Introduction to Machine Learning
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Machine Learning
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Learning from Data
• Can we learn about the world around us using data?
• Model building from data
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• Take data as input
• Find patterns in the data
• Summarize the pattern in a mathematically precise way
• Machine learning automates this model building.
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The Challenge
• Data unfortunately contains noise. If not, machine learning
would be trivial!
• Think of Data = Information + Noise
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• The challenge is to identify the information content and
distill away the noise.
• To help do this, machine learning uses a train and test
approach.
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Over fitting Vs under fitting
• If the model we finish with ends up
• modeling the noise as well, we call it “over fitting” - bad
for prediction!
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• not modeling all the information, we call it “under fitting” -
bad for prediction!
• The hope is that the model that does the best on testing
data manages to capture/model all the information but leave
out all the noise.
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Machine Learning tasks
1. Supervised learning: Building a mathematical model using
data that contains both the inputs and the desired outputs
(ground truth).
• Examples:
• Determining if an image has a horse. The data would
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include images with and without the horse (the input),
and for each image we would have a label (the output)
indicating if there is a horse in that image.
• Determining is a client might default on a loan
• Determining if a call center employee is likely to quit
• Since we have desired outputs, model performance can
be evaluated by comparisons.
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Machine Learning Tasks
2. Unsupervised learning: Building a mathematical model
using data that contains only inputs and no desired outputs.
• Used to find structure in the data, like grouping or
clustering of data points. To discover patterns and group
the inputs into categories.
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• Example: an advertising platform segments the
population into smaller groups with similar demographics
and purchasing habits. Helping advertisers reach their
target market with relevant ads.
• Since no labels are provided, there is no specific way to
compare model performance in most unsupervised
learning methods.
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Tools and techniques
• Supervised learning
• Regression: desired output is a continuous number
• Classification: desired output is a category
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Unsupervised learning
• Clustering: Grouping data
• Dimensionality reduction: Compressing data
• Association rule learning: If X then Y
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