Chapter 5 | Flow Fluid
(10.5 𝑥 0.03)
=
(3.15 𝑥 10−6 )
= 100,000 100 𝑥 103 (𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤)
Take values e/d = 0.005 follow curve where Re = 100 x 103 is; The answer is f = 0.032
Find Re:
𝑣𝑑
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜗
(1.05 𝑥 0.03)
=
(3.15 𝑥 10−6 )
= 10,000 10 𝑥 103 (𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤)
Take values e/d = 0.005 follow curve where Re = 10 x 103 is; The answer is f = 0.036
5.5 Flows through Pipes in Series
When pipes of different diameters are connected end to end to form a pipeline, they are said to be
in series. The total loss of energy (or head) will be the sum of the losses in each pipe plus local
losses at connections. Pipe in series or compound pipes is defined as the pipes of different lengths
and different diameters connected end to end (in series) to form a pipeline as shown above. The
discharge passing through each pipe is same.
Figure 5.3: Flow through pipes in series
𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸𝟐
𝑨𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐
From the Bernoulli’s Theorem
𝑷𝑨 (𝒗𝑨 )𝟐 𝑷𝑩 (𝒗𝑩 )𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝑨 = + + 𝒁𝑩 + 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈
0 + 0 + 𝑍𝐴 = 0 + 0 + 𝑍𝐵 + 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
2
0.5(𝑣1 )2 4𝑓1 𝐿1 (𝑣1 )2 (𝑣1 − 𝑣2 ) 4𝑓2 𝐿2 (𝑣2 )2 (𝑣2 )2
𝑍𝐴 − 𝑍𝐵 = + + + +
2𝑔 2𝑔𝑑1 2𝑔 2𝑔𝑑2 2𝑔
Entrance Friction 1 Sudden Friction 2 Exit
enlargement
EXAMPLE 5.15
Find the rate of flow for the pipe that connected in series as below. Considered all the major and
minor losses.
5 - 12
Chapter 5 | Flow Fluid
Solution
Area:
𝜋
𝐴1 = (0.3)2 = 0.071 𝑚2
4
Bernoulli’s Equation:
𝑃𝐴 (𝑣𝐴 )2 𝑃𝐵 (𝑣𝐵 )2
+ + 𝑍𝐴 = + + 𝑍𝐵 + 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
𝑍1 − 𝑍2 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
0.5(𝑣1 )2 4𝑓𝐿(𝑣1 )2 (𝑣1 )2
50 − 46 = + +
2𝑔 2𝑔𝑑1 2𝑔
0.5(𝑣1 )2 4 𝑥 0.0052 𝑥 400 𝑥 (𝑣1 )2 (𝑣1 )2
= + +
(2 𝑥 9.81) (2 𝑥 9.81 𝑥 0.3) (2 𝑥 9.81)
4 = 0.025(𝑣1 )2 + 1.414(𝑣1 )2 + 0.051(𝑣1 )2
= 1.49(𝑣1 )2
4
𝑣1 = √
1.49
= 1.639 𝑚/𝑠
Rate of flow:
𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑥 𝑣1
= 0.071 𝑥 1.639
= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟔 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
EXAMPLE 5.16
A horizontal pipeline 40 m long is connected to a water tank at one end and discharge freely into
the atmosphere at the other end. For the first 25 m of its length from the tank the pipe is 150 mm
diameter and its diameter is suddenly enlarged to 300 mm. The height of water level in the tank is
8 m above the centre of the pipe. Considering all losses of head which occur, determine the rate of
flow. Take f = 0.01 for both sections of the pipe.
Solution
Area:
𝜋
𝐴1 = (0.15)2 = 0.018 𝑚2
4
𝜋
𝐴2 = (0.30)2 = 0.071 𝑚2
4
Velocity:
𝑄1 = 𝑄2
𝐴1 𝑥 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑥 𝑣2
0.018 𝑥 𝑣1 = 0.071 𝑥 𝑣2
0.071(𝑣2 )
𝑣1 =
0.018
= 3.944 (𝑣2 )
5 - 13
Chapter 5 | Flow Fluid
Bernoulli’s Equation:
𝑃𝐴 (𝑣𝐵 )2 𝑃𝐵 (𝑣𝐵 )2
+ + 𝑍𝐴 = + + 𝑍𝐵 + 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
𝑍𝐴 − 𝑍𝐵 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
0.5 (𝑣1 )2 4𝑓1 𝐿1 (𝑣1 )2 (𝑣1 − 𝑣2 )2 4𝑓2 𝐿2 (𝑣2 )2 (𝑣2 )2
𝐻= + + + +
2𝑔 2𝑔𝑑1 2𝑔 2𝑔𝑑2 2𝑔
0.5(3.944𝑣2 )2 4 𝑥 0.01 𝑥 25 𝑥 (3.944𝑣2 )2 (3.944𝑣2 − 𝑣2 )2
8= + +
(2 𝑥 9.81) (2 𝑥 9.81 𝑥 0.15) (2 𝑥 9.81)
4 𝑥 0.01 𝑥 15 𝑥 (𝑣2 )2 (𝑣2 )2
+
(2 𝑥 9.81 𝑥 0.3) (2 𝑥 9.81)
= 0.396(𝑣2 )2 + 5.285(𝑣2 )2 + 0.442(𝑣2 )2 + 0.102(𝑣2 )2 + 0.051(𝑣2 )2
= 6.276 (𝑣2 )2
8
𝑣2 = √
6.276
= 1.129 𝑚/𝑠
Rate of flow:
𝑄 = 𝐴2 𝑥 𝑣2
= 0.071 𝑥 1.129
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
EXAMPLE 5.17
A horizontal pipe of diameter 500 mm is suddenly contracted to a diameter of 250 mm. The
pressure intensities in the large and smaller pipe are given as 13.734 N/cm2 and 11.772 N/cm2
respectively. Find the loss of head due to contraction if Cc = 0.62, and also determine the rate of
flow of water.
Solution
Given; d1 = 500 mm - 0.50 m, d2 = 250 mm - 0.25 m, Cc = 0.62, P1 = 13.734 N/cm2 - 13.734 x 104 N/m2,
P2 = 11.772 N/cm2 - 11.772 x 104 N/m2
Area,
𝜋
𝐴1 = (0.50)2 = 0.196 𝑚2
4
𝜋
𝐴2 = (0.25)2 = 0.049 𝑚2
4
Velovity:
𝑄1 = 𝑄2
𝐴1 𝑥 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑥 𝑣2
0.196 𝑥 𝑣1 = 0.049 𝑥 𝑣2
0.049(𝑣2 )
𝑣1 =
0.196
= 0.25(𝑣2 )
1 2
(𝑣2 )2
ℎ𝐿 = [ −1] 𝑥
𝐶𝑐 2𝑔
2
1 (𝑣2 )2
ℎ𝐿 = [ − 1] 𝑥
0.62 (2 𝑥 9.81)
5 - 14
Chapter 5 | Flow Fluid
0.376(𝑣2 )2
=
(2 𝑥 9.81)
ℎ𝐿 = 0.019(𝑣2 )2
Bernoulli’s Equation:
𝑃1 (𝑣1 )2 𝑃2 (𝑣2 )2
+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2 + 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
(13.734 𝑥 104 ) (0.25𝑣2 )2 (11.772 𝑥 104 ) (𝑣2 )2
+ = + + 0.019(𝑣2 )2
(9.81 𝑥 1000) (2 𝑥 9.81) (9.81 𝑥 1000) (2 𝑥 9.81)
14 + (3.186 𝑥 10−3 )(𝑣2 )2 = 12 + 0.051(𝑣2 )2 + 0.019(𝑣2 )2
14 − 12 = 0.051(𝑣2 )2 + 0.019(𝑣2 )2 − (3.186 𝑥 10−3 )(𝑣2 )2
2 = 0.067(𝑣2 )2
2
𝑣2 = √
0.067
= 5.464 𝑚/𝑠
Loss of head due to contraction:
ℎ𝐿 = 0.019(𝑣2 )2
= 0.019 𝑥 (5.464)2
= 0.567 𝑚
Rate of flow of water:
𝑄 = 𝐴2 𝑥 𝑣2
= 0.049 𝑥 5.464
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟖 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
EXAMPLE 5.18
Two reservoirs conveying water between two pipes in series of lengths 300 m and 400 m and of
diameters 0.3 m and 0.4 mm, respectively. The difference of head between the two surface is 8 m.
The friction factor for two pipes is 0.02 and 0.015 respectively. Determine the flow rate.
Solution
Given; L1 = 300 m, L2 = 400 m, d1 = 0.3 m, d2 = 0.4 m, f1 = 0.02, f2 = 0.015, H = 8 m
Area:
𝜋
𝐴1 = (0.30)2 = 0.071 𝑚2
4
𝜋
𝐴2 = (0.40)2 = 0.126 𝑚2
4
Velocity:
𝑄1 = 𝑄2
𝐴1 𝑥 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑥 𝑣2
5 - 15
Chapter 5 | Flow Fluid
0.071 𝑥 𝑣1 = 0.126 𝑥 𝑣2
0.126(𝑣2 )
𝑣1 =
0.071
= 1.775 (𝑣2 )
Bernoulli’s Equation:
𝑃𝐴 (𝑣𝐵 )2 𝑃𝐵 (𝑣𝐵 )2
+ + 𝑍𝐴 = + + 𝑍𝐵 + 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
𝑍𝐴 − 𝑍𝐵 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
0.5 (𝑣1 )2 4𝑓1 𝐿1 (𝑣1 )2 (𝑣1 − 𝑣2 )2 4𝑓2 𝐿2 (𝑣2 )2 (𝑣2 )2
𝐻= + + + +
2𝑔 2𝑔𝑑1 2𝑔 2𝑔𝑑2 2𝑔
0.5(1.775𝑣2 )2 4 𝑥 0.02 𝑥 300 𝑥 (1.775𝑣2 )2 (1.775𝑣2 − 𝑣2 )2
8= + +
(2 𝑥 9.81) (2 𝑥 9.81 𝑥 0.3) (2 𝑥 9.81)
4 𝑥 0.015 𝑥 400 𝑥 (𝑣2 )2 (𝑣2 )2
+
(2 𝑥 9.81 𝑥 0.4) (2 𝑥 9.81)
= 0.08(𝑣2 )2 + 12.847(𝑣2 )2 + 0.031(𝑣2 )2 + 3.058(𝑣2 )2 + 0.051(𝑣2 )2
= 16.067 (𝑣2 )2
8
𝑣2 = √
16.067
= 0.706 𝑚/𝑠
Rate of flow:
𝑄 = 𝐴2 𝑥 𝑣2
= 0.126 𝑥 0.706
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟗 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
5.6 Flows through Pipes in Parallel
The discharge through the main is increased by connecting pipes in parallel. The rate of flow in
the main pipe is equal to the sum of rate of flow through branch pipes. Hence, from figure 5.4, we
have:
Figure 5.4: Flow Through Pipes In Paralel
𝑸𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑸𝟏 + 𝑸𝟐
In this, arrangement, the loss of head for each branch pipe is same. There for, loss of head for
branch pipe 1 = loss of head for branch pipe 2.
𝟒𝒇𝟏 𝑳𝟏 (𝒗𝟏 )𝟐 𝟒𝒇𝟐 𝑳𝟐 (𝒗𝟐 )𝟐
=
𝟐𝒈𝒅𝟏 𝟐𝒈𝒅𝟐
5 - 16
Chapter 5 | Flow Fluid
EXAMPLE 5.19
A main pipe divides into two parallel pipes which again forms one pipe. The length and diameter
for the first parallel pipe are 2000 m and 1.0 m respectively, while the length and diameter of 2 nd
parallel pipe are 2000 m and 0.8 m. Find the rate of flow in each parallel pipe, if total flow in the
main is 3.0 m3/s. The coefficient of friction for each parallel pipe is same and equal to 0.005.
Solution
Given; L1 = 2000 m, d1 = 1.0 m, L2 = 2000 m, d2 = 0.8 m, f1 = 0.005, f2 = 0.005, Q = 3.0 m3/s
4𝑓1 𝐿1 (𝑣1 )2 4𝑓2 𝐿2 (𝑣2 )2
=
2𝑔𝑑1 2𝑔𝑑2
2
4 𝑥 0.005 𝑥 2000 𝑥 (𝑣1 ) 4 𝑥 0.005 𝑥 2000 𝑥 (𝑣2 )2
=
(2 𝑥 9.81 𝑥 1.0) (2 𝑥 9.81 𝑥 0.8)
2.039(𝑣1 )2 = 2.548(𝑣2 )2
2.548(𝑣2 )2
𝑣1 = √
2.039
= 1.118(𝑣2 )
Area:
𝜋
𝐴1 = (1.0)2 = 0.785 𝑚2
4
𝜋
𝐴2 = (0.8)2 = 0.503 𝑚2
4
Discharge:
𝑸 = 𝑸𝟏 + 𝑸𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟎 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
𝑄1 = 𝐴1 𝑥 𝑣1
= 0.785 𝑥 1.118(𝑣2 )
= 0.878(𝑣2 )
𝑄2 = 𝐴2 𝑥 𝑣2
= 0.503 𝑥 𝑣2
= 0.503(𝑣2 )
𝑄 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2
3 = 0.878(𝑣2 ) + 0.503(𝑣2 )
= 1.381(𝑣2 )
3
𝑣2 =
1.381
= 2.172 𝑚/𝑠
𝑄1 = 0.878(𝑣2 )
= 0.878 𝑥 2.172
= 𝟏. 𝟗𝟎𝟕 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
5 - 17
Chapter 5 | Flow Fluid
𝑄2 = 0.503 𝑥 𝑣2
= 0.503 𝑥 2.172
= 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟑 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
EXAMPLE 5.20
Figure shows water flow from tank A to tank B through two parallel pipes. The length and
diameter of the pipes are given in table 1. Calculate the flow rate in each pipe. Given friction factor
= 0.005. Consider all head losses.
Solution
Area:
𝜋
𝐴1 = (0.1)2 = 7.854 𝑥 10−3 𝑚2
4
𝜋
𝐴2 = (0.15)2 = 0.018 𝑚2
4
Pipe 1:
𝑃𝐴 (𝑣𝐵 )2 𝑃𝐵 (𝑣𝐵 )2
+ + 𝑍𝐴 = + + 𝑍𝐵 + 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
𝑍𝐴 − 𝑍𝐵 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
0.5(𝑣1 )2 4𝑓𝐿(𝑣1 )2 (𝑣1 )2
𝐻= + +
2𝑔 2𝑔𝑑1 2𝑔
0.5(𝑣1 )2 4 𝑥 0.005 𝑥 200 𝑥 (𝑣1 )2 (𝑣1 )2
12 = + +
(2 𝑥 9.81) (2 𝑥 9.81 𝑥 0.1) (2 𝑥 9.81)
12 = 0.025(𝑣1 )2 + 2.039(𝑣1 )2 + 0.051(𝑣1 )2
= 2.115(𝑣1 )2
12
𝑣1 = √
2.115
= 2.382 𝑚/𝑠
Pipe 2:
0.5(𝑣2 )2 4𝑓𝐿(𝑣2 )2 (𝑣2 )2
𝐻= + +
2𝑔 2𝑔𝑑1 2𝑔
0.5(𝑣2 )2 4 𝑥 0.005 𝑥 200 𝑥 (𝑣2 )2 (𝑣2 )2
12 = + +
(2 𝑥 9.81) (2 𝑥 9.81 𝑥 0.15) (2 𝑥 9.81)
12 = 0.025(𝑣2 )2 + 1.359(𝑣2 )2 + 0.051(𝑣2 )2
= 1.435(𝑣2 )2
12
𝑣2 = √
1.435
= 2.892 𝑚/𝑠
Rate of flow:
𝑄1 = 𝐴1 𝑥 𝑣1
= (7.854 𝑥 10−3 ) 𝑥 2.382
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
𝑄2 = 𝐴2 𝑥 𝑣2
= 0.018 𝑥 2.892
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟐 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
5 - 18
