University of Sabratha
Sabratha Faculty of engineering
Chemical Engineering Department
Unit Operation2 CHE 432
Isothermal Operation of CSTR Reactor
Delivery date: 16/11/2024
Prepared by:
Abdulmajed Abduljalil Almagoz. (Reg.NO:
2211120100)
Tarek Alarbi Almesawe. (Reg.NO:1911110145)
Supervised by:
ENG. NADER KAMAL
ABSTRACT
In this report, the expression of reaction rate, the effects of temperature and flow
rates, reaction order, and activation energy for a chemical reaction was investigated
by using an experimental setup in which saponification reaction was carried out by
using the properties of Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTR). Continuous
stirred tank reactors are typically operated at steady state and are assumed to
provide perfect mixing; thus, there is no time or position dependence on
temperature, concentration, or reaction rate inside the CSTR. That is, every
variable stays the same at every point of the reactor, and in this case, because the
temperature and concentration are the same throughout the reaction vessel, they are
also the same at the exit/outlet. The used CSTR vessel has the following
characterization: a vessel diameter of 0.153m, maximum vessel depth of 0.108m,
maximum volume of 2.0L, minimum vessel depth and a minimum operating
volume. The effect of temperature and flow rate on the reaction rate expression
developed for the saponification reaction carried and examined using CSTR
using0.015 N sodium hydroxide and 10.019 N ethyl acetate as reactants. Two
experimental sets were performed. For the first set, the temperature was kept
constant (20°C) against three different reactant flow rates (20, 40, and 60 cm3/min)
to obtain an experimental that could explain the effect how flow rate affects the
reaction. For the second set, and the temperature was changed to obtain
experimental data for three different temperatures (25°C, 30°C, and 46°C); in this
way, the effect of the temperature and activation energy could be determined.
Objective
To determine the order of saponification reaction.
To determine the reaction rate constant, k by plotting the graph.
Investigate the influence of operating conditions on the conversion and
specific rate constant K.
To provide a hands-on demonstration of Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor
(CSTR) operation.
To ascertain the rate constant's value in the context of a saponification
reaction.
To illustrate the principles of isothermal operation within a CSTR reactor
Figure1: CSTR reactor
Introduction
There are several types of reactors used in chemical or biochemical industries.
Continuous stirred tank reactors in the form of either single tank or (or more often)
tanks in series, are used widely and these are particular suitable for liquid phase
reactions. These types of reactors are used generally in the organic chemicals
industry and advantages include consistent product quality as compared with other
type of reactors. For a reaction between reactants A and B to form product C:
aA+bB→cC+D
General form of saponification reaction:
Figure2: CSTR reactor
Theory
The continuous stirred tank reactor or back mix reactor is a very common
processing unit in chemical and polymer industry. Its names suggest, it is a reactor
in which the contents are well stirred and uniform throughout. The CSTR is
normally run at steady state, and usually quite well mixed. The CSTR is generally
modeled as having no spatial variations in concentrations, temperature, or reaction
rate throughout the vessel.
NaOH +C 2 H 5 O2 CC H 3 →C H 3 C O2 Na+ H 3 CC H 2 OH
Sodium Hydroxide + Ethyl Acetate → Sodium Acetate+ Ethanol
a 0=
( υA
)
υ A +υ B (
aμ b 0=
υB
) b
υ A +υ B μ
if b 0 >a0 → C∞ =a0 this means that NaOH isthe limited reactant
if a 0 >b0 → C∞ =b0 this means that NaOH isthe excess reactant
at t=0 → λ 0=λ a =0.195 [ 1+0.0184 (T −294 ) ] a0
0
at t=final → λ ∞=λ a + λ c∞ ∞
if b 0 >a0 → a∞ =0 this means that NaOH is the limited reactant
λ ∞=λ c =0.195 [ 1+0.0284 (T −294 ) ] c ∞
∞
if a 0 >b0 → a∞ =a0 −b0 this means that NaOH is the excess reactant
λ ∞=λ c + λ a =0.195 [ 1+0.0284 (T −294 ) ] c ∞ +0.195 [ 1+0.0184 ( T −294 ) ] a∞
∞ ∞
To calculate the reaction rate constant (k) for the
saponification reaction:
The overall mass balance around the CSTR will be applied:
Input quantity = output quantity + reacted quantity +
accumulated quantity
F A =F A ( 1− X A ) + ( −r A ) V +0
0 0
F A X A =(−r A ) V
0
where :
F A :molar flow rate=a0∗υ A
0
at
X A =1−
a0
−dC A 2 2
−r A = =k C A C B=k C A =k at
dt
F A X A =(−r A ) V
0
( )
a 0∗υ A∗ 1−
at
a0
2
=k at ∗V
2
υ A ( a 0−at )=k at ∗V
k=
V ( )
υ A a 0−a t
at
2
where :
v=total volumetric flow rate=v a + v b
V =the volume of CSTR reactor
a 0=initial concentrationof NaOH at input entrance of CSTR
a t=the concentration of NaOH at a certain time(t)
Figure3: The Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor
DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS
A turbine agitator works in the conjunction with a baffle arrangement to
provide efficient mixing and heat transfer. The agitator is driven by an
electric motor mounted on the lid of the reactor and motor is driven by a
variable speed unit. Glands in the reactor lid house the conductivity and
temperature sensors with service unit.
Figure 4: Schematic diagram of continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR)
Materials used in the experiment
• Ethyl acetate
• Sodium hydroxide
• Distilled water
Apparatus:
A turbine agitator collaborates with a baffle arrangement to ensure effective
mixing and heat transfer within the reactor. Powered by an electric motor
installed on the reactor's lid, the agitator's speed is controlled by a variable
speed unit. The lid of the reactor contains glands that accommodate
conductivity and temperature sensors, along with their corresponding service
unit.
PROCEDURE
Prepare two solutions of NaOH and CH3COOC2H5 with the same
Quantity and concentration (10.019 M) 2 liters for each.
After that we put the solutions in the vessel and we tacked (2 L) that
we prepared before and we put it in the apparatus
We calculate the weight required for CH3COOC2H5 and we mixed
this quantity with (2L) of distilled water
We put the solutions (NaOH) and CH3COOC2H5 in the reactants
vessels and turn on the stop watch
Start the two pumps on power 12 for the first tank and power 14 for
the second tank.
Then take the readings every 1min until reach steady state and take
the final conductivity.
Then start the shutdown procedure.
Begin by preparing two solutions of NaOH and CH3COOC2H5, each with a
concentration of 0.05 M, totaling 2 liters for each solution.
Transfer the prepared solutions into the vessel, ensuring that each solution
occupies a volume of 2 liters.
Calculate the necessary weight of CH3COOC2H5 required for the solution and
dissolve it in 2 liters of distilled water.
Introduce the NaOH and CH3COOC2H5 solutions into their respective
reactant vessels, then initiate the stopwatch to commence the experiment.
Activate the two pumps, setting the power to 5 for both the first and second
tanks to ensure proper mixing.
Continuously monitor and record readings every minute until reaching a steady
state, and make note of the final conductivity measurement.
Result and calculation
t λt at Xat rA FA0/-rA
0.00031 -0.015780876 1.509060532 2.70361E-06 11924.78787
1
0.00064 -0.013282869 1.42847963 2.55924E-06 12597.46821
2
0.00067 -0.013055777 1.421154093 2.54612E-06 12662.40362
3
0.00065 -0.013207171 1.426037784 2.55487E-06 12619.03922
4
0.00064 -0.013282869 1.42847963 2.55924E-06 12597.46821
5
0.00063 -0.013358566 1.430921475 2.56362E-06 12575.97083
6
0.00062 -0.013434263 1.433363321 2.56799E-06 12554.54669
7
0.00061 -0.01350996 1.435805166 2.57237E-06 12533.19542
8
0.0006 -0.013585657 1.438247012 2.57674E-06 12511.91665
9
0.00059 -0.013661355 1.440688857 2.58112E-06 12490.71001
10
0.00058 -0.013737052 1.443130703 2.58549E-06 12469.57513
11
0.00058 -0.013737052 1.443130703 2.58549E-06 12469.57513
12
0.00057 -0.013812749 1.445572549 2.58987E-06 12448.51166
13
0.00056 -0.013888446 1.448014394 2.59424E-06 12427.51923
14
0.00057 -0.013812749 1.445572549 2.58987E-06 12448.51166
15
0.00057 -0.013812749 1.445572549 2.58987E-06 12448.51166
16
-0.013812749 1.445572549 2.58987E-06 12448.51166
0.00057
17
Realationship Between Xa And (FA0/-ra)
12800
12600
12400
FA0/-ra
12200
12000
11800
11600
11400
1.4 1.42 1.44 1.46 1.48 1.5 1.52
Xa
FIGURE 1
Discussion
NaOH +CH 3 COOC 2 H 5 →CH 3 COONA +C2 H 5 OH
The experiment was carried out by using special hydroxide and ethyl acetate. 0nsid
ethe reactor, the saponification of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate producing
sodium acetate and ethanol. Order of the reaction is based on the powers of the
concentration which are raised in the kinetic law. Based on result and the sample of
calculation, the value of data was fitted to second order reaction.
−𝑟𝐴 = 𝑘. C A
2
The stirrer rate has a positive effect on the conversion and rate constant.
Specific rate constant and conversion increase with temperature within the
studied temperature range.
Within the range of reactor volume selected for analysis, conversion increases
with increase in reactor volume.
The T-tube should be fixed in the reactor vessel, but in this work was far away
from vessel body which will cause effects on the reaction
Conclusion
Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) experiment typically involves
summarizing the experimental findings regarding the reaction kinetics,
highlighting the accuracy of the rate constant determination, discussing any
deviations from expected results, and suggesting potential improvements or future
research directions.
Reference
Chemical reaction engineering, third edition; Octave
levenspil.
Y.W. Kim and J.K. Baird, "Reaction Kinetics and Critical
Phenomena: Saponification of Ethyl Acetate at the Consulate
Point of 2-Butoxyethanol + Water", International Journal of
Thermophysics, Vol. 25, No. 4, July2004
. https://www.ijera.com/papers/Vol5_issue2/Part%20-
%202/K502027478.pdf
