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ELECTRONICS
and
ROBOTICS
Quarter 1 Module 5– Week 6-7
Types of Electric Circuit
Applying Ohm’s Law and
Network Theorem
For the learner:
Welcome to the Self Learning Module (SLM) on Types of Electric Circuit Applying Ohm’s Law
and Network Theorem.
The hand is one of the most symbolized parts of the human body. It is often used to depict skill,
action, and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create, and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this
learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the
relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own
hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and
independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the
learning resource while being an active learner.

What I Need to Know? This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you
are expected to learn in the module.

This part includes an activity that aims to check what you

What I Know? already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the
answers correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current

What’s In?
lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in

What’s New? various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a problem
opener, an activity, or a situation.

This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This

What is It? aims to help you discover and understand new concepts
and skills.

This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify

your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check
What’s More?
the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the
end of the module.

What I have This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be

filled in to process what you learned from the lesson.
Learned?

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 This section provides an activity which will help you transfer
What I Can Do? your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or
concerns.

This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery

Assessment in achieving the learning competency.

In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich

Additional Activities your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned. This also
tends retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a separate
sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your
teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding
of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know?

Types of Electric Circuits using Ohm’s Law and Network

Theorems
Ohm’s Law and Electric circuit theorems are always beneficial to help find voltage and currents in
multi-loop circuits. These theorems use fundamental rules or formulas and basic equations of
mathematics to analyze basic components of electrical or electronics parameters such as voltages,
currents, resistance, and so on.
This module will provide you with information's and activities that will help you understand types of
electric circuits using Ohm’s Law and Network Theorem.
In this module you will learn to:
a. describe the types of electric circuit applying Ohm’s law and network theorem; and
b. identify the different types network theorems.
c. use Ohm’s law to derive equations for the total resistance of multiple resistors in series
and parallel circuits.

Before going on, check how much you know about this topic. Answer the What I
Know? below in a separate sheet of paper.

What I Know?

Directions: Read each item carefully. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers. Write only the
letter of the best answer for each question.
1. How is the charge flow out of the battery (and back into it) affected by adding more bulbs in series?

A) Charge flow or current decreases as total resistance increases

B) Charge flow or current increases as total resistance increases

C) Charge flow or current is the same as total resistance increases

D) Charge flow or current stop as total resistance increases

2. Determine the total voltage (electric potential) of the circuit below.

A) 7V B) 9V C) 10V D) 12V

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3. Determine the equivalent (total) resistance of the circuit below.

A) 1.0Ω B) 1.2Ω C) 1.4Ω D) 1.6Ω

4. Determine the equivalent (total) resistance of the circuit below.

A) 7Ω B) 9Ω C) 12Ω D) 14Ω
5. Which network theorem states that in a linear network having a number of voltage or current sources
and resistances, the current through any branch of the network is the algebraic sum of the currents due to
each of the sources when acting independently?

A) Super position theorem C) Substitution theorem

B) Millman’s theorem D) Tellegen’s theorem

6. Which network theorem states that any linear circuit containing several energy sources and resistances
can be replaced by a single constant current generator in parallel with a single resistor?

A) Compensation theorem C) Norton’s Theorem

B) Reciprocity Theorem D) Miller’s theorem

7. Fill out the table for the circuit diagramed at the right. (Show your solution)
Circuit Voltage Current Resistance
Position (V) (A) (Ω)
1 10
2 20
3 30
Total 6

8. Fill out the table for the circuit diagramed at the right. (Show your solution)

Circuit Voltage Current Resistance

Position (V) (A) (Ω)
1 10
2 20
3 30
Total 6

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 https
lib9/
Dom

What’s In?

Below is an activity for you to recall what you have learned in series and parallel circuits on your Grade
8 science.

Directions: Read each item carefully. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers. Write only the
letter of the best answer for each question.
1. Which one of these is NOT needed for a complete circuit?
A. Conductor (wire) B. Load C. Power and ground D. Switch
2. What will result from adding resistance to a series circuit?
A. Total resistance to decrease C. More current flow
B. Less current flow D. None of the above
3. What best describes Voltage?
A. It resists (prevents or limits) current flow in a circuit
B. It is the pressure that forces current to flow in a circuit
C. It is measured in Amperes
D. All of the above
4. Current flow is:
A. Resistance in a circuit C. The flow of electrons in a circuit
B. Voltage drop in a circuit D. None of the above
5. A short in a circuit could cause a:
A. Fuse to blow B. Circuit breaker to close C. Battery to discharge D. Both ‘a’ and ‘c’
6. Voltage drop is:
A. Voltage consumed to push current though a resistance
B. Current consumed to push through a load
C. Resistance used to increase current flow
D. All of the above
7. Current is measured in:
A. Ohms B. Amps C. Volts D. Watts
8. Resistance is measured in:
A. Amps B. Ohms C. Watts D. Volts
9. An example of a load is a:

A. Battery B. Fuse C. Switch D. Motor

10. Which is an example of a power source?

A. Starter B. Alternator C. Battery D. Both b and c

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 What’s New?

Lesson 1: Ohm's Law, Parallel Circuits,

and Series Circuits
Welcome to Lesson 1! In this lesson, students will investigate the properties of Ohm's Law by
utilizing formulas and conducting calculations. Virtual circuits will be constructed on the PhET website.

To Do:

1. Watch YouTube video below on Ohm’s Law.

2. Read and review the formula example after watching the YouTube video.
3. Calculate resistance supplied in Practice problem found after example problem.
4. Connect applications of Ohm’s Law by drawing the three examples of Ohm’s triangle.
5. Visit PhET website and Complete Enrichment Activities 1-3.

Ohm’ Law
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iLzfe_HxrWI

Watch the video in the heading above before attempting calculations.

Formula: V=IR
V= Voltage (unit=Volts)
I=Current (unit=Amperes)
R= Resistance (unit=Ohms)

Example if the amperage in a conductor is 6 Amperes and the resistance or opposition to that current is
5 ohms, what is the voltage?

Solve:

V = IR
V = (6 Amps)(5Ohms)
V = 30 Volts

After completing the Example Activity, try to answer the Assessment 1 for extra practice! ( show your
solution

Assessment 1

1. If the voltage in a conductor is 50 Volts, and the amperage is 10 Amps, what is the resistance that is
being supplied to the conductor?
2. Find the current I through a resistor of resistance R = 2 Ω if the voltage across the resistor is 6 V.
3. In the circuit below resistors R1 and R2 are in series and have resistances of 5 Ω and 10 Ω,
respectively. The voltage across resistor R1 is equal to 4 V. Find the current passing through
resistor R2 and the voltage across the same resistor.

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 No
con
ties
ser
lab
What is It? file
she
Tiny electrons, which orbit the nucleus of atoms, are the basic carriers of all electric
charges in the universe. When an atom has the same number of positively charged protons in the
nucleus as negatively charged electrons orbiting it, their respective electrical charges cancel each 
other out and the atom is called neutral. If we change these neutral atoms by adding (or removing) an 
electron, the system becomes electrically charged. Adding an electron to a neutral system makes the
system negatively charged, while removing an electron makes it positively charged. 

If a positively charged system is attached to a negatively charged system (using a wire or other
metal object), the extra electrons in the negative system will flow to the positive system. This flow of
electrons creates what is called current (I) in the wire. Current is measured in Amperes, which is the
same as 6.25 x 1018 electrons/second, and the direction of the current flow is traditionally in the
opposite direction of the actual electron flow i.e. current flows from positive to negative.

The amount of current produced between two connected, oppositely charged systems depends
on two things: Voltage (V) and Resistance (R). Voltage or ”electric potential” is the energy per electron
of the system and is related to the difference in charge between the positive and the negative side of
the system. Voltage or potential is measured in volts, which is the same as joules/coulomb.

As the electrons move through an object, they tend to collide with atoms and other electrons.
The energy from these collisions is given off in the form of heat, and the amount of heat generated
depends on the resistance of the material the current is flowing through. Resistance is measured in
Ohms (Ω) and tells us how much the material blocks the movement of the electrons. When designing
an electrical circuit, devices which have a high resistance can be placed in the path of moving
electrons in order to reduce the electron flow (current). These devices are simply called resistors.

Figure 1. a) This is a series resistor circuit. b) This is a parallel resistor circuit.

We can see that when voltage increases, the amount of current also increases, and when resistance
increases, the amount of current decreases. These ideas are express by Ohm’s Law:

V = IR or R = V / I (Equation 1)

where I is the amount of current, V is the voltage, and R is the resistance of the material.
Resistors and other electrical devices are generally arranged two different ways to form a cir-
cuit for electrons to flow through. Series circuits have all of the devices arranged so that the electrons
must travel through each device. See Figure 1a. Parallel circuits generally have two or more different
paths for the electrons to travel through the resistors and devices. See Figure 1b.
Series Circuits: When resistors are placed in series with each other, the current flow through each
resistor is the same:

ITotal = I1 = I2 = . . . (Equation 2)

To get the total resistance of the circuit you can just add up the resistance of each resistor:

R Total = R1 + R2 + R3 + . . . Series resistors (Equation 3)

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 The total voltage of the circuit can also be found by adding up the voltage across each individual
resistor. However the voltage across each resistor is different, and must be calculated using Ohm’s Law
(Equation 1). For example V2 = I R2.

Parallel Circuits: The rules governing parallel circuits are a bit different than for series circuits. When
resistors are placed in parallel with each other, the voltage across each resistor is the same:

VTotal = V1= V2 = . . . (9.4) (Equation 4)

To get the inverse of the total resistance of the circuit you must add up the inverse of the resistance of
each resistor:

Parallel resistors (Equation 5)

Schematic Diagram of the Circuit Box

The total current of the circuit can be found by simply adding up the current across each
individual resistor. However, the current through each resistor is different, and must be calculated using
Ohm’s Law (Equation 1):

(Equation 6)

Circuits can contain resistors in both parallel and series arrangements. In these cases, one
applies the series or parallel formula to reduced the problem step by step.

What’s More?

Here are some enrichment activities for you to work on to master and strengthen the
basic concepts you have learned from this lesson.

Enrichment Activity 1: Ohm’s Law and Resistance Exploratory

1. Go to http://phet.colorado.edu/web-pages/index.html (or use the Exploratory Webpage link on the

Unit 12 webpage.)
2. Click on the “Play with sims...” button.
3. Click on the “Physics” link in the left frame of the page.
4. In the right frame, scroll down to find the “Ohm’s Law” application and select it. You may select the
“Run Now!” option.
5. Set the “Resistance” to 500 Ω. Set the “Voltage” to 4.0 V.
6. Only vary one quantity at a time. Make a table showing voltage, resistance, and current for different
values of voltage.

Guide Questions:
Q1. As voltage goes up, what happens to current?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________.

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Q2. As voltage goes down, what happens to current?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________.

Q3. Which variable is the control in this experiment?

___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________.

7. Vary the values of resistance while holding voltage constant at 4.0 V. Make a table showing voltage,
resistance, and current for different values of resistance.
Q4. As resistance goes up, what happens to current?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________.
Q5. As resistance goes down, what happens to current?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________.
Q6. Which variable is the control in this experiment?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________.
8. Now open the “Resistance” in a “Wire” application.
9. Design three experiments. Vary only one measurement at a time. Draw three tables showing re-
sistance, resistivity, length, and area. Each table should show the effect of varying one of the variables
while keeping the others constant. •
Q7. How is resistance affected by resistivity, length, and area?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________.
10. Open the “Signal Circuit” application.
11. Close the “Switch.”
Q8. Describe how the electrons move in the circuit when the switch is closed. Does the electrical signal
move rapidly?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________.

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Enrichment Activity 2: Series Circuit Exploratory

1. Go to http://phet.colorado.edu/web-pages/index.html.
2. Click on the “Play with sims...” button.

3. Click on the “Physics” link in the left frame of the page.

4. In the right frame, scroll down to find the Circuit Construction Kit (DC Only), and select it. You can
then select “Run Now!”

5. Begin by clicking on a “Battery” and dragging it into the blue working space.
6. Click on the “Wire.” Drag it onto the working space. Link one side of it to the battery.
7. Click on another “Wire.” Drag it onto the other side of the battery. Your working space should now
look like this:

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8. Now add three resistors “in series.” Do this by dragging a resistor to the end of the wire. Connect a piece of wire
to its new end. Repeat twice more.

Current should start flowing through the circuit. The blue spheres represent electrons flowing. Actual
electrons do not flow in this orderly of a pattern; the simulation is showing a simplified model.

9. To draw good conclusions, you need to change the resistance values so that they are not all the
same. Do this by right clicking on each resistor. Select “Change Resistance.”

You may use either the slider bar or type in a different value. Each of your resistors must have a
different value.

10. Make a chart to record your data. You should have rows for each of the resistors and the
total circuit. You should also have columns to show the voltage, current, and resistance. Rec-
ord all of the resistance values that you selected. Leave the total resistance empty; you will cal-
culate this later.
11. Measure the voltage across each resistor by using the voltmeter. Click on the “Voltmeter”
button on the right and the meter should appear.

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To measure the voltage across a resistor, place the red lead on one side and the black lead on
the other.

12. After measuring the voltage across each resistor, measure the total voltage of the circuit. Do this by
placing the leads across the battery.

13. Now measure the current going into each resister. Do this by selecting the “Non-Contact Ammeter.”
Drag the non-contact ammeter over the wire before and after a resistor to measure the current. To
measure the total current in the circuit, place the non-contact ammeter next to the battery.

Calculate the value of the total resistance using Ohm’s law with the total voltage and total current you
measured.

Q9. What difference do you notice between the current before and after a resistor?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Q10. How are the voltages across the resistors related to the total voltage?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Q11. How are the currents through resistors related to each other and the total current?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Q12. How is the total resistance related to the individual resistance values?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

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Sample problem on series circuit:

Given the following series circuit, find:

a) the total resistance d) the voltage across each resistor

b) the total current e) the total power
c) the current through each resistor f) the power dissipated by each resistor

Strategy: This is a series circuit. All the current goes through each of the resistors. First calculate the
total resistance. Then, using Ohm’s law, calculate the total current. You can also use Ohm’s law to calcu-
late the voltage across each resistor. Then, using the equation for power, calculate the total power and
the power through each resistor.

Given: Solution:
V = 24 V a) Total Resistance b) Total Current
R1 = 3Ω RT = R1 + R2 + R3 VT = IT RT
R2 = 5Ω RT = 3Ω + 5Ω + 4Ω IT = VT / RT
R3 = 4Ω RT = 12Ω IT = 24V / 12Ω
IT = 24 V / 12 V/A
IT = 2A
c) You know that the total current is 2 A. In a series circuit, IT = I1 = I2 = I3 , so the current through each
resistor is 2 A.

It is helpful to place this information in the diagram. When you do your dimensional analysis, recall:
 Current (I) is measured in amps (A), which are equivalent to coulombs per second (C/s).
 Voltage (V) is measured in volts (V), which are equivalent to joules per coulomb (J/C).
 Resistance (R) is measured in ohms (Ω), which are equivalent to volts per amp (V/A).
 Power (P) is measured in watts (W), which are equivalent to joules per second (J/s).

d) Once you know two of the four variables (V, I, P, R), you can find the other two variables. In this case,
you know I and R and can find the voltage using Ohm’s law for each resistor.

V₁ = I₁R₁ V2 = I2 R2 V3 = I3R3
V₁ = (2A) (3Ω) V2 = (2A) (5Ω) V3 = (2A) (4Ω)
V₁ = 6 V V2 = 10V V2 = 8V
Notice the sum of the voltage drops:
6V + 10V + 8V = 24V
This is the voltage supplied by the battery.

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e) You can now find the total power.

PT = VTIT
PT = (24V) (2A)
PT = 48 W

f) P1 = V1IV1 P2 = V2I2 P2 = V3I3

P1= (6V)(2A) P2 = (10V)(2A) P2= (8A)(2A)
P1 = 12W P2 = 20W P2 = 16W

Notice the sum of the power in the resistors:

12W + 20W + 16W = 48W

That is the power supplied by the battery. It is often useful to draw the circuit diagram and to place
the values you calculate directly on the diagram to help keep track of all the variables.

Assessment 2;
1. In the circuit below, three resistors receive the same amount of current (4 amps) from a single source.
Calculate the amount of voltage “dropped” by each resistor, as well as the amount of power dissipated by
each resistor:

2. Complete the table of values for this circuit:

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Enrichment Activity 3: Parallel Circuit Exploratory

1. Go to http://phet.colorado.edu/web-pages/index.html.
2. Click on the “Play with sims...” button.
3. Click on the “Physics” link in the left frame of the page.
4. In the right frame, scroll down to find the Circuit Construction Kit (DC Only) and select it. You may
select “Run Now!”
5. Begin by clicking on a “Battery” and dragging it into the blue working space.
6. Now click on the “Wire.” Drag it onto the working space. Link one side of it to the battery.
7. Now click on another “Wire.” Drag it onto the other side of the battery. It should now look like this:

8. When you add the resistors, make sure to add an extra segment of wire as shown below. This is
needed so that you can measure the current through each resistor.

9. Add all three resistors “in parallel.” Do this by dragging a resistor to the end of the wire. Connect a
piece of wire to its new end.

Current should start flowing through the circuit. Remember that real electrons do not move as simply as
shown, but this model helps us focus on the most important parts of the circuit.

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10. As you did in the series circuit exploratory, change the value of each resistor so that none are the
same. Begin by right clicking on a “Resistor.”

11. After selecting “Change Resistance,” select a value using either the slide bar or the text box.

12. You need to make a chart to record your data. You should have rows for each of the resistors and
the total circuit. You should also have columns to show the voltage, current, and resistance. Record all
of the resistance values that you selected. Leave the total resistance empty; you will calculate this later.
13. Measure the voltage across each resistor by using the voltmeter. Click on the “Voltmeter” button on
the right and the meter should appear. To measure the voltage across a resistor, place the red lead on
one side and the black lead on the other.

14. Now measure the total voltage of the circuit. Do this by placing the leads across the battery.
15. Select the “Non-Contact Ammeter” and measure the current through each resistor and the total
current. If “Non-Contact Ammeter” is not available use the ammeter beside voltmeter.

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Fill in the current values in your chart for the current through each resistor.
The total current can be found by placing the “non-contact” ammeter over the wire right next to the bat-
tery. Complete your data table by using Ohm’s law to find the total resistance.
Q12. How are the voltages across the resistors related to the total voltage?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________.
Q13. How are the currents through resistors related to each other and the total current?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________.
Q14. How is the total resistance related to the individual resistance values? You might not see the
mathematical relationship, so you can also describe the total resistance as larger, the same, or smaller
than the individual resistances.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________.

Sample problem on series circuit:

Given the following parallel circuit, find:

a) the current through each resistor
b) the total current
c) the total power
d) the power in each resistor
e) the total resistance
Strategy: This is a parallel circuit. The current follows different paths to each resistor. In a parallel cir-
cuit, the voltage drops across each resistor are equal. In this case, the voltage of each resistor equals
24 V.
VT= V1 = V2 = V3 = 24 V
You can put this information in the diagram immediately.
Once you know two of the four variables (V, I, P, R), you can find the other two variables. In this case,
you know V and R. You can find the current using Ohm’s law for each resistor.
Solution:
a) V = IR I=V/R
I₁ = V₁ / R₁ I2 = V2 / R2 I3 = V3 / R3
I₁ = 24V / 8Ω I2 = 24V / 6Ω I3 = 24V / 12Ω
I₁ = 3A I2 = 4A I3 = 2A
b) You can find the total current by adding the currents through each resistor. If the resistors have
currents of 3 A, 4 A, and 2 A, then the total current must be equal to 3A + 4A + 2A = 9A.

15
c) Use the power equation to calculate the power once you know the current.

PT = VTIT
PT = (24V( (9A)
PT = 216W

d) P₁ = V₁ I₁ P2 = V2 I2 P3 = V3 I3
P₁ = (24V)(3A) P2 = (24V)(4A) P3 = (24V)(2A)
P₁ = 72W P2 = 96W P3 = 48W

Notice the sum of the power in the resistors: 72W + 96W + 48W = 216W. That is the power supplied by
the battery.

e) You can find the total resistance of the circuit easily by using Ohm’s law for the entire circuit

VT = ITRT
RT = VT / IT
RT = 24V/ 9A
RT = 2.67 Ω (or about 3.0Ω )
You can also find the total resistance by adding the individual resistors in parallel. Notice that in this
equation, you are dealing with fractions.

1 / RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2+ 1/R3

1 / RT = 1/8Ω + 1/6Ω+ 1/12Ω get the LCD

1 = 3+4+2 = 9
RT 24Ω 24
1 = 9__
RT 24Ω
1 (24Ω) = RT (9)
9 9
RT = 24 / 9 = 2.67 Ω (or about 3.0Ω )

always true and agrees with the simpler method above, as it must. You can keep track of all values you
calculate on a circuit diagram.

16
Assessment 3:

1. In the circuit below, three resistors receive the same amount of voltage (24 volts) from a single
source. Calculate the amount of current “drawn” by each resistor, as well as the amount of power
dissipated by each resistor:

2. Complete the table of values for this circuit:

10 kΩ 3.3 kΩ

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 What I have Learned?

Directions: Summarize what you have learned from the lesson and activities by completing the
sentences using the word/s from the box. You can use some word/s more than once. Use a separate
sheet of paper for your answers.

Parallel Current Equal Ohm’s Law

Resistance Light Sum Total applied

Reciprocal Function Potential difference

1. ___________ states that, in an electrical circuit, the 2. _______passing through most materials
is directly proportional to the 3. ___________________ applied across them.
Components in an electrical circuit are in 4. ________ when they are connected one after the oth-
er, so that the same 5. _________ flows through both of them. The current flowing through every series
component is 6. _______. The total resistance (RT ) is equal to the sum of all of the 7. _________ (i.e.,
R₁ + R2 + R3 ). The sum of all of the voltage drops (VR₁ + VR2 + VR3) is equal to the 8. ___________
voltage (VT ).
Components are in 9. __________ when they are in alternate branches of a circuit. The voltage
across every parallel 10. ___________ is equal. The total resistance (RT ) is equal to the reciprocal of
the sum of the 11. _________. The 12. _____ of all of the currents in each branch (IR₁ + IR2 + IR3) is
equal to the total current (IT).
Series and parallel circuits 13. _______ differently. You may have noticed the differences in elec-
trical circuits you use. When using some decorative holiday 14. _______ circuits, if one lamp burns out,
the whole string of lamps goes off. These lamps are in 15. __________. When a light bulb burns out in
your house, the other lights stay on. Household wiring is normally in 16. __________.

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 Lesson 2: Network Theorem

What’s New?

Welcome to Lesson 2! In this lesson, students will enumerate the different types of Network
Theorem . Electric circuit theorems are always beneficial to help find voltage and currents in multi-loop
circuits. These theorems use fundamental rules or formulas and basic equations of mathematics to
analyze basic components of electrical or electronics parameters such as voltages, currents,
resistance, and so on. These fundamental theorems include the basic theorems like Superposition
theorem, Tellegen’s theorem, Norton’s theorem, Maximum power transfer theorem, and Thevenin’s
theorems. Another group of network theorems that are mostly used in the circuit analysis process
includes the Compensation theorem, Substitution theorem, Reciprocity theorem, Millman’s theorem,
and Miller’s theorem.
Q15. Enumerate the six fundamental network theorems.
Q16. Give the four group of network theorems that are mostly used in the circuit analysis.
Q17. What are the benefits of knowing electric circuit theorems/

What’s Is It?

Superposition Theorem
The Superposition theorem is a way to determine the currents and voltages present in a circuit
that has multiple sources (considering one source at a time). The superposition theorem states that in a
linear network having a number of voltage or current sources and resistances, the current through any
branch of the network is the algebraic sum of the currents due to each of the sources when acting
independently.

Figure 1. Super Position Theorem

Superposition theorem is used only in linear networks. This theorem is used in both AC and DC
circuits wherein it helps to construct Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuit.
In the above figure, the circuit with two voltage sources is divided into two individual circuits
according to this theorem’s statement. The individual circuits here make the whole circuit look simpler in
easier ways. And, by combining these two circuits again after individual simplification, one can easily
find parameters like voltage drop at each resistance, node voltages, currents, etc.

Thevenin’s Theorem
Statement: A linear network consisting
of a number of voltage sources and resistanc-
es can be replaced by an equivalent network
having a single voltage source called
Thevenin’s voltage (Vthv) and a single re-
sistance called (Rthv).

Figure 2. Thevenin’s Theorem

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 Figure 2 explains how this theorem is applicable for circuit analysis. Thevinens voltage is
calculated by the given formula between the terminals A and B by breaking the loop at the terminals A
and B. Also, Thevinens resistance or equivalent resistance is calculated by shorting voltage sources
and open circuiting current sources as shown in the figure.
This theorem can be applied to both linear and bilateral networks. It is mainly used for
measuring the resistance with a Wheatstone bridge.

Norton’s Theorem
This theorem states that any linear circuit containing several energy sources and resistances
can be replaced by a single constant current generator in parallel with a single resistor.

Figure 3. Norton’s Theorem

This is also the same as that of the Thevinens theorem, in which we find Thevinens equivalent
voltage and resistance values, but here current equivalent values are determined. The process of find-
ing these values is shown as given in the example within the above figure.

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

This theorem explains the condition for the maximum power transfer to load under various circuit
conditions. The theorem states that the power transfer by a source to a load is maximum in a network
when the load resistance is equal to the internal resistance of the source. For AC circuits load
impedance should match with the source impedance for maximum power transfer even if the load is
operating at different power factors.

Figure 4. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

For instance, the above figure depicts a circuit diagram wherein a circuit is simplified up to a
level of source with internal resistance using Thevenin’s theorem. The power transfer will be maximum
when this Thevinens resistance is equal to the load resistance. The Practical application of this theorem
includes an audio system wherein the resistance of the speaker must be matched to the audio power
amplifier to obtain maximum output.

Reciprocity Theorem
Reciprocity theorem helps to find the other corresponding solution even without further work,
once the circuit is analyzed for one solution. The theorem states that in a linear passive bilateral
network, the excitation source and its corresponding response can be interchanged.

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 In figure 5, the current in the R3 branch is I3 with a single source Vs. If this source is replaced to
the R3 branch and shorting the source at the original location, then the current flowing from the original
location I1is the same as that of I3. This is how we can find corresponding solutions for the circuit once
the circuit is analyzed with one solution.

Compensation Theorem

Figure 6. Compensation Theorem

In any bilateral active network, if the amount of impedance is changed from the original value to
some other value carrying a current of I, then the resulting changes that occur in other branches are
same as those that would have been caused by the injection voltage source in the modified branch with
a negative sign, i.e., minus of voltage current and changed impedance product. The four figures given
above show how this compensation theorem is applicable in analyzing the circuits.

Millman’s Theorem

Figure 7. Millman’s Theorem

This theorem states that when any number of voltage sources with finite internal resistance is
operating in parallel can be replaced with a single voltage source with series equivalent impedance.
The Equivalent voltage for these parallel sources with internal sources in Millman’s theorem is cal-
culated by the below-given formula, which is shown in the above figure.

In Millman’s Theorem, the circuit is re-drawn as a parallel network of branches, each branch
containing a resistor or series battery/resistor combination. Millman’s Theorem is applicable only to
those circuits which can be redrawn accordingly. Here again, is our example circuit used for the last two
analysis methods:

And here is that same circuit, re-drawn for the sake of applying Millman’s Theorem:

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 And here is that same circuit, re-drawn for the sake of applying Millman’s Theorem:

By considering the supply voltage within each branch and the resistance within each branch,
Millman’s Theorem will tell us the voltage across all branches. Please note that I’ve labeled the battery
in the rightmost branch as “B3” to clearly denote it as being in the third branch, even though there is no
“B2” in the circuit!

Millman’s Theorem Equation

Millman’s Theorem is nothing more than a long equation, applied to any circuit drawn as a set of
parallel-connected branches, each branch with its own voltage source and series resistance:

Substituting actual voltage and resistance figures from our example circuit for the variable terms of this
equation, we get the following expression:

The final answer of 8 volts is the voltage seen across all parallel branches, like this:

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 The polarity of all voltages in Millman’s Theorem is referenced to the same point. In the example
circuit above, I used the bottom wire of the parallel circuit as my reference point, and so the voltages
within each branch (28 for the R1 branch, 0 for the R2 branch, and 7 for the R3 branch) were inserted
into the equation as positive numbers. Likewise, when the answer came out to 8 volts (positive), this
meant that the top wire of the circuit was positive with respect to the bottom wire (the original point of
reference). If both batteries had been connected backward (negative end up and positive ends down),
the voltage for branch 1 would have been entered into the equation as -28 volts, the voltage for branch 3
as -7 volts, and the resulting answer of -8 volts would have told us that the top wire was negative with
respect to the bottom wire (our initial point of reference).

Solving for Resistor Voltage Drops

To solve for resistor voltage drops, the Millman voltage (across the parallel network) must be
compared against the voltage source within each branch, using the principle of voltages adding in series
to determine the magnitude and polarity of the voltage across each resistor:

Solving for Branch Currents

To solve for branch currents, each resistor voltage drop can be divided by its respective re-
sistance (I=E/R):

Determining the Direction of Current

The direction of current through each resistor is determined by the polarity across each resis-
tor, not by the polarity across each battery, as the current can be forced back through a battery, as is the
case with B3 in the example circuit. This is important to keep in mind since Millman’s Theorem doesn’t
provide as direct an indication of “wrong” current direction as does the Branch Current or Mesh Current
methods. You must pay close attention to the polarities of resistor voltage drops as given by Kirchhoff’s
Voltage Law, determining the direction of currents from that.

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 Millman’s Theorem is very convenient for determining the voltage across a set of parallel
branches, where there are enough voltage sources present to preclude solution via regular series-parallel
reduction method. It also is easy in the sense that it doesn’t require the use of simultaneous equations.
However, it is limited in that it only applied to circuits which can be re-drawn to fit this form. It cannot be
used, for example, to solve an unbalanced bridge circuit. And, even in cases where Millman’s Theorem
can be applied, the solution of individual resistor voltage drops can be a bit daunting to some, the
Millman’s Theorem equation only providing a single figure for branch voltage.
As you will see, each network analysis method has its own advantages and disadvantages. Each
method is a tool, and there is no tool that is perfect for all jobs. The skilled technician, however, carries
these methods in his or her mind like a mechanic carries a set of tools in his or her toolbox. The more
tools you have equipped yourself with, the better prepared you will be for any eventuality.

Tellegen’s theorem

Figure 8. Tellegen’s Theorem

This theorem is applicable for circuits with a linear or nonlinear, passive, or active and hysteric or
non-hysteric networks. It states that the summation of instantaneous power in the circuit with n number of
branches is zero.

Substitution Theorem
This theorem states that any branch in a network can be substituted by a different branch without
disturbing the currents and voltages in the whole network provided the new branch has the same set of
terminal voltages and current as of the original branch. The substitution theorem can be used in both line-
ar and nonlinear circuits.

Miller’s Theorem

Figure 9. Miller’s Theorem

This theorem states that in a linear circuit if a branch exists with impedance Z connected between
two nodes with nodal voltages, this branch can be replaced by two branches connecting the
corresponding nodes to the ground by two impedances. The application of this theorem is not only an
effective tool for creating an equivalent circuit but also a tool for designing modified additional electronic
circuits by impedance.
These are all basic network theorems used widely in the electrical or electronic circuit analysis. We
hope that you might have got some basic ideas about all these theorems.

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 What’s More?

Here are some enrichment activities for you to work on to master and strengthen the
basic concepts you have learned from this lesson.

Enrichment Activity 1: Let’s Do the Network!

Directions: Identify what Network Theorem is being illustrated in the figure.
1. 2.

3. 4.

5.

Enrichment Activity 2: Tell me what I State!

Directions: Give a short description of the network theorems in enrichment activity 1 and tell
where or how it used in electric circuits.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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 What I have Learned?

Directions: Summarize what you have learned from the lesson and activities by completing the sen-
tences using the word/s from the box. You can use some word/s more than once. Use a separate sheet of
paper for your answers.

Ground Thevenin’s voltage Equivalent Linear network

Two nodes Independently Algebraic Linear
Miller’s Superposition Voltages Mathematics
Terminal Current Substitution Branches
Whole Summation Tellegen’s Impedance
Single Parallel Number Millman’s
Generator Flowing Zero Replace
Energy Compensation Interchange Bilateral
Norton’s Reciprocity Internal Maximum
Maximum power transfer Rthv Power Theorems

Electric circuit 1. _________ are always beneficial to help find voltage and 2. _______ in multi-loop
circuits. These theorems use fundamental rules or formulas and basic equations of 3. ______________ to
analyze basic components of electrical or electronics parameters such as 4. _________, currents,
resistance, and so on.
The 5. ____________ theorem states that in a 6. ________ network having a number of voltage or
current sources and resistances, the current through any branch of the network is the 7. __________ sum
of the currents due to each of the sources when acting 8. ________________.
A 9. _____________ consisting of a number of voltage sources and resistances can be replaced
by an 10. _____________ network having a single voltage source called 11. ______________ (Vthv) and
a single resistance called (12. ____).
13. ___________ theorem states that any linear circuit containing several 14. _________ sources
and resistances can be replaced by a single constant current 15. _________ in parallel with a 16. ______
resistor.
17. ______________________ theorem states that the 18. _________ transfer by a source to a
load is 19. _____________ in a network when the load resistance is equal to the 20. ______________
resistance of the source.
21. _____________ theorem states that in a linear passive 22. __________ network, the excitation
source and its corresponding response can be 23. ______________.
24. ________________ theorem states that any resistance in a network may be 25. _________
by a voltage source that has 26. _______ internal resistance and a voltage equal to the voltage drop
across the replace resistance due to the current which was 27. ___________ through it.
28. __________ theorem states that when any 29. ________ of voltage sources with finite internal
resistance is operating in 30. __________ can be replaced with a single voltage source with series
equivalent 31. ______________.
32. __________ states that the 33. ____________ of instantaneous power in the circuit with n
number of 34. _________ is zero.
35. _____________ theorem states that any branch in a network can be substituted by a different
branch without disturbing the currents and voltages in the 36. ________ network provided the new branch
has the same set of 37. _________ voltages and current as of the original branch.
38. _______ theorem states that in a linear circuit if a branch exists with impedance Z connected
between 39. ___________ with nodal voltages, this branch can be replaced by two branches connecting
the corresponding nodes to the 40. ___________ by two impedances.

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 What I Can Do?

After knowing the different network theorems, select one network theorem give its practical
application.

Assessment

Directions: Read each item carefully. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers. Write only the
letter of the best answer for each question.
1. How is the charge flow out of the battery (and back into it) affected by adding more bulbs in series?

A) Charge flow or current decreases as total resistance increases

B) Charge flow or current increases as total resistance increases

C) Charge flow or current is the same as total resistance increases

D) Charge flow or current stop as total resistance increases

2. Determine the total voltage (electric potential) of the circuit below.

5 6 8

A) 11V B) 13V C) 14V D) 19V

3. Determine the equivalent (total) resistance of the circuit below.

5Ω 7Ω 9Ω

A) 2.0Ω B) 2.2Ω C) 2.4Ω D) 2.6Ω

4. Determine the equivalent (total) resistance of the circuit below.
6Ω

8Ω
9Ω

A) 14Ω B) 15Ω C) 17Ω D) 23Ω

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7. Fill out the table for the circuit diagramed at the right. (Show your solution)

Circuit Voltage Current Resistance

Position (V) (A) (Ω)
1 5
2 10
3 15
Total 12

8. Fill out the table for the circuit diagramed at the right. (Show your solution)

Circuit Voltage Current Resistance

Position (V) (A) (Ω)
1 5
2 10
3 15
Total 12

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 Additional Activity

Direction: Solve the following

1. Given the following series circuit, find:

a) the total resistance d) the voltage across each resistor

b) the total current e) the total power

c) the current through each resistor f) the power dissipated by each resistor

12

2. Given the following series circuit, find:

a) the total resistance d) the voltage across each resistor

b) the total current e) the total power

c) the current through each resistor

12

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 References
N. (2018). Network Theorems. Retrieved September 27, 2020, from https://catalogue.pearsoned.ca/
assets/hip/us/hip_us_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/0133923606.pdf

N. (2019, December 12). Basic Electrical Theory: Ohms Law, Current, Circuits & More. Retrieved Novem-
ber 03, 2020, from https://library.automationdirect.com/basic-electrical-theory/

N. (1998). Module P4.1 DC Circuits and currents. Retrieved September 27, 2020, from http://
www.cse.salford.ac.uk/physics/gsmcdonald/pp/PPLATOResources/h-flap/p4_1t.pdf

FRANCISCO C. DACOCO
Master Teacher 1

Dagupan City National High School

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