GK
Chapter 10 :-Light – Reflection Class 10th
Science
Topics in the Chapter
• Introduction
• Properties of Light
• Reflection
→ Laws of Reflection
→ Virtual and Real image
• Image formed by Plane mirror
→ Characteristics of image formed by Plane mirror
→ Lateral inversion and its application
• Spherical Mirrors
→ Properties of Concave mirror
→ Properties of Convex mirror
→ Common terms for Spherical mirrors
• Rules for making ray diagrams by spherical mirrors
• Ray diagrams for images formed by concave mirror
When object is at infinity
→ When object is beyond C
→ When object is at C
→ When object is placed between F and C
→ When object is placed at F
→ When object is between P and F
• Uses of Concave mirror
• Ray diagrams of images formed by convex mirror
→ When object is placed at infinity
→ When object is placed between pole and infinity
• Uses of convex mirror
• Sign convention for reflection by spherical mirror
• Mirror Formula
→ Magnification of Spherical mirrors
Introduction
→ Light is the form of energy that provides sensation of vision.
Some common phenomena associated with lights are:-
image formation by mirrors,
the twinkling of stars,
the beautiful colours of a rainbow,
bending of light by a medium and so on.
Properties of Light
→ Electromagnetic wave, so does not require any medium to
travel.
→ Light tends to travel in straight line.
→ Light has dual nature i.e. wave as well as particle.
→ Light casts shadow.
→ Speed of light is maximum in vaccum. Its value is 3 × 10 8 ms-
1
.
→ When light falls on a surface, following may happen:
(i) Reflection
(ii) Refraction
(iii) Absorption
Reflection
→ Bouncing back of light when it strikes on a polished
surface like mirror.
Laws of Reflection
(i) Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection
(i = r )
(ii) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at
the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
Virtual and Real image
Image is a point where at least two light rays actually meet or
appear to meet.
Real Image Virtual Image
Formed when light rays Formed when light rays
actually meet. appear to meet.
Can’t be obtained on
Can be obtained on screen. screen.
Inverted Erect
Example: image formed on Example: image formed by
cinema screen and formed by plane mirror or convex
concave mirror. mirror.
Image Formed by Plane Mirror
Characteristics of Image formed by Plane Mirror
(i) Virtual and erect.
(ii) Size of image is equal to the size of object.
(iii) Image is formed as far behind the mirror as the object is in
front of it.
(iv) Laterally inverted.
LATERAL INVERSION: The right side of the object appears left
side of the image and vice-versa.
Application of lateral inversion
Spherical Mirrors
→ Mirrors whose reflecting surface is curved.
→ There are two types of spherical mirrors:
(i) Convex Mirror
(ii) Concave Mirror
Properties of Concave mirror
Reflecting surface is curved inwards.
• Converging mirror
Properties of Convex mirror
• Reflecting surface is curved outwards.
• Diverging mirror
Important Terms Related to Spherical Mirror
Common terms for Spherical mirrors
→ Principal axis: The line joining the pole and center of
curvature.
→ Pole (P): The centre of the spherical mirror.
→ Aperture (MN): It is the effective diameter of the
spherical mirror.
→ Center of Curvature (C): The centre of the hollow
glass sphere of which the mirror was a part.
→ Radius of Curvature (R): The distance between the
pole and the centre of curvature.
→ Focus (F): The point on principal axis where all the
parallel light rays actually meet or appear to meet after
reflection.
→ Focal length (f): The distance between the pole and
the focus.
Rules for making ray diagrams by spherical mirror
(i) A ray parallel to the principal axis, after reflection, will
pass through the principal focus in case of a concave
mirror or appear to diverge from the principal focus in case
of a convex mirror.
(ii) A ray passing through the principal focus of a concave
mirror or a ray which is directed towards the principal
focus of a convex mirror, after reflection, will emerge
parallel to the principal axis.
(iii) A ray passing through the centre of curvature of a
concave mirror or directed in the direction of the centre of
curvature of a convex mirror, after reflection, is reflected
back along the same path.
(iv) A ray incident obliquely to the principal axis, towards a
point P (pole of the mirror), on the concave mirror or a
convex mirror, is reflected obliquely. The incident and
reflected rays follow the laws of reflection at the point of
incidence (point P), making equal angles with the principal
axis.
Ray diagrams for images formed by concave mirror
(i) When object is at infinity
Image Position − At ‘F’
Nature of image – Real, inverted
Size – Point sized or highly diminished
(ii) When object is beyond ‘C’
Image Position – Between ‘F’ and ‘C’
Nature of image – Real, inverted
Size – Diminished
(iii) When object is at ‘C’
Image Position – At ‘C’
Nature of image – Real, inverted
Size – Same size as that of object
iv) When object is placed between ‘F’ and ‘C’
Image Position – Beyond ‘C’
Nature of image– Real, inverted
Size – Enlarged
(v) When object is placed at ‘F’
Image Position – At Infinity
Nature of image – Real, inverted
Size – Highly enlarged
(vi) When object is between ‘P’ and ‘F’
Image Position – Behind the mirror
Nature of image – Virtual, erect
Size – Enlarged
Uses of Concave Mirror
(i) Used in torches, search lights and vehicles headlights to get
powerful parallel beam of light.
(ii) Concave mirrors are used by dentists to see large image of
teeth of patients. (Teeth have to be placed between pole and
focus).
(iii) Concave mirror is used as shaving mirror to see a larger
image of the face.
(iv) Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to
produce heat in solar furnace.
Ray diagrams of images formed by convex mirror
(i) When object is placed at infinity
Image Position − At ‘F’
Nature of image – Virtual, erect
Size – Point sized
(ii) When object is placed between pole and infinity
Image Position – Between ‘P’ and ‘F’
Nature of image– Virtual, erect
Size – Diminished
A full length image of a tall building/tree can be seen in a small
convex mirror.
Uses of Convex Mirror
(i) Convex mirrors are used as rear view mirrors in vehicles
because
→ they always give an erect though diminished image.
→ they have a wider field of view as they are curved
outwards.
(ii) Convex mirrors are used at blind turns and on points of
merging traffic to facilitate vision of both side traffic.
(iii) Used in shops as security mirror.
Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirror
(i) The object is placed to the left of the mirror.
(ii) All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured
from the pole of the mirror.
(iii) All distances measured in the direction of incident ray
(along + X-axis) are taken as positive and those measured
against the direction of incident ray (along – X-axis) are
taken as negative.
(iv) Distance measured perpendicular to and above the
principal axis are taken as positive.
(v) Distances measured perpendicular to and below the
principal axis are taken as negative.
Object distance = ‘u’ is always negative.
• Focal length of concave mirror = Negative
• Focal length of convex mirror = Positive
Mirror Formula
1/v + 1/u =
1/f
where, v = Image distance
u = Object distance
f = Focal length
Magnification of Spherical Mirrors
Magnification: It is defined as the ratio of height of image to the height
of the object. It is denoted by letter ‘m’.
⇒ m = hi/ho
Also, m = -v/u
→ If ‘m’ is negative, image is real.
→ If ‘m’ is positive, image is virtual.
→ If hi = ho then m = 1, i.e., image is equal to object.
→ If hi > ho then m > 1 i.e., image is enlarged.
→ If hi < ho then m < 1 i.e., image is diminished.
• Magnification of plane mirror is always + 1.
‘+’ sign indicates virtual image.
‘1’ indicates that image is equal to object’s size.
• If ‘m’ is ‘+ve’ and less than 1, it is a convex mirror.
• If ‘m’ is ‘+ve’ and more than 1, it is a concave mirror.
• If ‘m’ is ‘-ve’, it is a concave mirror.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
