OOPS!
OOPs in C++ uses classes (blueprints) and objects
(instances) to structure code, featuring:
Encapsulation (data + methods), Inheritance (reuse),
Polymorphism (one name, multiple forms), and
Abstraction (hide complexity).
What is Inheritance?
Inheritance is an OOP concept where a derived class (child)
acquires properties (data members) and behaviors (member
functions) from a base class (parent), promoting code
reusability and hierarchical relationships.
Types of
Inheritance :
Example :
Program
Base Class: Derived Class:
#include <iostream> // 1. Single Inheritance
using namespace std; class Dog : public Animal {
public:
// Base class for animal examples void bark() {
class Animal { cout << "Woof! Woof!" << endl;
public: }
void breathe() { Dog() {
cout << "Breathing..." << endl; cout << "Dog created" << endl;
} }
Animal() { ~Dog() {
cout << "Animal created" << endl; cout << "Dog destroyed" << endl;
} }
~Animal() { };
cout << "Animal destroyed" << endl;
}
};
// Base class for multiple inheritance int main() {
class Pet { cout << "\n===== Single Inheritance =====" << endl;
public: Dog d;
void beCute() { d.breathe();
cout << "Being adorable..." << endl; d.bark();
}
};
// 2. Multiple Inheritance cout << "\n===== Multiple Inheritance =====" << endl;
class DomesticDog : public Dog, public Pet { DomesticDog dd;
public: dd.breathe();
void fetch() { dd.bark();
cout << "Fetching the ball..." << endl; dd.beCute();
} dd.fetch();
DomesticDog() {
cout << "DomesticDog created" << endl;
}
~DomesticDog() {
cout << "DomesticDog destroyed" <<
endl;
}
};
What is a Polymrphism?
Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be
treated as objects of a common base class, enabling
one interface with multiple implementations.
Type of Polymorphism
Type 1 Type 2
Compile-time (Static) Polymorphism: Compile-time (Static) Polymorphism:
Function/method overloading Function/method overloading
Function Overloading
Function overloading allows multiple functions with the same name but different
parameters (type, number, or order) in the same scope.
Key Points:
1.Same function name
2.Different parameter lists
3.Return type alone cannot differentiate overloaded functions
Program: #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Overloaded functions
void print(int a) {
cout << "Integer: " << a << endl;
}
void print(double a) {
cout << "Double: " << a << endl;
}
void print(string s) {
cout << "String: " << s << endl;
}
int main() {
print(10); // Calls print(int)
print(3.14); // Calls print(double)
print("Hello"); // Calls print(string)
return 0;
}
Function Overriding
Function overriding occurs when a derived class redefines a base class
method with the same signature (name, parameters, and return type) to provide its own
implementation.
Key Points:
1.Requires inheritance (base and derived classes)
2.Same function name, parameters, and return type
3.Achieves runtime polymorphism (using virtual functions)
Program: #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base {
public:
virtual void show() { // 'virtual' enables overriding
cout << "Base class show()" << endl;
}
};
class Derived : public Base {
public:
void show() override { // 'override' keyword (optional in C++11+)
cout << "Derived class show()" << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Base* b = new Derived(); // Base pointer, Derived object
b->show(); // Calls Derived::show() (runtime decision)
delete b;
return 0;
}
Thank You
