ROCKS
Rocks are made up of minerals
Types of Rocks
1. Sedimentary Rock
2. Igneous Rocks
3. Metamorphic Rocks
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
Sedimentary rocks-
These are rocks that formed
from sediments .
There are two types of Sedimentary Rocks:
CLASTIC and CHEMICAL ROCKS
CHEMICAL rocks
- are crystallized from
CLASTIC Rocks - are made up solution (Precipitate )
of broken pieces rocks and or formed from remains
shells which are cemented of plants and animals
together (Biogenic)
Look at these examples
CLASTIC Sedimentary Rocks
of sedimentary rocks! BRECCIA
MUDSTONE
CONGLOMERATE
These are Clastic
Sedimentary rocks
SANDSTONE
CHEMICAL Sedimentary Rocks
These are examples of
sedimentary rocks COAL ROCKSALT
which are either
precipitate or biogenic.
Chemical type of CHALK
sedimentary rocks
LIMESTONE
GYPSUM
These are the PROCESSES in the FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
What are
these
The processes are - processes?
• weathering and
erosion
• deposition
• compaction
• cementation
What is WEATHERING?
It is the breaking of rocks into smaller pieces at the Earth’s surface.
The materials or particles stay in the same area. It can be mechanical weathering,
chemical weathering, or caused by biological activities.
ROOTS OF PLANTS FREEZE-THAW
WATER WAVES
CARBONATION
HYDROLYSIS
EXFOLIATION
next process is EROSION
It is the process wearing rocks and the particles are
transported elsewhere by gravity, or by a moving transport
agent – wind, water and glacier.
wind water ice or glacier
Once the sediments were deposited, it will be compacted.
The weight on top of the sediments compacts them together
COMPACTION happens when sediments
are deeply buried, placing them under pressure
because of the weight of overlying layers. This
compacts the grains together more tightly.
Cementation
New minerals stick the grains together.
Ions are carried in groundwater chemically precipitating to form new
crystalline material between sedimentary grains. The minerals forms
"bridges" between original sediment grains, thereby binding them
together
LET ME DESCRIBE TO YOU THESE PROCESSES
IN THE FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
- Weathering is the breaking of rocks into
Weathering & Erosion smaller pieces at the Earth’s surface.
- When the particles are carried somewhere Thank you Mr. Stone
else, t is called erosion. for letting us know.
Deposition - Sediments are deposited, building layers of sediments.
- The weight of the overlaying rocks compacts the
Compaction sediments together.
- Minerals carried by water helps the sediments stick
Cementation together .
weathering and transport agents:
water, wind , ice
• Common sedimentary features: strata and fossils
• Strata (layer): greater than 1cm is called bedding and anything less is called
lamination;layering is the result of a change in grain size and
composition; each layer represents a distinct period of deposition.
• Fossils: remains and traces of plants and animals that are preserved in rocks
IGNEOUS
ROCKS
Igneous Rocks
rocks that are formed from the
solidification of molten rock
material (magma or lava).
INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS (plutonic igneous rocks)
-Molten rock material (magma) that solidify below the
surface of the earth.
EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS (volcanic igneous rocks)
- Molten rock material that comes out of the surface of the
Earth and solidify .
extrusive
intrusive
Extrusive rocks forms
What are extrusive igneous rock above the ground so it
and intrusive igneous rock? solidifies from lava that
cools quickly. These
rocks are fine grained.
Intrusive rocks form beneath the
ground. It solidifies from magma
which cools slowly. Often these
rocks are coarse grained
geology.com
§Minerals are formed during the crystallization of
the magma.
§Note that the rate of cooling is one of the most
important factors that control crystal size and the
texture of the rock in general.
What are examples of
extrusive igneous rocks?
What are examples of
intrusive igneous rocks?
DIORITE
Mr. Stone, what PROCESSES are involved
in THE FORMATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS?
The processes involved are MELTED rocks turns to
• MELTING and magma
• COOLING and when COOLED it
solidifies as igneous
rock
METAMORPHIC
ROCKS
Dora, meet the • METAMORPHIC rocks are formed
METAMORPHIC under the surface of the earth from
ROCKS family! the metamorphosis that occurs
due to intense heat and pressure.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
-form from the transformation of pre-existing rocks
(igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks).
§They are commonly formed underneath the earth
through the process of metamorphism.
§Metamorphism can involve changes in the physical
and chemical properties of rocks in response to heat,
pressure, and chemically active fluids.
What are the PROCESSES in the
FORMATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS?
The processes are -
• Regional metamorphism
( PRESSURE is the main cause )
• Contact metamorphism
( HEAT is the main cause )
Contact Metamorphism
•Heat as the main factor: occurs when a pre-existing
rocks get in contact with a heat source
(magma) .Occurs on a relatively small scale: around
the vicinity of intruding magma
• Creates non-foliated metamorphic rocks (e.g.
hornfels)
In CONTACT METAMORPHISM
the rock is heated by a
nearby hot magma
LIMESTONE
MARBLE
MAGMA
The textures are
Mr. Stone, what can you say
about these samples of
either foliated or
Metamorphic Rock ? non-foliated.
FOLIATED: zebra stripes that NON-FOLIATED: the rock is
are caused when mineral made up of one mineral so the
crystals look fused together
crystals line up.
.
Regional metamorphism
§ Pressure as main factor : occurs in areas that have undergone
deformation during orogenic event resulting in mountain belts
§ Occurs in a regional/large scale
§Creates foliated metamorphic rocks such as schist and gneiss
• Non-foliated rocks like marble also form thru regional
metamorphism, where pressure is not intense, far from the
main geologic event
REGIONAL METAMORPHISM usually occur on
REGIONAL METAMORPHISM: these plate boundaries :
is when the rock is squeezed
from pressure of the Converging plate
overlaying rock. boundary
Subduction Zone
These are metamorphic
rocks which are
FOLIATED
MARBLE
GNEISS
HORNFELS
THE ROCK CYCLE-a web of processes in which rocks are continuously transformed
between the three rock types.
