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Classification by State (Physical Classification)

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space, classified by its physical state (solids, liquids, gases, and plasma) and by its chemical composition (pure substances and mixtures). Solids have a definite shape and volume, liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of their container, gases have neither, and plasma is an ionized gas. Understanding these classifications aids in predicting the behavior of materials.

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8 views2 pages

Classification by State (Physical Classification)

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space, classified by its physical state (solids, liquids, gases, and plasma) and by its chemical composition (pure substances and mixtures). Solids have a definite shape and volume, liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of their container, gases have neither, and plasma is an ionized gas. Understanding these classifications aids in predicting the behavior of materials.

Uploaded by

Septy Sulistyaningrum
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space (has volume).

It's what everything around us, from the air


we breathe to the planet we live on, is made of. We can classify matter in a couple of main ways: by its state
and by its composition.

Classification by State (Physical Classification)

The most common way we see matter classified is by its physical state, which depends on how its particles are
arranged and how much energy they have.

 Solids:
o Have a definite shape and definite volume.
o Their particles are packed very closely together in fixed positions, vibrating slightly.
o Examples: a rock, ice, a table.
 Liquids:
o Have a definite volume but no definite shape (they take the shape of their container).
o Their particles are close together but can slide past each other.
o Examples: water, milk, oil.
 Gases:
o Have no definite shape and no definite volume (they expand to fill their container).
o Their particles are far apart and move randomly and quickly.
o Examples: air, oxygen, steam.
 Plasma (Fourth State of Matter):
o Often considered the fourth state.
o It's an ionized gas, meaning its atoms have lost or gained electrons, creating a mixture of ions
and electrons.
o Found in very high-energy environments like stars, lightning, and fluorescent lights.

Classification by Composition (Chemical Classification)

This method focuses on what matter is made of at a chemical level.

 Pure Substances:
o Have a fixed, uniform composition and consistent properties throughout.
o They cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical means.
o Elements:
 The simplest form of pure substances.
 Cannot be broken down into simpler chemical substances.
 Each element is made up of only one type of atom.
 Examples: Oxygen (O), Gold (Au), Carbon (C).
o Compounds:
 Pure substances made of two or more different elements chemically bonded together
in a fixed ratio.
 Can be broken down into simpler elements through chemical reactions.
 Their properties are different from the elements they are made of.
 Examples: Water (H₂O), Carbon Dioxide (CO₂), Table Salt (NaCl).
 Mixtures:
o Are physical combinations of two or more pure substances where each substance retains its
own chemical identity and properties.
o Their components can be separated by physical means (like filtration, evaporation, or
distillation).
o The proportions of the components can vary.
o Homogeneous Mixtures (Solutions):
 Have a uniform composition and appearance throughout.
 The components are evenly distributed, so you can't see the individual parts.
 Examples: Saltwater, air, sugar dissolved in water.
o Heterogeneous Mixtures:
 Have a non-uniform composition, and the different components are visibly separate.
 You can often see the distinct parts.
 Examples: Sand and water, oil and vinegar dressing, chocolate chip cookies.

Understanding how matter is classified helps scientists and students organise and predict the behaviour of
different materials in the world around us.

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