ANSI-ASC A14.

9-2019

American National
Standard Safety
Requirements for
Disappearing Attic
Stairways

American National Standards

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 ANSI-ASC® A14.9-2019
Revision of ANSI A14.9-2010

American National Standard

Safety Requirements for
Disappearing Attic Stairways

Secretariat
American Ladder Institute

Approved February 22, 2019

American National Standards Institute, Inc.

For information on possible errata sheets and other ANSI - ASC

A14 Standards please refer to the ALI website located at:
www.americanladderinstitute.org

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American National Standard

An American National Standard implies a consensus Published by

of those substantially concerned with its scope and
American Ladder Institute
provisions. An American National Standard is intended
330 N. Wabash Avenue, Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60611
as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and
the general public. The existence of an American Copyright© 2017 by ANSI-ASC A14 All rights reserved.
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products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the
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latest editions and errata sheets.
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Foreword

This standard is the revised version of the American National Standard Safety Requirements for Disappearing Attic
Stairways A14.9 - 2010 (formerly Ceiling Mounted Disappearing Climbing Systems, ANSI A14.9-2004). It is one of a
series of eight standards prepared under the supervision of the American National Standards Institute. The other safety
standards include: A14.1 Portable Wood Ladders; 14.2 Metal Ladders; A14.3 Fixed Ladders; 14.4 Job-Made Ladders;
A14.5 Portable Reinforced Plastic Ladders, A14.7 Mobile Ladder Stands and Mobile Ladder Stand Platforms and
A14.11 Stepstools.
All eight standards derive from the original American National Standard Safety Code for Construction, Care and Use of
Ladders, A14, which was first approved in 1923. Revisions were approved over the years as required.
Subcommittee A14.9 was created for the purpose of developing rules to govern the safe design, construction, testing,
care and use of permanently installed folding or collapsible fixed aluminum or wood attic ladders of various types.
All parts and appurtenances necessary for safe and efficient attic ladders shall be considered integral parts of the
design. The A14.9 standard was submitted to the ASC A14 Committee for review in October of 2018 and approved
on February 22, 2019.
This standard does not apply where training, supervision or established safety procedures are in conflict with or serve in
lieu of this standard.
Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to the ASC A14 Committee c/o the
American Ladder Institute at 330 N. Wabash Avenue, Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60611. All comments must be sent on the
Official Comment Form that can be found on the last page of this document. Each comment must include a rationale.
This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by American National Standards Committee on the
safety requirements for Disappearing Attic Stairways, ASC A14.9. Committee approval of the standard does not
necessarily imply that all the committee members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, the
ASC A14 Committee had the following members:
Dave Plotner, Chairman
Ryan Crawford, Vice Chair
Pamela O'Brien, Secretariat

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At the time it approved this standard, the A14 Committee had the following members:
Organization Represented Name of Representative
American Insurance Association. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . George Earhart
American Ladder Institute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ron Schwartz
Marc McConnell (Alt)
American Society of Safety Engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michael Lorenzo
Tim Fisher (Alt)
Associated General Contractors of America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Charles E. Bird
Tim Fischer (Alt)
Canadian Standards Association. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dave Shanahan
Cosco Home and Office Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eric Kruse
Larry Voris (Alt)
Cotterman Company. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Don Gibson
Pete Catlos (Alt)
Ellis Fall Safety Solutions, LLC Div. of DSC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. Nigel Ellis
Cody Snyder (Alt)
Grainger Industrial Supply. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Richard Martin
John Foston (Alt)
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Christian Duva
International Union of Painters and Allied Trades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Greg Renne
Dan Penski (Alt)
International Union of Bricklayers & Allied Craftsworkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gerald Scarano
Mike Kassman (Alt)
Little Giant Ladder Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ben Cook
Louisville Ladder, Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tom Schmitt
National Association of Home Builders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jerry Passman
Robert Matuga (Alt)
National Frame Builders Association. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stan Virkler
NIOSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Peter Simeonov, Ph. D
Hongwei Hsiao, Ph. D (Alt)
Precision Ladders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Don McKinney
Steve Richey (Alt)
Risk Retention Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paul B. Junius
Robert G. Stuligross (Alt)
Scaffold Access Industry Association. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alan D. Kline
State University of New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . George H. Kyanka
Steel Plate Fabricators Association. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ken Wade
Switalski Engineering, Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . William Switalski
Technology Associates, LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Irving U. Ojalvo
Kristopher Selgua (Alt)
Tri-Arc Manufacturing Co., Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ron Schwartz
Eric Pucek (Alt)
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thomas Caton*
Mark E. Kumagai* (Alt)
Ver Halen Engineering, P.C.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jon Ver Halen
Werner Ladder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brett Latimer
Dale King (Alt)

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World/General Window Cleaning Companies
(formerly Illinois Association of Building Maintenance Contractors). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carl Pedersen
Noa W. Pedersen (Alt)
Independent Specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dr. Donald Bloswick


*non-voting advisory member

Subcommittee A14.9 Disappearing Attic Stairways, which developed this standard, consisted of the following members:

Jon Ver Halen, Chair

Andy Davis
Brad Hudspeth
Dale King
George Kyanka
Don McKinney
Tom Schmitt
Mike Van Bree
Dennis Williams
Thomas Yeaglin

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Contents

Section Page

1. Scope and Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2.1 Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2.2 Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2.3 Mandatory and Advisory Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.4 Equivalent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.5 Effective Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3. Referenced Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

4. Definitions and Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

5. Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5.1 Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5.2 Hardware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5.3 Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

6. Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6.1 Basis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6.2 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

7. Wood Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
7.1 Structural Wood Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
7.2 Frame. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
7.3 Side Rail Grading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
7.4 Step Grading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
7.5 Step Attachment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7.6 Special Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

8. Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
8.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
8.2 Tests for Disappearing Attic Stairways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
8.3 Labeling Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

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9. Labeling/Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
9.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
9.2 Product Data Information Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
9.3 Specific Labeling/Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

10. Revision of American National Standards Referred to in this Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Tables
Table 1: Minimum Wood Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Table 2: Test Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Figures
Figure 1: Handrail location and grip obstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Figure 2: Rail Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Figure 3: Hinge Opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Figure 4: Top Support Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Figure 5: Step Bending Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Figure 6: Rail Test Load Block Location Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Figure 7: Lateral Rigidity Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Appendicies
Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Appendix B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Appendix C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Appendix D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Appendix E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

ANSI-ASC A14 Comment / Request for Interpretation Form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

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 American National Standard A14.9-2019

American National Standard

Safety Requirements for Disappearing
Attic Stairways

1. Scope and Purpose

1.1 Scope
This standard prescribes rules concerning the safe design, construction, testing, care, installation and use of permanently
installed metal or wood, disappearing attic stairways of various types designed to be used for access to upper levels such
as attics. Household units with duty ratings of 250, 300 and 350 lbs., or commercial units with a rating of 500 lbs. are
the only units covered in this standard. This standard is not intended to apply to any attic stairway covered in any other
ANSI A14 standards, or disappearing attic stairways intended for use with ceiling heights in excess of 12 feet. This
standard also prescribes rules and minimum requirements for installation instructions and labeling of disappearing attic
stairways in order to promote safety under normal conditions of usage.
This standard is not intended to cover requirements for fire separation that may be required by various building codes.
It does not apply where training, supervision, or established safety procedures are in conflict with, or serve in lieu of,
this standard.

1.2 Purpose
The purpose of this document is to help provide safety for life, limb, and property by establishing standards for the
design and installation of permanently installed disappearing attic stairways.
It is not the purpose of this standard to specify all the details of construction of disappearing attic stairways. The
limitations imposed are for the purpose of providing adequate general methods and testing.

2. General
2.1 Application
This standard is intended for voluntary use by establishments that manufacture disappearing attic stairways. It is
also designed to serve as a guide to federal and state authorities or other regulatory bodies in the formulation of
laws or regulations.

2.2 Interpretation
To secure uniform application of this standard, suggestions involving changes in the standards or disputes over its
interpretation shall be referred to the following organization:
AMERICAN LADDER INSTITUTE (ALI)
c/o SMITHBUCKLIN
330 NORTH WABASH AVENUE
SUITE 2000
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60611
In view of the different styles of disappearing attic stairways and the different circumstances under which they may be
installed, this standard should be liberally construed.

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 American National Standard A14.9-2019

2.3 Mandatory and Advisory Provisions

The word “shall” is to be understood as denoting a mandatory requirement. The word “should” is to be understood as
denoting a recommendation.

2.4 Equivalent
The word “equivalent” in this standard means a construction, connection, or material providing equal performance.

2.5 Effective Date

This standard shall become effective 180 days after publication and shall apply only to products manufactured after the
effective date.

3. Referenced Standards
The following standards were referenced in the development of this standard. Relevant information from these standards
and others has been incorporated into this standard as required. It would be inappropriate to imply that other sections of
these referenced standards apply to disappearing attic stairways.
American National Standard for Ladders - Portable Metal - Safety Requirements, ANSI A14.2-2017.
American National Standard for Ladders - Portable Wood - Safety Requirements, ANSI A14.1-2017.
American National Standard for Ladders - Fixed - Safety Requirements, ANSI A14.3-2014.
American National Standard Nomenclature of Domestic Hardwoods and Softwoods, ANSI/ASTM D1165-13.
American National Standard Methods for Establishing Clear - Wood Strength Values, ASTM D2555-17A.
American Society for Testing Materials Standard Test Method for Peel or Stripping Strength of Adhesive Bonds
ASTM D903-98 (2017).

4. Definitions and Nomenclature

Angle of Inclination. The designed pitch for an installed and fully opened disappearing attic stairway as measured
from horizontal.
Duty Rating. The maximum applied load, including the weight of the user, materials, and tools, which the stairway is
to support.
Foot or Shoe. That component of a disappearing attic stairway support that is in contact with the lower supporting surface.
Frame. The frame typically holds the hardware in place to assist in proper installation, and is the part of the unit
fastened to the building structure.
Height. The vertical distance from the door of the installed unit, when closed, to the finished floor below.
Grip Obstruction. Less than 1-1/2 inches of room behind the rails is considered to be an obstructed grip. Supports that
obstruct the grip over small areas (less than 3-1/2 lineal inches) are not considered grip obstructions.
Inside Clear Width. The distance between the inside flanges or faces of the side rails of a disappearing attic stairway.
Marking. Any sign, label, stencil, or plate of a primary hazard or informational character, or both, affixed, painted,
burned, or embossed on the stairway surface. (See Appendicies.)
Opening Size. Length and width of opening in ceiling required for installation of the stairway.
Permanent Deformation (set). That deformation remaining in any part of a stairway after all test loads have been removed.
Side Rail. The side members joined at intervals by steps. Also referred to as stringer or stile.
Steps. Stairway cross pieces that are intended for use by a person ascending or descending.

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 American National Standard A14.9-2019

Step Surfaces. The clear portion of steps on which a person may step while ascending or descending a disappearing
attic stairway.
Test Block. A standard test block is a wood 2 x 4 (1-1/2 inches by 3-1/2 inches) cut to a length the same as the depth of
the step being tested. During testing, the test block is set so that a 3-1/2 inch wide portion of the step is loaded across its
full depth. (Figure 5.)
Test Failure. Damage or visible weakening of the test unit structure or a component, except where otherwise defined by
the test protocol.
Test Load. The applied load used to demonstrate compliance with a performance test requirement.
Ultimate Failure. The collapse of the stairway structure or, where applicable, a component thereof.
Wood Characteristics. Distinguishing features, the extent and number of which determine the quality and grade of a
piece of wood.
Wood Irregularities. Natural characteristics of the wood which may lower its durability, strength, or utility (as
seen below).
1 . Bark Pocket. An opening between annual growth rings that contains bark. Bark pockets appear as dark streaks on
radial surfaces and as rounded areas on tangential surfaces.
2 . Blue Stain. A bluish or grayish discoloration of the sapwood caused by the growth of certain dark-colored fungi
on the surface and in the interior of the wood; made possible by the same conditions that favor the growth of other
fungi. It is not structurally significant.
3. Check. A separation of the wood along the fiber direction that usually extends across the rings of annual growth,

commonly resulting from stresses set up in the wood during seasoning.
4. Compression Failure. A deformation (buckling) of the fibers due to excessive compression along the grain. This

deformation may appear as a wrinkle across the surface. In some cases, compression failures may be present but not
visible as wrinkles; in such cases, they are often indicated by “fiber breakage” on end grain surfaces.
5. Compression Wood. An aberrant (abnormal) and highly variable type of wood structure occurring in softwood
species. Compression wood for the species used shall be identified by visual color and ring
patterns as noted in grading rules for the species.
6 . Cross Grain (slope of grain). A deviation of the fiber direction from a line parallel to the sides of the piece. Cross
grain may be diagonal or spiral, or both.
7. Decay. The disintegration of wood due to the action of wood-destroying fungi; also known as dote and rot.
8. Gouge. A deep groove penetrating the surface of the wood component.

9. Knot. A portion of a branch or limb, embedded in the tree and cut through in the process of lumber manufacture.
It is classified according to size, quality, occurrence, and location in the cross section of a piece.
10. Low-density Wood. Wood that is exceptionally light in weight and usually deficient in strength properties for the
species. In softwood species, low density is frequently indicated by exceptionally wide, or sometimes by extremely
narrow rings, and generally a low proportion of latewood. On the other hand, low-density hardwood, at least in ring-
porous species, is most commonly indicated by excessively narrow annual rings in which the early wood portion
predominates.
1 1. Pitch Pocket. An opening extending parallel to the annual growth rings that contains, or that has contained,
either solid or liquid pitch.
12. Shake. A separation along the grain, occurring most often between the rings of annual growth.
13. Split. A separation of the wood parallel to the fiber direction due to tearing apart of the wood fibers, normally
caused by external forces or drying stresses.
14. Wane. Bark, or lack of wood, on the corner of a piece.

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 American National Standard A14.9-2019

5. Materials
5.1 Definition
Any material or combination of materials meeting the construction recommendations and providing sufficient strength
and rigidity to pass the performance tests of this standard shall be considered adequate.

5.2 Hardware
Hardware shall be made of aluminum, steel, wrought iron, malleable iron, or other material that is adequate in strength
and durability for the purpose intended. Hardware should be free from edges that can cause injury when contacted with
minor force.

5.3 Fasteners
Fasteners shall be made of corrosion resistant material, or plated so as to resist corrosion. Materials should be selected
to avoid excessive galvanic action.

6. Construction
6.1 Basis
6.1.1 Types of Stairways. Disappearing attic stairways shall be designated for use in household or commercial use.
Household rated products are meant only for occasional use in a residential setting by one person at a time. Commercial
rated products are designed for frequent use in stores, offices, possible roof access, etc., high traffic conditions by one
or two people simultaneously, and extreme load conditions.
6.1.2 Duty Ratings. Duty ratings for residential stairways shall be 250 pounds, 300 pounds and 350 pounds. All
commercial stairways shall be rated for a total 500 pound load.

6.2 General
6.2.1 Height. Disappearing attic stairways shall be rated for various installation heights from 7 to 12 feet.
6.2.2 Angle of Inclination. When properly installed, the slope of the rails shall be 66° or less.
6.2.3 Steps. Steps shall be a minimum of 3 inches deep for residential units and 5 inches deep for commercial units.
The minimum inside clear width of the steps shall be 11 inches for residential units and 15 inches for commercial units.
Metal steps shall be serrated, knurled or treated to provide a slip-resistant surface.
6.2.4 Step Spacing. Steps shall be spaced uniformly between 9 inches and 12 inches apart as measured along the
leading edge of the side rail ±1/4 inch. Steps shall be within ± 2° of parallel.
6.2.5 Height Tolerance. All stairways shall be clearly marked as to the maximum height at which they can be installed.
This height shall consider the effect of trimming rails, if needed, or adding feet, if applicable.
6.2.6 Handrail. The stairway shall be equipped with at least one handrail to assist the user. The handrail should be made
of wood 11/16 inch x 1-3/8 inch minimum or alternate materials of equivalent strength, and be set at least 1-1/2 inches
from the rail. The handrail is necessary only on sections that have a grip obstruction behind the steps and rails of the
unit. The handrail must begin within 12 inches of where the grip obstruction begins on the rails. (Figure 1.)
6.2.7 Fastened Connections. Attachments/connections shall be sized, positioned and secured so as to provide sufficient
strength and stiffness to conform to the requirements of this standard. Fastener connections in wood should be made to
reduce the possibility of splits and cracks.
In attic stairways made of wood, fasteners shall be applied in a tight and secure manner and remain so with normal use
and care, or be such that they can be field tightened. Rivets shall be peened or set over the hardware or a washer. The
washers shall be standard riveting burrs; that is, 3/16 inch diameter rivets shall use a minimum 1/2 inch diameter burr,
and 1/4 inch rivets shall use a minimum 5/8 inch diameter burr. The head of the rivet, when used against wood, shall be
a wagon box, truss, or similar type head to afford adequate bearing against the wood. Holes drilled in wood parts for
fasteners shall not exceed the diameter of the fastener by more than 1/32 inch.
In metal stairways, riveting burrs are not required when rivets are upset against a secure metal surface.

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 American National Standard A14.9-2019

7. Wood Construction
This section partially defines one possible design which will meet the strength requirements of this standard when
mated with appropriate hardware. Alternate designs providing equivalent or greater strength shall be permitted.
A component part made of other wood-based material may be substituted if it has strength, stiffness, durability,
performance, and weathering characteristics equal to or exceeding the solid lumber component specified in Table 1 of
this standard.

7.1 Structural Wood Parts

Structural wood parts shall be of southern yellow pine or other species of wood sized to be of equivalent strength (See
Appendices D & E to determine equivalency), and shall be seasoned at the time of manufacture to a moisture content of
not more than 19 percent; smoothly machined and dressed on all sides; and sound and free by accepted procedures of
visual inspection from shake, wane, compression failures, decay, or other irregularities except as hereinafter provided.
Low-density wood shall not be used in structural applications. Blue stain, in any amount, is allowed.
To allow for normal variations in width and thickness which can occur in surfacing lumber, the depth and thickness of
the wood members can be undersized 5 percent, or a maximum of 1/16 inch, when measured at a moisture content of
19 percent. Permissible irregularities, as provided for in this standard, are based on minimum dimensions. When
oversized parts are used, deviations from irregularities may be allowable when based on correct engineering principles.

7.2 Frame
7.2.1 General. Portions of the frame that are not structurally important can be chosen based on appearance. Any
portions of the frame used as a structural component shall be graded per the requirements of Section 7.3.
7.2.2 Recommended component sizes. Recommended component sizes are shown in Table 1.

7.3 Side Rail Grading

7.3.1 Cross grain. The general slope of the grain in the stairway rails shall not be steeper than 1 in 8. Local deviations
of grain associated with otherwise permissible irregularities shall be permitted.
7.3.2 Knots. Knots shall not appear on a narrow face of a side rail. Knots, if tight and sound and less than 1/2 inch
diameter and not more frequent than one in 2 feet of length, or the equivalent of smaller knots, and provided that no
part of the knot is located within 1/2 inch from either edge, shall be permitted on the wide face.
7.3.3 Pitch and bark pockets. Pitch and bark pockets in side rails shall be permitted provided that there is not more
than one that is 1/8 inch in width, 2 inches in length and 1/2 inch in depth, or the equivalent of smaller pockets on the
basis of exposed area and depth, per each 3 feet of length.
7.3.4 Splits. Splits that are not more than 2 inches in length and located at least 6 inches from the end shall be permitted
in the side rails.
7.3.5 Checks. Seasoning checks shall be permitted provided the checks are not more than 6 inches in length and
1/2 inch in depth at the time of manufacture.
7.3.6 Compression wood. Occurrences of compression wood shall be permitted provided that no single streak exceeds
1/2 inch in width and that the aggregate of streaks does not exceed the width of one-fourth of the wide face of the
component and is located at least 1/2 inch from the edge of the side rail. Easily identifiable compression wood is not
permitted on the narrow face of the side rail.
7.3.7 Wane. Wane is permitted only when shielded from contact with the user during normal use.
7.3.8 Gouges. Gouges must be less than 1 inch long by 1/2 inch wide by 1/8 inch deep. Gouges are not permitted
within 6 inches of any hinged joint.

7.4 Step Grading

7.4.1 Cross grain. The general slope of grain shall not be steeper than 1 in 10. Local deviations of grain associated with
otherwise permissible irregularities shall be permitted.

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 American National Standard A14.9-2019

7.4.2 Knots. Permissible knots shall be sound and tight. Knots appearing on the narrow face shall not exceed 1/4 inch in
diameter. Knots on the wide face shall not exceed 1/2 inch in diameter.
7.4.3 Pitch and bark pockets. Pitch and bark pockets shall be permitted provided that there is no more than one that is
1/8 inch in width, 2 inches in length, and 1/2 inch in depth, or the equivalent of smaller pockets on the basis of exposed
area and depth, per step.
7.4.4 Checks. Seasoning checks shall be permitted provided the checks are not more than 6 inches in length and 1/2
inch in depth at the time of manufacture.
7.4.5 Splits. Splits shall be permitted at the time of manufacture provided that they are not more than 2 inches in length.

7.5 Step Attachment

Steps shall be firmly secured to side rails and provide sufficient strength to meet the testing requirements of section 8.
Steps may be attached into dadoes cut into the rails. When steps are set into rail dadoes they shall be fastened to the
rails in such a manner to secure the step into the dado.

8. Tests
In addition to meeting the preceding recommendations, stairways shall meet the tests described in this section.

8.1 General
8.1.1 General. All tests shall be conducted during the initial evaluation of a specific product design and if necessary
when there is a change in the design, method of manufacture, or material of a structural component. It is not intended
that these tests shall be conducted on stairways that have been in use or subjected to prior damage, misuse, or abuse.
Stairways subjected to design verification tests should be destroyed – because of potential material stress they may be
unsuitable for subsequent use due to the severe nature of the tests. Tests need only be conducted on the longest model
using the same design and construction techniques.
8.1.2 The test load shall be applied slowly, using care to minimize dynamic loading and eliminate impact loading during
the test.
8.1.3 Test set-up. For all tests, the stairway shall be installed in a fixture so as to simulate an actual installation. The
test fixture is to have minimal deflection during application of test loads. The test unit shall be at the maximum height
permitted by the test model instructions. Trimming of the rail bottoms, addition of feet, or adjustment of the rail length
shall be made according to the manufacturer’s instructions. All tests are to be run with the test unit fully extended into
the normal position used for climbing. The test floor surface is to be smooth, undamaged 1/2 inch A/C Douglas Fir
plywood, A side up, wiped clean before each test.

8.2 Tests for Disappearing Attic Stairways

8.2.1 Household Systems
8.2.1.1 Rail Test (Figure 2). The unit shall be tested by placing a load (for a period of (1) minute), in accordance
with Table 2, over a standard test block (Figure 5) on each tested step 1/2 the distance from the center of the step
to the inside edge of the side rail, as shown in Figure 6. The load shall be applied in turn to the step at or just
below the center point of the system and, if applicable, to the steps immediately above each section joint and the
step nearest the support arm. The stairway shall withstand the load without test failure. A permanent gap at a side
rail hinge up to 1/2 inch, after the load is removed, is permissible. (Figure 3.)
8.2.1.2 Top Support Test (Figure 4). The strength of the top support shall be tested by placing a load, in
accordance with Table 2, on the uppermost step for a period of (1) minute. The load shall be uniformly distributed
to prevent step failure. The unit shall withstand the load without test failure.
8.2.1.3 Step Bending Test (Figure 5). The strength of the step shall be tested by applying a load, in accordance
with Table 2, for a period of (1) minute, over a standard test block placed on the test step. This test shall be
performed on each step of a different design, length or support. The test shall also be performed on any steps with
different material specifications. The step shall withstand the load without test failure. Permanent deformation
(set) up to 1/100 of the inside clear width is permissible on metal steps.

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 American National Standard A14.9-2019

8.2.2 Commercial Systems

8.2.2.1 Rail Test. Two test loads, simultaneously applied in accordance with Table 2, are to be placed over
standard test blocks. Each block is positioned on the specified test steps 1/2 the distance from the center of the
step to the inside edge of the side rail (Figure 6).
Both loads are to be applied on the same side of each test step. The loads shall be simultaneously applied first to
the steps at or just below the 1/3 and 2/3 points of the unit, and second to the steps at or just below the 1/2 and 3/4
points of the height of the unit. The loads shall be applied for a period of (1) minute. The test unit shall withstand
the load without test failure.
8.2.2.2 Step Bending Test. The strength of the step shall be tested by applying a load, in accordance with Table 2,
for a period of one (1) minute over a standard test block (Figure 5) placed on the center of the test step. This test
shall be performed on each step of a different design, length or support. The test shall also be performed on any
steps with different material specification. The step shall withstand the load without test failure. Permanent
deformation (set) up to 1/100 of the inside clear width is permissible on metal steps.
8.2.2.3 Lateral Rigidity Test (Figure 7). A uniformly distributed load of 200 pounds is placed on the step at or
just below the center of the unit. The feet of the stairway are to be blocked to prevent side movement. An initial
preload of 20 pounds is applied to the rail parallel to and within 1 inch of the top of the loaded step towards the
left. The load is released and a reference point is established from the point of force application. A test force of
100 pounds is then applied in the same manner to the left, and the maximum lateral deflection while loaded is
determined from the reference point previously marked. The test preload and load shall be repeated to the right
side. The unit shall not move laterally in excess of 1/2 inch in either direction.
8.2.2.4 Top Support Test (Figure 4). The strength of the top support shall be tested by placing a load, in
accordance with Table 2, on the uppermost step for a period of (1) minute. The load shall be uniformly distributed
to prevent step failure. The unit shall withstand the load without test failure.

8.3 Labeling Tests

8.3.1 General. The following procedures are designed to evaluate the suitability of primary hazard labels, safe use
instruction labels, and product data information labels for application to disappearing attic stairways, and the
performance of printed labels applied to surfaces representative of those employed in the intended application.
Certification by the label manufacturer that they meet these requirements is considered acceptable.
Unless otherwise specified, they are applied to the appropriate surfaces and conditioned for 24 hours at 73°F (+2°) and
50% (+5%) humidity. Satisfactory results are needed on three (3) samples for each test to fulfill the requirements.
It is not intended that all tests are to be run on one set of labels.
8.3.2 Tests. Note: These tests are all design verification tests and should be performed on standard substrate rather than
on actual stairways. The substrate shall be the manufacturer’s standard door or rail material in thicknesses used on the
product. The test substrate shall be matched to the material.
Labels shall be mounted using 4-1/2 pound weighted roller and then conditioned for 24 hours before being subjected
to testing.
8.3.2.1 Adhesion Test. The test shall be conducted on a new label that has not been subjected to other tests in
8.3.2, according to ASTM D903-98 (2017) Test for Peel or Stripping Strength of Adhesive Bonds. A minimum
force of 30 ounces shall be required to remove the label.
8.3.2.2 Oven Aging Test. Applied labels shall be placed in an oven maintained at a temperature of 158°F for 240
hours. No significant change shall occur in the legibility of the labels or in their adhesion to the stairway surface
(as evidenced by delamination or curling) following the test.

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 American National Standard A14.9-2019

9. Labeling/Marking
9.1 General
9.1.1 Danger / Caution. When labels titled “Danger” or “Caution” are used, they shall conform to the general design
and color principles identified in Appendix A.
9.1.2 Visibility. Markings shall be legible and readily visible.
9.1.3 Label Positioning. Markings shall be positioned so that other parts of the stairway shall not damage the label/marking
when it is opened or closed.
9.1.4 Label Design. Manufacturers may modify the design and content of labels to fit the design requirements of
their product.

9.2 Product Data Information Markings

9.2.1 Information Readily Visible. The following information shall be presented so as to be readily visible at the retail
point of sale.
1. Type (residential or commercial) and duty rating
2. Maximum allowable ceiling height
3. Model identification
4. Manufacturer or distributor name (may be a logo)
5. Ceiling opening size required
9.2.2 Information on Product. The following information shall be on the product.
1. Type (residential or commercial)
2. Duty Rating
3. Manufacturer’s name
4. Instruction describing how the manufacturer can be contacted
5. Manufacturing plant (if multi-plant organization)
6. Month and year of manufacture.

9.3 Specific Labeling/Marking

9.3.1 Visibility. The Safety-Use Instruction Marking should be located in an easily visible location. A typical example
of this type of marking is found in Appendix B.
9.3.2 Content. The content of this marking should contain the following information:
1. WARNING! Failure to follow all instructions could result in serious injury.
2. Proper use instructions and warnings.
3. Lubrication or maintenance instructions, if needed.
4. Inspection instructions and warnings against climbing damaged products.
5. Removal of the springs and any part of the counterbalance system is extremely dangerous. If repairs or adjustments
are required, follow manufacturer’s instructions.
6. Address or phone number to contact manufacturer to answer questions.
7. Only for Household Use. (If applicable.)
8. “Do not cover this label”

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 American National Standard A14.9-2019

9.3.3 Installation Instructions. Separate installation instructions should be supplied in a manner that is readily
apparent to the installer. The instructions shall contain the necessary information to properly install the stairway and
make adjustments for the ceiling height when necessary. A suggested layout for common household folding units is
shown in Appendix C.

10. Revision of American National Standards Referred to in

This Document
When the American National Standards referred to in this document are superseded by a revision approved by the
American National Standards Institute, Inc., the revision shall apply.

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 American National Standard A14.9-2019

Tables
Table 1
Minimum Recommended Dimensions for Wood Disappearing Attic Stairways

System Part Thickness Depth

500 lb. Commercial Systems
1) Side Rails 3/4" 5-1/4"
2) Steps 3/4" 5-1/2"
3) Frame 3/4" 5-1/2"

300 lb. and 350 lb. Rated Household Systems

1) Side Rails 3/4" 4-1/4"
2) Steps 3/4" 3-1/2"
3) Frame 3/4" 3-1/2"

250 lb. Rated Household Systems

1) Side Rails 3/4" 3-1/4"
2) Steps 3/4" 3"
3) Frame 3/4" 3-1/2"

NOTES:
The step cross section areas recommended in Table 1 can safely be reduced by up to 10% by grooving, chamfering or radiusing.
Dimensions in Table 1 are based on the use of Southern yellow pine, for permissible alternatives see Appendix E.

Table 2
Test Loads for Ceiling Mounted Disappearing Stairways Tests

Load Rating Rail Test Step Bending Top Support Test

Commercial:
500 lbs. 1,000 lbs. at 2 locations 1,050 lbs. 2,000 lbs.
(2,000 lbs. total)

Household:
250 lbs. 750 lbs. 750 lbs. 750 lbs.
300 lbs. 900 lbs. 900 lbs. 900 lbs.
350 lbs. 1050 lbs. 1000 lbs. 1050 lbs.

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 American National Standard A14.9-2019

Figures
Figure 1
Handrail Location and Grip Obstruction

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 American National Standard A14.9-2019

Figure 2
Rail Test

NOTES:
1. This test setup is illustrated for a ceiling mounted disappearing climbing system.
2. Typical locations for the rail test loads are shown.

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 American National Standard A14.9-2019

Figure 3
Hinge Opening

Figure 4
Top Support Test

NOTES:
1. This test setup is illustrated for a ceiling mounted disappearing climbing system.
2. Typical location for the top support ladder test is shown.

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 American National Standard A14.9-2019

Figure 5
Step Bending Test

Figure 6
Rail Test Load Block Location Detail

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 American National Standard A14.9-2019

Figure 7
Lateral Rigidity Test

NOTES:
1. This test setup is illustrated for a ceiling mounted disappearing climbing system.
2. Typical location for the lateral rigidity commercial ladder test is shown.

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 American National Standard A14.9-2019
SAFETY
FIRST SAFETY
Appendices
FIRST
These Appendices are included for information purposes only.

Appendix A
Danger and Warning Labels
Note: The following are the preferred design and color principles for
the primary hazard “DANGER,” and “WARNING” labels/markings
for the kinds of disappearing attic stairways cited in this standard.
These labels/markings are illustrations of typical labels/markings and
are not actual recommended size.
SAFETY
FIRST

SAFETY ALERT SYMBOL

- Safety Black ladder graphic
- Safety White figure
outlined in Safety Black

Safety White text with

Safety Black outline

CAUTION
in BOLD CAPS

Safety red background CAUTION

Safety White background
with Safety Black text

SAFETY ALERT SYMBOL

- Safety Black ladder graphic Safety Orange
- Safety White figure outlined in background
Safety Black

Safety Black text

in BOLD CAPS

Safety White background

with Safety Black text

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 American National Standard A14.9-2019

Appendix B
Labeling on Product
Instructions on top of system door or side rails.
Warning: Failure to follow these instructions could result in serious injury and possible damage to the unit.
1. Only after proper installation, fully open unit before use. Always face unit when climbing up or down. Hold on to the
rails, steps, or handrail when climbing. Do not carry an object up or down which requires both hands. Instead, have
someone hand it up or down to you.
2. Inspect unit for damage before each use. Never climb a damaged unit.
3. Make sure all nuts and bolts are tight. (If unit uses truss rods, add: Check that the truss rods under the steps are tight.
If necessary, use the nut at the end of the rod to tighten.)
4. Removal of the springs and any part of the counterbalance system is extremely dangerous. If repairs or adjustments
are required, follow manufacturer’s instructions.
5. This unit is designed to hold only one person. Refer to the maximum load as listed on the unit. Do not overload.
6. This unit is designed only for occasional household use. Never install or use it in a commercial or industrial building.
It is not meant to be used in any heavy traffic conditions.
7. When standing on the second step, make sure that there are no gaps in the upper or lower hinges on either side of the
unit. (See Figure B.1.) If there is any gap, the unit was not properly installed or has been overstressed, and needs to
be repaired or replaced before it can be used.
8. Always close unit when not in use. Do not allow children to use or play with the unit.
Include address or phone number of manufacturer.
NOTE: For commercial rated systems, delete paragraph 6 and modify paragraph 5 to read “This unit is designed to
support a maximum of two people, and a maximum total load (user’s weight plus materials being carried) of 500 lbs.
Do not overload.”

Figure B.1
Hinge Alignment Diagram

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 American National Standard A14.9-2019

Appendix C
Recommended Minimum Instructions – Household Rated Systems
Because of the many possible designs of disappearing attic stairways, it is not possible to have a single set of
instructions that would cover all systems. These instructions were developed primarily for use as minimum instructions with
the typical 3-section folding household rated systems. Additional information may be provided. Other designs should
have instructions developed that consider the major points covered here.
Preparation for the installation into engineered I-beam joist requires an engineer or architect to design the opening and
attachment system. Carpenters experienced in using engineered I-beam joist should be utilized. Failure to follow these
instructions may result in structural failure and collapse of stairway attachment system or portions of the building.

Installation Instructions Figure C.1

Warning: Failure to follow these instructions
Projection Space
in installation of this stairway may result in
structural failure or collapse of the system.
Never modify the system, or disassemble the
system during installation or use. Do not
climb or put weight on the unit until frame
installation is complete and the leg length
properly adjusted. Climbing or loading this
unit before completion of steps 1 through 8
may cause significant personal injury or
damage to the unit.
1. Before installation, verify that this unit
meets local building codes. Verify that
the intended area of installation is of
sufficient strength to be used for a walking
or working surface. When installed into
a new building under construction, this
should be verified by the architect or
builder. For installation into an existing
building, it may be necessary to hire an
architect or structural engineer to verify
the load carrying capability of the
upper surface.
2. Verify that you have selected the proper
size unit for the ceiling height, and make
sure that the duty rating of the unit is
correct. Never install a household rated
system into a commercial or industrial
building. It is not designed for heavy
traffic or frequent opening and closing.
Chart 1
3. Verify that all fasteners are properly
tightened. Landing Space and Projection Space

4. Position the opening. Take into account If ceiling height is

the projection of the unit, the position of 8'-5" 8'-9" 10'-0"
not more than
the rafters in the ceiling, and the need to
have adequate space at the top and bottom 1 Landing Space 55" 57" 65"
of the unit to get on and off. (See Figure 2 Projection to unfold 65" 68" 77"
C.1 and Chart 1.) WARNING: Note the
location of nearby electrical wiring and Figures are examples only and need to be customized for each
be sure not to cut or pinch any wires. individual unit.

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 American National Standard A14.9-2019

5. Cut the rough opening for the unit per the dimensions on Chart 2. Add headers in the front and rear of the opening,
and attach a second joist if necessary. The dimensions listed should be the final size of the opening, and leaves a
slight amount of room between the system frame and the opening for ease of installation, and shimming to ensure
squareness.

Chart 2
Rough Opening and Ceiling Height

MODEL WIDTH LENGTH CEILING HEIGHT

A 22" 48" 8'-5"
B 22" 54" 8'-9"
C 22" 54" 10'-0"
D 25-1/2" 48" 8'-5"
E 25-1/2" 54" 8'-9"
F 25-1/2" 54" 10'-0"
Figures are for examples only and need to be customized for each
individual unit.

In most cases, units are installed parallel to ceiling joists. (Figure C.2.) (Darkened areas in Figure C.2 illustrate the
frame you will have to build before installing your unit.) However, in some cases, the unit must be installed
perpendicular to the ceiling joist (Figure C.3.) CAUTION: If your home uses roof trusses, do not cut ceiling joists
without engineering and/or architectural consultation and approval. If it is necessary to cut the ceiling joists or
trusses, tie these cut members to other joists or trusses forming a four-sided frame or stairwell to install the stairway.
Keep corners square to simplify installation. Installation parallel to existing joists normally requires only single joists
and headers. Installation perpendicular to the joists normally requires double headers and joists. Make new ceiling
joists and headers sections from the same size lumber as the existing joists. When making double headers, fasten
members together with 10d common nails. The double joist sections shown in Figure C.3 must be long enough to be
supported by a load bearing wall at both ends.

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 American National Standard A14.9-2019

Figure C.2
Rough Opening Construction – Parallel to Joist

6. Use temporary ledge boards at each end of opening of sufficient width and strength to fully support the stairway as
shown in Figure C.4. Raise the stairway into attic and carefully lower on to the ledges. Do not climb stairway or
place weight on it until installation is complete. Use an assistant in the ceiling area to support and guide the stairway.
The person standing in the ceiling area should drive tack nails partially into the headers and frame. Do not drive these
nails home as they should be removed later. Then, open the unit and insert appropriate shims between the frame and
the rafters and headers to square unit and prevent movement. Use only sixteen (16) penny steel nails or 1/4 inch x 3 inch
lag screws. (Figure C.5.) Never use drywall, deck or sheet rock screws. Pull the tack nails out.

Figure C.3 Figure C.4

Rough Opening Construction – Temporary Support Slats
Perpendicular to Joist

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 American National Standard A14.9-2019

7. Refer to Figure C.6. Extend the unit down, with the bottom section folded back as shown. Apply sufficient pressure
on the center section of the unit to cause the counterbalance arms to be completely extended. While maintaining this
pressure, measure the distance from the bottom of the middle section to the ground as shown. Measure each side rail
separately as the support or ground may be uneven. Cut the side rails of the bottom section to the lengths indicated.
Then, open the unit and climb to the 2nd step. Verify that there are no gaps in upper or lower hinges on either side.
(Figure C.7.) If there are gaps in the upper hinges, then the lower side rails need to be trimmed further. If there is a
gap in the lower hinges, then the bottom rails are too short, and it is necessary to obtain a new lower section from the
manufacturer. (Instruction on how to do this should be included.) Any gap indicates that the strength of the unit is
severely reduced. It may fail suddenly and without warning resulting in severe injury.
8. Close the unit and trim the area around the bottom of the frame, if desired. Leave a small (about 1/8 inch) gap
between any trim and the door. Paint the bottom of the door if desired.

Figure C.5 Figure C.6

Bolt or 16d Nail Position Guide Rail Cutting Length

Figure C.7
Hinge Alignment Diagram

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 American National Standard A14.9-2019

Appendix D
Formula for Determining Dimensions
For the side rails of disappearing attic stairways, the proposed section shall develop an actual stress per square inch not
greater than 2,000 pounds for group A and B woods, 1,875 pounds for group C woods, 1,600 pounds for group D
woods, or 1,375 pounds for group E woods with a maximum tolerance of 5 percent over these stresses. (See Appendix E
for the classification of various wood species.)
Adjustment of sizes for wood parts of attic stairways covered in this standard may be as follows:
1. The dimensions throughout this standard for parts having rectangular cross sections generally represent only one of a
number of possible combinations of thickness and width that could satisfy the requirements for strength and stiffness.
Depending upon the material sizes available, manufacturing practices, and other such variable factors, parts produced
by a particular manufacturer may or may not agree exactly with the sizes given subsequently. The rest of this
appendix provides means for determining equality of load-carrying capacity of parts of different sizes needed to
provide equality.
2. Any changes in dimensions made in accordance with this appendix shall result in a change in the width-thickness
ratio for side rails not greater than 25 percent from the ratio now specified in this standard for a corresponding part
unless new dimensions provide a cross section that has a greater modulus (or equivalent strength and safety).
3. Where both dimensions are different from those specified, the load-carrying capacity in bending of a part will be
equal to or greater than that of a part of specified dimensions of the changed section modulus equals or exceeds the
specified one; that is:
B2 D22 ≥B1 D1 2
where B = dimension of the part at right angles to the direction of load (width of a step or thickness of a side rail)
D = dimension of the part parallel to the direction of load (thickness of a step or width of a side rail)
B1, D1 = dimensions as specified herein
B2, D2 = dimensions as specified herein
The dimensions to be used in the computation are net dimensions. For example, in the case of a side rail, dimension B
shall be taken as the gross thickness of the rail minus the depth of the gain for the steps.

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 American National Standard A14.9-2019

Appendix E
Classification of Various Species of Wood Acceptable for Use in Disappearing
Attic Stairways (Note 1)
Density (lb/ft3) Density (lb/ft3)

Species Average Near Minimum Species Average Near Minimum

Group A (Note 2)
Ash, green 41 33 Maple, red 38 30
Ash, white 42 34 Red oak group
Beech, American 44 36 Oak, black 44 35
Birch, sweet 47 37 Oak, cherrybark 47 37
Birch, yellow 43 35 Oak, northern end 44 35
Elm, rock † 45 37 Oak, pin 45 37
Hickory, bitternut 49 39 Oak, scarlet 48 38
Hickory, mockernut 50 40 Oak, willow 43 35
Hickory, nutmeg 44 35 White oak group
Hickory, pignut 53 43 Oak, chestnut 45 37
Hickory, shagbark 50 40 Oak, live † 64 51
Hickory, shellbark 49 40 Oak, post 47 37
Hickory, water 49 40 Oak, swamp chestnut 47 37
Honeylocust † 47 37 Oak, swamp white 50 40
Locust, black † 50 40 Oak, white 47 37
Hard maple group Pecan 48 38
Maple, black 40 32 Tanoak †, ‡ 45 37
Maple, sugar 44 36

Group B (Note 3)
Douglas fir § Pine, southern
Coast 34 26 Pine, loblolly 36 30
Interior north 34 28 Pine, longleaf 42 34
Interior south 33 26 Pine, shortleaf 35 29
Interior west 35 27 Pine, slash 42 34
Larch, western 37 30

Group C (Note 4)
Softwoods Hardwoods
Cedar, Port Orford 30 24 Cucumbertree 34 27
Hemlock, western 32 24 Elm, slippery 38 31
Tamarack 38 31 Oak, laurel 44 35
Oak, overcup 44 35
Sweetgum 35 29

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 American National Standard A14.9-2019

Appendix E (continued)

Density (lb/ft3) Density (lb/ft3)

Species Average Near Minimum Species Average Near Minimum

Group D (Note 5)
Softwoods Hardwoods
Baldcypress 33 26 Elm, American 35 29
Cedar, Alaska 32 26 Hackberry 38 31
Fir, California red 27 21 Magnolia, southern 35 29
Fir, grand 26 20 Maple, bigleaf
Fir, noble 28 22 (Oregon) † 34 27
Fir, Pacific sliver 30 22 Oak, southern red 41 33
Fir, white 28 22
Pine, red (Norway) 32 26
Pine, southern
(minor species)
Pine, pitch 36 30
Pine, pond‡ 39 31
Pine, sand‡ 35 29
Pine, Virginia 35 29
Redwood
(old-growth)** 30 25
Spruce, red 29 24
Spruce, Sitka 29 24
Spruce, white 29 24

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 American National Standard A14.9-2019

Appendix E
Classification of Various Species of Wood Acceptable for Use in Disappearing
Attic Stairways (Note 1)
Density (lb/ft3) Density (lb/ft3)

Species Average Near Minimum Species Average Near Minimum

Group E (Note 6)
Softwoods Hardwoods
Cedar, incense 26 22 Alder, red 29 24
Hemlock, eastern 30 25 Aspen, bigtooth 27 22
Pine, eastern white 26 22 Oak, bur 47 37
Pine, lodgepole 30 25 Poplar, yellow 30 24
Pine, ponderosa 30 25 Sycamore, American 35 29
Pine, western white 28 23 Tupelo, black 36 30
Spruce, Engelmann 25 20 Tupelo, water 35 29

† Allowable stresses for this species cannot be calculated from data in American National Standard Methods for Establishing
Clear-Wood Strength Values, ANSI/ASTM D2555-17A. Adequate strength data are available, however, and the species is
accordingly included in this grouping.
‡ Not listed in American National Standard Nomenclature of Domestic Hardwoods and Softwoods. ANSI/ASTM D1165-13.
§ This species is now graded for structural purposes based on one of the four growth ranges from which is originated. The
regional description is given on pages 54-55 of the U.S. Forest Service Research paper FPL 27, “Western Wood Density
Survey Report No. 1,” available from U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, P.O. Box 5130, Madison,
WI 53705.
**Values for old-growth redwood are significantly higher than for second-growth redwood. See ANSI/ASTM D2555-17A.

NOTES:
(1) Species are listed alphabetically within each group. The position of any species within a group bears to relation to its
strength or acceptability. With few exceptions, the species names conform with the official common tree names as listed in
sometimes preceded by the commercial name for lumber when the commercial name for lumber when the commercial name is
significantly different or represents a commercial species group. Botanical names for each species are listed in ANSI/ASTM
D1165-13.
The fiber stress in bending of each species in each group is equal to or greater than the fiber stress for the group. Values
were calculated based on data and procedures presented in American National Standard Methods for Establishing Clear-Wood
Strength Values, ANSI/ASTM D2555-17A. Near-minimum strength values for each species at the 5% exclusion limit were
calculated for wood at moisture content of 15% and divided by 4.1 and 4.5 for softwoods and hardwoods, respectively, to
arrive at the allowable fiber stress. Average and near-minimum density values are for wood at 15% moisture content.
(2) Experience has shown that these species are satisfactory when of the required size and quality.
The fiber stress in bending for the species listed here when used for side rails shall not exceed 2000 pounds per square inch.
These species may be substituted for group B woods.
(3) The fiber stress in bending for the species listed here when used for side rails shall not exceed 2000 pounds per square inch.
(4) The fiber stress in bending for the species listed here when used for side rails shall not exceed 1875 pounds per square inch.
(5) The fiber stress in bending for the species listed here when used for side rails shall not exceed 1600 pounds per square inch.
(6) The fiber stress in bending for the species listed here when used for side rails shall not exceed 1375 pounds per square inch.
These species may be substituted for group D woods on the following basis: The dimensions shall be at least 5% greater for
each cross-section dimension, or the thickness may remain unchanged, in which case the width shall be at least 7-12% greater
if used edgewise (as in a rail) or 15% greater if used flatwise (as in a tread)

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 American National Standard A14.9-2019

ANSI-ASC A14 Comment / Request for Interpretation Form

This form shall serve as the official form for comments/requests for interpretation on A14 Standards. It shall be the
responsibility of those wishing to comment on a proposed standard to complete all sections of this form. The appropriate
Sub-Committee will review all comments received. A notice of action taken will be forwarded to those issuing substantive
comments/requests. Use only one comment per form; please copy this form for additional comments/request for interpretation.
Please complete the information below
Date

Standard # Title

Name

Organization/Company

Address

City State ZIP

Phone Fax

Email

A request for comment/interpretation shall not be processed if it:

(a) Involves a determination of compliance to the applicable Standards in the areas of a design, installation, or product, or
equivalency of protection.
(b) Involves a review of plans or specifications, or requires judgment or knowledge that can only be acquired as a result of
on-site inspection.
(c) Involves tests that clearly and decisively provide the requested information.
(d) Involves subjects that were not previously considered by the Committee or that are not addressed in the Standard.
(e) Involves product evaluation judgments concerning safe work practices.
(f) Involves issues in litigation or in preparation for litigation.

I confirm that the comment/interpretation request is not for a lawsuit that is involved in litigation or is not for a matter that is
being prepared for litigation.

Signed_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Only one comment per form – please copy this form for additional comments/request for interpretation!
Comment: (Please be specific)

Rationale: (Each comment must include a rationale)

Please mail or fax to: ALI Headquarters, 330 N. Wabash Ave., Suite 2000, Chicago, Illinois, 60611 • Fax: 312.673.6929

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A MERICAN L ADDER I NSTITUTE
A National Trade Association
330 North Wabash Avenue
Chicago, Illinois 60611
Telephone: 312-321- 6806
FAX: 312- 673-6929
www.americanladderinstitute.org

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