If one solid is completely enclosed within the other solid Solid 1
HFSS uses the smaller solid’s material properties in the r1, r1, tane1, tanm1, 1
overlapping region. In essence, it subtracts the smaller solid
from the larger solid Note: Even when the two solids share a face, one of them
can be considered completely enclosed within the other

• If one solid is not completely enclosed within the other solid the user must manually rectify the intersection by
taking advantage of Boolean Operations
• Boolean operations are also used to create more complex objects from simple primitives

Boolean Operations
Solid 2
r2, r2, tane2, tanm2, 2
Unite Intersect Imprint
Solid 1 Subtract Split
? r1, r1, tane1,
tanm1, 1
Modeler > Boolean from the
3D Model Editor’s toolbar

25 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Electronics Desktop 3D Model Editor Keyboard Shortcuts
General Shortcuts 3D Modeler Shortcuts Predefined View Angles
➢ F1: Help ➢ B: Select face/object behind current selection Top

➢ F1 + Shift: Context help ➢ F: Face select mode

➢ F4 + CTRL: Close window ➢ O: Object select mode
➢ CTRL + C: Copy ➢ Hold X: Curser movement restricted to x direction
➢ CTRL + N: New project ➢ Hold Y: Curser movement restricted to y direction
Left Right
➢ CTRL + O: Open... ➢ Hold Z: Curser movement restricted to z direction
➢ CTRL + S: Save ➢ CTRL + A: Select all visible objects
➢ CTRL + P: Print... ➢ CTRL + SHIFT + A: Deselect all objects
Bottom
➢ CTRL + V: Paste ➢ CTRL + D: Fit view
➢ CTRL + X: Cut ➢ CTRL + Left Mouse Click: Shifts the local coordinate system temporarily
➢ CTRL + Y: Redo ➢ SHIFT + Left Mouse Button: Drag
➢ CTRL + Z: Undo ➢ Alt + Left Mouse Button: Rotate model
➢ CTRL + 0: Cascade windows ➢ Alt + SHIFT + Left Mouse Button: Zoom in / out
➢ CTRL + 1: Tile windows horizontally ➢ F3: Switch to point entry mode (i.e. draw objects by mouse)
➢ CTRL + 2: Tile windows vertically ➢ F4: Switch to dialogue entry mode (i.e. draw object solely by entry in command and attributes box)
➢ F6: Render model wire frame
➢ F7: Render model smooth shaded

➢ Alt + Double Click Left Mouse Button at points on screen: Sets model projection to standard isometric projections (see diagram to the right)
➢ Alt + Double Click Right Mouse Button at points on screen: give the nine opposite projections.

26 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Workshop: Rectangular Waveguide

Introduction to ANSYS HFSS

27 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 MICROWAVE ENGINEERING DAVID M. POZAR BOOK
EXAMPLE 3.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF A RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
• Consider a length of Teflon-filled copper K-band rectangular waveguide, havingn dimensions a: 1.07 cm and b: 0.43 cm.
Find the cutoff frequencies of the first five propagating modes. If the operating frequency is 15 GHz, find the attenuation
due to dielectric and conductor losses.

Solution: Computing for the first few values of m and n gives:

From Appendix G, for Teflon, εr,:2.08 and tanδ: 0.0004. From
(3.84) the
cutoff frequencies are given by

Teflon

28 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Waveguides
Rectangular Waveguide

https://www.everythingrf.com/tech-resources/waveguides-sizes

29 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 HFSS: Getting Started
• Launching ANSYS Electronics Desktop 2023R2
• To access ANSYS Electronics Desktop, click the Microsoft Start button, select Programs > ANSYS
Electromagnetics > ANSYS Electromagnetics Suite 23.R2 > ANSYS Electronics Desktop 2023R2

• Setting Tool Options

• Select the menu item Tools > Options > General Options…
– Find HFSS line and expand it
• Choose Boundary Assignment window and check all entries
– Find 3D Modeler line and expand it
• Choose Drawing window and make sure the last line is checked
• Find Display line and expand it
– Choose History Tree window and check all entries

Option settings suggested here ensure that the user can consistently follow the
steps in the Workshop. A user can prefer his/her own option configuration.

30 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Initial Project Setup
• Insert an HFSS design into a project
• On the Project menu, click Insert HFSS Design

• The new design is listed in the project tree. It is named HFSS Design by default, where n is the order in which the design was added to the project. The
3D Modeler window appears to the right of the Project Manager. You can now create the model geometry.

31 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Initial Project Setup
• Selecting the Solution Type
• Select the menu item HFSS > Solution Type
– Make sure:
• Solution Type is Modal
• Driven Option is Network Analysis
– Click the OK button
• We select Driven Modal as our model is a rectangular waveguide and Driven
modal is used for calculating the mode-based S-parameters of passive

• Set Model Units

• Select the menu item Modeler > Units
– Select Units: cm
– Click the OK button

• Save Project
• Select the menu item File > Save As
– Filename: RectangularWG
– Click the Save button
32 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023
 Create Waveguide
• On the HFSS menu, click Draw. The Draw dialog box appears.
Select Box
• Place the Box anywhere in the HFSS Modeller window
• Don’t worry about dimensions yet.
• Once you Draw the box the properties window opens up , you can specify
the coordinates and size of the box.

Point 1

Point 3

Base Rectangle Point 2

• In the Command window
Xsize: 6 cm
Ysize: 1.07 cm
Zsize: 0.43 cm
33 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023
 Objects in 3D Model Tree

34 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 3D Modeler – Object Properties
Attributes

• Attributes Tab

• Select the Attribute tab from the Properties window.

– For the Value of Name type: Waveguide
– For the Value of Material, select the drop down material selection menu by clicking on the current material name (“vacuum”)
• To assign a new material select Edit and browse the material library for “Teflon” and select Clone Material. Change material name as Teflon_Exp,
Relative Permitivity 2.08, Dielectric Loss Tangent 0.0004.
– Select OK and OK on Properties to complete the material assignment
– Change the color and transparency as desired

Material Library

35 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Assigning Boundaries
• Boundary conditions specify the field behavior at the edges of the problem region and object interfaces.
• Right click on the 3D Modeler Window to select faces

• Click on the faces to select the faces which are to be assigned

to be a Finite Conductivity.

• On the HFSS menu, click Boundaries. Select Assign and choose

Finite conductivity. Default Material is Copper.

• Assign Finite conductivity to 4 faces excluding the Port 1 and

Port 2.

36 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Assigning Excitations
• Right click on the 3D Modeler Window to select faces Port 1
Assign Port 1

• Graphically or from Modeler tree window, select the a faceSelect the

menu item HFSS > Excitations > Assign > Wave Port
• Change Number Of Modes as 8 Modes for Port 1.

• Check Snap Edge Center is active.

in HFSS menu bar Modeller>Snap Mode

• Define Mode 1 Integration line as figures

For mode 1 Pop-up Integration Line Menu and choose None>New Line.

1 2 3

37 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Assigning Excitations
• For the other 7 modes pop-up integration Line
Menu and None > Copy From Mode 1.
• Click Next and Finish.

• Assign Port 2

• Repeat for the second port using port2 face. Port 2

• Expand the Excitations in Project Manager

Click on 1 or 2.
This will highlight the port

38 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Solution Setup
• Creating an Analysis Setup
• Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup
– Click the General tab:
• Solution Frequency: 15 GHz
• Maximum Number of Passes: 6
– Click the OK button

40 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Add Frequency Sweep
Add Sweep

• Adding Interpolating Sweep Toolbar

• Click Setup1
• Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Frequency Sweep
– Sweep Name: Int_Sweep
• Edit Sweep Window:
– Sweep Type: Interpolating
– Frequency Setup Type: Linear Count
• Start: 5 GHz
• Stop: 35 GHz
• Step: 451
– Click the OK button

41 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Add Frequency Sweep
• Adding Discreate Sweep
• Click Setup1
• Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Frequency Sweep
–Sweep Name: Dis_Sweep
• Edit Sweep Window:
–Sweep Type: Discreate
–Frequency Setup Type: Single Point
• 1 Single Point: 9.72 GHz
• 2 Single Point: 19.44 GHz
• 3 Single Point: 24.19 GHz
• 4 Single Point: 26.07 GHz
• 5 Single Point: 29.16 GHz
• 6 Single Point: 31.03 GHz
• 7 Single Point: 35 GHz
• 3DFields Save Option
–Click Save Fields (All Frequencies)
–Click the OK button

42 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Analyze
• Save Project
• Select the menu item File > Save Validate Analyze All

• Model Validation
• Select the menu item HFSS > Validation Check
– Click the Close button
• Note: To view any errors or warning messages, use the Message
Manager.
• Analyze
• Select the menu item HFSS > Analyze All

43 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Viewing Results
• Create Reports
• Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Modal
Solution Data Report> Rectangular Plot
– Solution: Setup1:Int_Sweep • Quantity: S(1:5,2:5)
– Domain: Sweep • Click Add Trace button
• Category: S Parameter • Quantity: S(1:6,2:6)
• Quantity: S(1:1,2:1) • Click Add Trace button
• Function: dB • Quantity: S(1:7,2:7)
• Click New Report button • Click Add Trace button
• Quantity: S(1:8,2:8)
• Add new traces • Click Add Trace button
• Quantity: S(1:2,2:2) –Click Close button
• Click Add Trace button
• Quantity: S(1:3,2:3) • Change results name
• Click Add Trace button as S12 For 8 Modes
• Quantity: S(1:4,2:4)
• Click Add Trace button
44 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023
 Viewing Results
• Add Marker

• Right Click on result ,choose Marker > Add Marker

And put marker on top of S12 results.

45 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Plot of propagation constant vs. frequency for TE10
• Create Reports
• Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Modal
Solution Data Report> Rectangular Plot
–Solution: Setup1:Int_Sweep
–Domain: Sweep
• Category: Gamma
• Quantity: Gamma(1:1)
• Function: im
• Add dB in Y trace
dB(im(Gamma(1:1)))
• Click New Report button
α, the real part, is called the attenuation constant
β, the imaginary part, is called the phase constant
• Add Real part trace on Report
• Function: re Note that the mode propagates only when the propagation constant has is real and
the operating frequency is greater than its cutoff frequency.
• Add dB in Y trace
As the traveling waves are functions of exp(-jβ z), has to be real and make exp(-jβ z)
dB(re(Gamma(1:1))) imaginary.
• Click Add Trace button
46 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023
 Port Field Display
• To see mode field behaviour
Project manager window pop up 1 (Port 1) > Mode 1 in Port Field Display.

Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4

Mode 5 Mode 6 Mode 7 Mode 8

47 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Transverse Electric field Distributions of Different
Modes in a Rectangular Waveguide

RF Cavity Design
E. Jensen
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

48 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Post Processing – Field Overlay
• Right click on the 3D Modeler Window to select Objects
• Select Waveguide Model

• Create Field Overlay

• Select the menu item HFSS > Field > Plot Field > E > Mag E
Solution: Setup1 : Dis_Sweep
Quantity: Mag_E
Freq: 9.72 GHz
Click the Done button

Mode 1

49 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Post Processing – Field Overlay
• Modify plot

• Right click Mag E1 and click Modify Plot...

Freq: 19.44 GHz
Click the Done button

• To Animate the field plot:

–Select the menu item HFSS > Fields> Animate
• Click the OK button

50 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Transverse Electric field Distributions of Different
Modes in a Rectangular Waveguide
TE10 TE20 TE01 TE11

TM11 TE30 TE21 TM21

51 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 18.0 Release

HFSS 3D Materials
Introduction to ANSYS HFSS

52 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 HFSS Design Setup GUI Mesh

Design Setup Solve HPC

Geometry Materials Boundaries Solve Setup

Excitations

53 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Assigning Material

• Assigning Material
− Following options are avaiable In the
Material Definition Library window
• View/Edit Materials: View or Edit the material
properties
• Add Material: Create custom material
• Clone Material(s): Create a copy of the material
definition
• Remove Material(s): Remove material definiton
• Export to Library: Export material library

54 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 HFSS Design Setup GUI Mesh

Design Setup Solve HPC

Geometry Materials Boundaries Solve Setup

Excitations

55 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 18.0 Release

Boundary Conditions

1. Material Properties for sheets/faces

2. Surface Approximation
3. Absorbing Boundary Conditions

56 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Material Properties for 2D sheets/faces
• Technical Definition of Boundary Conditions
– Perfect E – Perfect E is a perfect electrical conductor (PEC), also referred to
as a perfect conductor.
• Forces E-field perpendicular to surface
• Used to model lossless metal surfaces, ground planes, cavity walls, etc.
• Can be assigned to 2D or 3D objects
• There are also two automatic Perfect E assignments:
– Any object surface that touches the background is automatically defined to be
a Perfect E boundary and given the boundary condition name outer
– Any object that is assigned the material pec is automatically assigned the
boundary condition Perfect E to its surface and given the boundary condition
name smetal

E-field Perpendicular to surface

Perfect E Boundary

57 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Material Properties for 2D sheets/faces
• Finite Conductivity
– Enables you to define the surface of an object as a
lossy (imperfect) conductor. It is only valid for good Manually define
conductors. Conductivity (Default
is Copper)
– To model a lossy surface, you provide loss in
Siemens/meter and permeability parameters. Use Material
Definition to define
– Loss is calculated as a function of frequency. Conductivity
– Finite Conductivity forces the tangential E-Field
equal to Zs(n x Htan). The surface impedance (Zs) is
equal to, (1+j)/(), where: Adjust the
•  is the skin depth, (2/())0.5 of the conductor being Conductivity based
on conductor
modeled,  is the frequency of the excitation wave,  thickness
is the conductivity of the conductor,  is the
permeability of the conductor

58 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 18.0 Release

Boundary Conditions

1. Material Properties for sheets/faces

2. Surface Approximation
3. Absorbing Boundary Conditions

59 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Surface Approximations for Manufacturing/Component Definitions
Layered Impedance Lumped RLC
• Multiple thin layers in a structure can be • a parallel combination of lumped resistor,
modeled as an impedance surface. See the inductor, and/or capacitor surface. The
Online Help for additional information on simulation is similar to the Impedance boundary,
how to use the Layered Impedance boundary but the software calculate the ohms/square using
the user supplied R, L, C values

60 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 18.0 Release

Boundary Conditions

1. Material Properties for sheets/faces

2. Surface Approximation
3. Absorbing Boundary Conditions

61 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Types of absorbing Boundary Conditions
• Radiation Boundary
• Perfectly Matched Layer (PML)
• Finite Element-Boundary Integral (FE-BI)

62 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Radiation Boundary
This boundary types enables the user to model a surface as electrically open: waves can then radiate out of
the structure and toward the radiation boundary
Boundary is /4 away from
horn aperture in all directions

• Mimics continued propagation beyond boundary plane

− Absorption achieved via 2nd order radiation boundary
− Distance from radiating structure
• Place at least /4 from strongly radiating structure
• Place at least /10 from weakly radiating structure
− Must be concave to all incident fields from within modeled space
− Absorbs best when incident energy flow is normal to surface

63 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Radiation Boundary: Incidence Angle Dependency

Conclusion: Radiation boundary

functions well for incident
angles less than 25°-30° Radiation Boundary

Radiation Boundary

Poor absorption of radiation

boundary affects radiation pattern

64 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Perfectly Matched Layer (PML)
• Perfectly Matched Layer (PML)
− Fictitious, lossy, anisotropic material which fully absorbs electromagnetic fields
− Two types of PML applications
• “PML objects accept free radiation” if PML terminates free space
• “PML objects continue guided waves” if PML terminates transmission line
− Guidelines for assigning PML boundaries
• Use PML setup wizard for most cases
• Manually create a PML when base object is curved or inhomogeneous

65 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 PML: Incidence Angle Dependency

PML

PML

Conclusions: PML functions well for Better absorption leads to better

incident angles less than 65°-70° consistency in the patterns

66 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Finite Element – Boundary Integral (FEBI)
FEBI is a hybrid FEM (Volume) and IE solver (Radiating Fields at outer surface

Surface) boundary.
FEM Solution IE Solution
in Volume on Outer Surface
– Mesh truncation of infinite free space into a finite
computational domain
Iterate
– Alternative to Radiation or PML
– Hybrid solution of FEM and IE
• IE solution on outer faces
• FEM solution inside of volume FE-BI
– FE-BI Advantages
• Arbitrary shaped boundary
– Conformal and discontinuous to minimize solution volume
• Reflection-less boundary condition
– High accuracy for radiating and scattering problems
• No theoretical minimum distance from radiator
– Reduce simulation volume and simplify problem setup
• Exact solution to free space rather than the approximate solution
– (Requires an HFSS-IE license) Free space Arbitrary shape
(No Solution Volume)

67 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 HFSS Design Setup GUI Mesh

Design Setup Solve HPC

Geometry Materials Boundaries Solve Setup

Excitations

Excitations for 2D Sheets or Faces

Assign
2D Sheets/Faces
Excitations

68 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Setting Solution Type
• Solution type selection
– As a general rule, one could choose the solution type based on the type of transmission line that is
being analyzed
• Driven Modal
– Hollow waveguides (metallic rectangular, circular…etc)
– Any problem where a symmetry boundary condition is applied
• Driven Terminal
– Microstrip, stripline, coax, coplanar waveguide

• In some cases, the fields post-processing might be easier when the excitations are defined in terms of Power
(Driven Modal) instead of Voltage (Driven Terminal)

69 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

70

HFSS Port Excitations - Lumped and Wave

• HFSS Lumped and Wave Ports are a unique type of boundary condition that allows energy to flow into and out
of a structure.
• Before the full three-dimensional electromagnetic field inside a structure can be calculated, it is necessary to
determine the excitation field pattern at each port.
• HFSS uses an arbitrary port solver to calculate the natural field patterns or modes that can exist inside a
transmission structure with the same cross section as the port.
• The resulting 2D field patterns serve as boundary conditions for the full three-dimensional problem.

Voltage Source Current Source Lumped Port Circuit Port

Internal
circuit ports attach to edges.
Wave Port
External Floquet Port

Floquet ports are addressed

in HFSS Antenna training.

70 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Wave Port Sizing
• Closed Transmission Line Structures
– The boundary enforced on the port’s edge implies
the transmission line modeled by the Wave Port
always sits inside a waveguide structure. The
enclosing material forms the port’s edge boundary Coax Waveguide

• Open transmission line structures require additional consideration

– Microstrip, Co-Planar Waveguide, Slotline (See Appendix for sizing recommendations)
– Wave Ports must be large enough to capture the entire transmission line’s field structure
• For open transmission line structures this mean the Wave Port must surround the entire structure
• Make sure the transmission line fields are not interacting with the port’s boundary condition.
• Too Wave Ports small can lead to incorrect characteristic impedances, and add addition reflection to the results

Port too narrow

(fields coupled to sidewalls)

Correct port size

71 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Lumped Ports
– Recommended only for surfaces internal to model
• Single TEM mode with no de-embedding
• Uniform electric field on port surface
Dipole element
• Normalized to constant user-defined Z0
with lumped port
– Lumped port boundary conditions
• Perfect E or finite conductivity boundary for port edges which interface
with conductor or another port edge
• Perfect H for all remaining port edges

Zo

Uniform electric field

User-defined Zo

72 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 HFSS Design Setup GUI Mesh

Design Setup Solve HPC

Geometry Materials Boundaries Solve Setup

Excitations

73 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Solution Frequency
– The Solution Frequency sets:
• The frequency used to create the adaptive mesh
– Defines the spatial resolution of the mesh through the Lambda
Refinement step
– Lambda Refinement is wavelength dependent
• Determines the frequency used to evaluate the mesh’s convergence
• Typically choose the highest frequency of interest or for resonant antennas,
the resonant frequency
– A higher frequency mesh is generally valid at lower frequencies
• A mesh created at a higher frequency will be denser than a mesh at lower a
frequency because the wavelength is smaller
• The denser mesh is likely to pickup the field variations associated with lower
frequencies behaviors
– A low frequency mesh is generally NOT valid at higher frequencies
• A mesh created at a lower frequency will be coarser than a mesh created at
a higher frequency because the wavelength is longer
• The coarser mesh is less likely to pickup field variations associated with the
higher frequencies

74 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Converging on Maximum Delta S
• Summarizes the S-Parameter’s sensitivity
– A single number characterizing mesh sensitivity for the entire S-
Matrix
– Accounts for magnitude and phase variation between meshes of
all S-parameters simultaneously.
– Default value of 0.02 is reasonable for most cases
– Reports the worst case violation

Max S = Max S N − S N −1
• DON’T over-specify
– Setting the Maximum Delta S too small wastes computer
resources and time.
• DON’T under-specify
– Setting the Maximum Delta S too large jeopardizes accuracy

75 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Frequency Sweeps
– Discrete Frequency Sweep
• Solves using adaptive mesh at every frequency
• Matrix Data and Fields at every frequency in sweep

– Interpolating Frequency Sweep

• The calculation of wide-band s-parameters in HFSS is achieved using the interpolating sweep. This method fits s-
parameter data to a rational polynomial transfer function using a minimum number of discrete finite element
method (FEM) solutions
• Matrix Data at every frequency in sweep  q (s − zq )(s − zq −1 )...(s − z1 )
S=
 q (s − pq )(s − pq −1 )...(s − p1 )
– Fast Frequency Sweep
• Uses an Adaptive Lanczos-Padé Sweep (ALPS)- based solver to
extrapolate the field solution across the requested frequency
range from the center frequency field solution

S11 (dB)
• The time and memory required for a Fast sweep may be
significantly greater than the time and memory required for a
single frequency solution.
• Matrix Data and Fields at every frequency in sweep
See: IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. 46, No. 9, Sept. 1998

76 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Frequency
Example: Discrete Frequency Sweep Sweep

• Example: Discrete Sweep

– 5 cm microstrip transmission line
– Each frequency point requested in a discrete sweep is explicitly solved using the mesh created in the
adaptive solution process

Adaptive Frequency

S11 (dB)

Solved
Frequency
Point

77 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023

 Frequency
Example: Interpolating Frequency Sweep Sweep

• Example: Interpolating Sweep

– 5 cm microstrip transmission line

DONE!
Adaptive Frequency

S11 (dB)

Solved
Frequency
Point

78 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. December 27, 2023