Handball

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Handball (disambiguation).

Handball

A handball game in progress at SAP

Arena in Mannheim, Germany.

Highest governing body IHF

First played 2 December 1917; 106 years

ago in Berlin, Germany.[1]

Registered players > 27 million (2016)[2]

 Characteristics

Contact Limited

Team members 7 per side (including

goalkeeper)

Mixed-sex Separate competitions

Type Team sport, ball sport

Equipment Ball and goals

Venue Indoor court

Presence

Country or region Worldwide; but most popular

in Europe

Olympic Part of Summer Olympic

programme in 1936.
Demonstrated at the 1952
Summer Olympics.
Returned to the Summer
Olympic programme in 1972.

World Games Beach handball: 2001–

present (invitational sport
before 2013)

Handball game highlights video

Handball (also known as team handball, European handball or Olympic handball)[3] is a team sport in
which two teams of seven players each (six outcourt players and a goalkeeper) pass a ball using their
hands with the aim of throwing it into the goal of the opposing team. A standard match consists of two
periods of 30 minutes, and the team that scores more goals wins.

Modern handball is played on a court of 40 by 20 metres (131 by 66 ft), with a goal in the middle of each
end. The goals are surrounded by a 6-metre (20 ft) zone where only the defending goalkeeper is allowed;
goals must be scored by throwing the ball from outside the zone or while "diving" into it. The sport is
usually played indoors, but outdoor variants exist in the forms of field handball, Czech handball (which
were more common in the past) and beach handball. The game is fast and high-scoring: professional
teams now typically score between 20 and 35 goals each, though lower scores were not uncommon until
a few decades ago. Body contact is permitted for the defenders trying to stop the attackers from
approaching the goal. No protective equipment is mandated, but players may wear soft protective
bands, pads and mouth guards.[4]

The modern set of rules was published in 1917 by Karl Schelenz, Max Heiser, and Erich Konigh,[5] on 29
October in Berlin, which is seen as the date of birth of the sport.[1][6] The rules have had several revisions
since. The first official handball match was played in 1917 in Germany.[1] Karl Schelenz modified the rules
in 1919.[5] The first international games were played (under these rules) with men in 1925 (between
Germany and Belgium) and with women in 1930 (between Germany and Austria). [7]

Men's handball was first played at the Olympics in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin outdoors, and
the next time at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich indoors; handball has been an Olympic sport
since then. Women's handball was added at the 1976 Summer Olympics.[8]

The International Handball Federation was formed in 1946 and, as of 2016, has 197 member federations.
[9]
The sport is most popular in Europe, and European countries have won all medals but one in
the men's world championships since 1938. In the women's world championships, only two non-
European countries have won the title: South Korea and Brazil. The game also enjoys popularity in East
Asia, North Africa and parts of South America.

Origins and development

A picture copied from an amphora shows youths playing a version

of handball, c. 500 BC.

Games similar to handball were played in Ancient Greece and are represented on amphorae and stone
carvings. Although detailed textual reference is rare, there are numerous descriptions of ball games
being played where players throw the ball to one another; sometimes this is done in order to avoid
interception by a player on the opposing team. Such games were played widely and served as both a
form of exercise and a social event.[10]

There is evidence of ancient Roman women playing a version of handball called expulsim ludere.[11] There
are records of handball-like games in medieval France, and among the Inuit in Greenland, in the Middle
Ages. By the 19th century, there existed similar games of håndbold from Denmark, házená in the Czech
Republic, handbol in Ukraine, and torball in Germany.[12]

The team handball game of today was codified at the end of the 19th century in northern Europe:
primarily in Denmark, Germany, Norway, and Sweden. The first written set of team handball rules was
published in 1906 by the Danish gym teacher, lieutenant and Olympic medalist Holger
Nielsen from Ordrup grammar school, north of Copenhagen. The modern set of rules was published by
Max Heiser, Karl Schelenz, and Erich Konigh in 1917[5] on 29 October in Berlin, Germany; this day is
therefore seen as the "date of birth" of the sport.[1][6] The first official handball match was played on 2
December 1917 in Berlin.[1] In 1919 the rules were modified by Karl Schelenz.[5] The first international
games were played under these rules, between Germany and Austria by men in 1925 and
between Germany and Austria by women in 1930.[7]

In 1926, the Congress of World Athletics (then known as the International Amateur Athletic Federation)
nominated a committee to draw up international rules for field handball. The International Amateur
Handball Federation was formed in 1928 and later the International Handball Federation was formed in
1946.

Men's field handball was played at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. During the next several
decades, indoor handball flourished and evolved in the Scandinavian countries. The sport re-emerged
onto the world stage as men's team handball for the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. Women's team
handball was added at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal.[8][13] Due to its popularity in the region,
the Eastern European countries that refined the event became the dominant force in the sport when it
was reintroduced.

The International Handball Federation organised the men's world championship in 1938 and every four
(sometimes three) years from World War II to 1995. Since the 1995 world championship in Iceland, the
competition has been held every two years. The women's world championship has been held since 1957.
The IHF also organizes women's and men's junior world championships. By July 2009, the IHF listed 166
member federations – approximately 795,000 teams and 19 million players.

Rules

The rules are laid out in the IHF's set of rules, most recently published in 2015. [14]

Summary

Two teams of seven players (six court players plus one goalkeeper) take the court and attempt to score
points by putting the game ball into the opposing team's goal. In handling the ball, players are subject to
the following restrictions:

 After receiving the ball, players can pass, keep possession, or shoot the ball.

 Players are not allowed to touch the ball with their feet. The goalkeeper is the only player
allowed to use their feet, but only within the goal area.

 If possessing the ball, players must dribble (similar to a basketball dribble), or can take up to
three steps for up to three seconds at a time without dribbling.

 No attacking or defending players other than the defending goalkeeper are allowed to touch the
floor of the goal area (within six metres of the goal). A shot or pass in the goal area is valid if
completed before touching the floor. Goalkeepers are allowed outside the goal area, but are not
allowed to cross the goal area boundary with the ball in their hands.

 The ball may not be passed back to the goalkeeper when they are positioned in the goal area.

Notable scoring opportunities can occur when attacking players jump into the goal area. For example, an
attacking player may catch a pass while launching toward the inside of the goal area, and then shoot or
pass before touching the floor. Doubling occurs when a diving attacking player passes to another diving
teammate.
Playing court

Schematic diagram of a handball court

An outdoor handball court

Handball is played on a court 40 by 20 metres (131 ft 3 in × 65 ft 7 in), with a goal in the centre of each
end. The goals are surrounded by a near-semicircular area, called the zone or the crease, defined by a
line six metres from the goal. A dashed near-semicircular line nine metres from the goal marks the free-
throw line. Each line on the court is part of the area it encompasses; the centre line belongs to both
halves at the same time.

Goals

The goals are two metres high and three metres wide. They must be securely bolted either to the floor
or the wall behind.

The goal posts and the crossbar must be made out of the same material (e.g., wood or aluminium) and
feature a quadratic cross section with sides of 8 cm (3 in). The three sides of the beams visible from the
playing court must be painted alternatingly in two contrasting colors which both have to contrast against
the background. The colors on both goals must be the same.
Each goal must feature a net. This must be fastened in such a way that a ball thrown into the goal does
not leave or pass the goal under normal circumstances. If necessary, a second net may be clasped to the
back of the net on the inside.

Crease

The goals are surrounded by the crease, also called the zone. This area is delineated by two quarter
circles with a radius of six metres around the far corners of each goal post and a connecting line parallel
to the goal line. Only the defending goalkeeper is allowed inside this zone. However, court players may
catch and touch the ball in the air within it as long as the player starts their jump outside the zone and
releases the ball before they land (landing inside the perimeter is allowed in this case as long as the ball
has been released).

If a player without the ball contacts the ground inside the goal perimeter, or the line surrounding the
perimeter, they must take the most direct path out of it. However, should a player cross the zone in an
attempt to gain an advantage (e.g., better position) their team cedes the ball. Similarly, violation of the
zone by a defending player is penalized only if they do so in order to gain an advantage in defending.

Substitution area

Outside of one long edge of the court to both sides of the middle line are the substitution areas for each
team. Team officials, substitutes, and suspended players must wait within this area. A team's area is the
same side as the goal the team is defending; during halftime, substitution areas are swapped. Any player
entering or leaving the play must cross the substitution line which is part of the side line and extends 4.5
metres (15 ft) from the middle line to the team's side.

Duration

Team timeout

A standard match has two 30-minute halves with a 10- or 15-minute (major Championships/Olympics)
halftime intermission. At half-time, teams switch sides of the court as well as benches. For youths, the
length of the halves is reduced—25 minutes at ages 12 to 15, and 20 minutes at ages 8 to 11; though
national federations of some countries may differ in their implementation from the official guidelines. [15]

If a decision must be reached in a particular match (e.g., in a tournament) and it ends in a draw after
regular time, there are at maximum two overtimes, each consisting of two straight 5-minute periods
with a one-minute break in between. If these does not decide the game either, then the winning team is
determined in a penalty shootout (best-of-five rounds; if still tied, extra rounds are added until one team
wins).
The referees may call timeout according to their sole discretion; typical reasons are injuries, suspensions,
or court cleaning. Penalty throws should trigger a timeout only for lengthy delays, such as a change of
the goalkeeper.

Since 2012, teams can call 3 team timeouts per game (up to two per half), which last one minute each.
This right may only be invoked by the team in possession of the ball. Team representatives must show a
green card marked with a black T on the timekeeper's desk. The timekeeper then immediately interrupts
the game by sounding the buzzer to stop the clock. Before 2012, teams were allowed only one timeout
per half. For the purpose of calling timeouts, overtime and shootouts are extensions of the second half.

Referees

A handball match is adjudicated by two equal referees. Some national bodies allow games with only a
single referee in special cases like illness on short notice. Should the referees disagree on any occasion, a
decision is made on mutual agreement during a short timeout; or, in case of punishments, the more
severe of the two comes into effect. The referees are obliged to make their decisions "on the basis of
their observations of facts".[16] Their judgements are final and can be appealed against only if not in
compliance with the rules. Officials can look to TV replays, as needed.

The referees (blue shirts) keep both teams between

them.

The referees position themselves in such a way that the team players are confined between them. They
stand diagonally aligned so that each can observe one side line. Depending on their positions, one is
called court referee and the other goal referee. These positions automatically switch on ball turnover.
They physically exchange their positions approximately every 10 minutes (long exchange), and change
sides every five minutes (short exchange).

The IHF defines 18 hand signals for quick visual communication with players and officials. The signal for
warning is accompanied by a yellow card.[17] A disqualification for the game is indicated by a red card,
[18]
followed by a blue card if the disqualification will be accompanied by a report.[19] The referees also use
whistle blows to indicate infractions or to restart the play.

The referees are supported by a scorekeeper and a timekeeper who attend to formal things such as
keeping track of goals and suspensions, or starting and stopping the clock, respectively. They also keep
an eye on the benches and notify the referees on substitution errors. Their desk is located between the
two substitution areas.

Team players, substitutes, and officials

Each team consists of seven players on court and seven substitute players on the bench. One player on
the court must be the designated goalkeeper, differing in his clothing from the rest of the court players.
Substitution of players can be done in any number and at any time during game play. An exchange takes
place over the substitution line. A prior notification of the referees is not necessary.

Some national bodies, such as the Deutsche Handball Bund (DHB, "German Handball Federation"), allow
substitution in junior teams only when in ball possession or during timeouts. This restriction is intended
to prevent early specialization of players to offence or defence.

Court players

Court players are allowed to touch the ball with any part of their bodies above and including the knee.
As in several other team sports, a distinction is made between catching and dribbling. A player who is in
possession of the ball may stand stationary for only three seconds, and may take only three steps. They
must then either shoot, pass, or dribble the ball. Taking more than three steps at any time is considered
travelling, and results in a turnover. A player may dribble as many times as they want (though, since
passing is faster, it is the preferred method of attack), as long as during each dribble the hand contacts
only the top of the ball. Therefore, carrying is completely prohibited, and results in a turnover. After the
dribble is picked up, the player has the right to another three seconds or three steps. The ball must then
be passed or shot, as further holding or dribbling will result in a double dribble turnover and a free throw
for the other team. Other offensive infractions that result in a turnover include charging and setting an
illegal screen. Carrying the ball into the six-metre zone results either in ball possession by the goalkeeper
(by attacker) or turnover (by defender).

Goalkeeper

Only the goalkeepers are allowed to move freely within the goal perimeter, although they may not cross
the goal perimeter line while carrying or dribbling the ball. Within the zone, they are allowed to touch
the ball with all parts of their bodies, including their feet, with a defensive aim (for other actions, they
are subject to the same restrictions as the court players). The goalkeepers may participate in the normal
play of their teammates. A regular court player may substitute for the goalkeeper if a team elects to use
this scheme in order to outnumber the defending players. Prior to 2015, this court player became the
designated goalkeeper on the court and had to wear some vest or bib the same color as the goalkeeper's
shirt to be identified as such. A rule change meant to make the game more offensive now allows any
player to substitute for the goalkeeper without becoming a designated goalkeeper. The new rule
resembles the one used in ice hockey. This rule was first used in the women's world championship in
December 2015 and has since been used by the men's European championship in January 2016 and by
both genders in the Olympic tournament in 2016. This rule change has led to a drastic increase of empty
net goals.[citation needed]

If either goalkeeper deflects the ball over the outer goal line, their team stays in possession of the ball, in
contrast to other sports like football. The goalkeeper resumes the play with a throw from within the zone
("goalkeeper throw"). In a penalty shot or directly taken free throw, throwing the ball against the head of
a goalkeeper who is not moving will lead to a direct disqualification ("red card"). Hitting a non-moving
goalkeeper's head out of regular play will lead to a two-minute suspension as long as the player threw
without obstruction.

Outside of own D-zone, the goalkeeper is treated as an ordinary court player, and has to follow court
players' rules; holding or tackling an opponent player outside the area risks a direct disqualification.
[clarification needed]
The goalkeeper may not return to the area with the ball. Passing to one's own goalkeeper
results in a turnover.

Team officials

Each team is allowed to have a maximum of four team officials seated on the benches. An official is
anybody who is neither player nor substitute. One official must be the designated representative who is
usually the team manager. Since 2012, representatives can call up to 3 team timeouts (up to twice per
half), and may address the scorekeeper, timekeeper, and referees (before that, it was once per half);
overtime and shootouts are considered extensions of the second half. Other officials typically
include physicians or managers. No official is allowed to enter the playing court without the permission
of the referees.

Ball

A size III handball

The ball is spherical and must be made either of leather or a synthetic material. It is not allowed to have
a shiny or slippery surface. As the ball is intended to be operated by a single hand, its official sizes vary
depending on age and gender of the participating teams.

Siz Circumference Circumference Weight Weight

Class
e (cm) (in) (g) (oz)

425–
III Men over 16 58–60 23–24 15.0–16.8
475

325–
II Women over 14, men over 12 54–56 21–22 11.5–13.2
375

290–
I Junior over 8 50–52 20–20 10–12
330

Awarded throws

The referees may award a special throw to a team. This usually happens after certain events such as
scored goals, off-court balls, turnovers and timeouts. All of these special throws require the thrower to
obtain a certain position, and pose restrictions on the positions of all other players. Sometimes the
execution must wait for a whistle blow by the referee.

Throw-off
A throw-off takes place from the center of the court. The thrower must touch the middle line with one
foot, and all the other offensive players must stay in their half until the referee restarts the game. The
defending players must keep a distance of at least three metres from the thrower until the ball leaves his
hand. A throw-off occurs at the beginning of each period and after the opposing team scores a goal. It
must be cleared by the referees.

Modern handball introduced the "fast throw-off" concept; i.e., the play will be immediately restarted by
the referees as soon as the executing team fulfills its requirements. Many teams leverage this rule to
score easy goals before the opposition has time to form a stable defense line.

Throw-in

The team which did not touch the ball last is awarded a throw-in when the ball fully crosses the side line
or touches the ceiling. If the ball crosses the outer goal line, a throw-in is awarded only if the defending
court players touched the ball last. Execution requires the thrower to place one foot on the nearest outer
line to the cause. All defending players must keep a distance of three metres (9.8 ft). However, they are
allowed to stand immediately outside their own goal area even when the distance is less than three
metres.

Goalkeeper-throw

If the ball crosses the outer goal line without interference from the defending team or when deflected by
the defending team's goalkeeper, or when the attacking team violates the D-zone as described above, a
goalkeeper-throw is awarded to the defending team. This is the most common turnover. The goalkeeper
resumes the play with a throw from anywhere within the goal area.

Free-throw

A free-throw restarts the play after an interruption by the referees. It takes places from the spot where
the interruption was caused, as long as this spot is outside of the free-throw line of the opposing team.
In the latter case, the throw is deferred to the nearest spot on the free-throw line. Free-throws are the
equivalent to free-kicks in association football; however, conceding them is typically not seen as poor
sportsmanship for the defending side, and in itself, they carry no major disadvantages. (In particular,
being awarded a free throw while being on warning for passive play will not reset the warning, whereas
a shot on goal will.) The thrower may take a direct attempt for a goal which, however, is rarely feasible if
the defending team has organised a defense. However, if a free throw is awarded and the half or game
ends, a direct throw at the goal is typically attempted, which occasionally goes in.

A seven-metre throw

Seven-metre throw
A seven-metre throw is awarded when a clear chance of scoring is illegally prevented anywhere on the
court by an opposing team player, official, or spectator. It is awarded also when the referees have
interrupted a legitimate scoring chance for any reason. The thrower steps with one foot behind the 7-
metre line with only the defending goalkeeper between him and the goal. The goalkeeper must keep a
distance of 3 metres away, which is marked by a short tick on the floor. All other players must remain
behind the free-throw line until execution and the defending court players must keep a distance of three
metres. The thrower must await the whistle blow of the referee. A seven-metre throw is the equivalent
to a penalty kick in association football; however, it is far more common and typically occurs several
times in a single game. It is thus tactically similar to free throw percentage in basketball and teams will
try to have their best seven metre throwers execute those throws.

Penalties

Yellow card shown in a handball match

Penalties are given to players, in progressive format, for fouls that require more punishment than just a
free-throw. Actions directed mainly at the opponent and not the ball (such as reaching around, holding,
pushing, tripping, and jumping into opponent) as well as contact from the side, from behind a player or
impeding the opponent's counterattack are all considered illegal and are subject to penalty. Any
infraction that prevents a clear scoring opportunity will result in a seven-metre penalty shot.

Typically the referee will give a warning yellow card for an illegal action; but, if the contact was
particularly dangerous, like striking the opponent in the head, neck or throat, the referee can forego the
warning for an immediate two-minute suspension. Players are warned once before given a yellow card;
they risk being red-carded if they receive three two-minute suspensions.

A red card results in an ejection from the game and a two-minute penalty for the team. A player may
receive a red card directly for particularly rough penalties. For instance, any contact from behind during
a fast break is now being treated with a red card; as does any deliberate intent to injure opponents. A
red-carded player has to leave the playing area completely. A player who is disqualified may be
substituted with another player after the two-minute penalty is served. A coach or official can also be
penalized progressively. Any coach or official who receives a two-minute suspension will have to pull out
one of their players for two minutes; however, the player is not the one punished, and can be
substituted in again, as the penalty consists of the team playing with one fewer player than the opposing
team.

After referees award the ball to the opponents for whatever reason, the player currently in possession of
the ball has to lay it down quickly, or risk a two-minute suspension. Also, gesticulating or verbally
questioning the referee's order, as well as arguing with the officials' decisions, will normally risk a yellow
card. If the suspended player protests further, does not walk straight off the court to the bench, or if the
referee deems the tempo deliberately slow, that player risks a double yellow card. Illegal substitution
(outside of the dedicated area, or if the replacement player enters too early) is prohibited; if they do,
they risk a yellow card.

Gameplay

Formations

Positions of attacking (red) and defending players

(blue), in a 5–1 defense formation Positions of

attacking (red) and defending players (blue), in a 6–0 defense formation

Players are typically referred to by the positions they are playing. The positions are always denoted from
the view of the respective goalkeeper, so that a defender on the right opposes an attacker on the left.
However, not all of the following positions may be occupied depending on the formation or potential
suspensions.

Offense
  Left and right wingman. These typically are fast players who excel at ball control and wide jumps
from the outside of the goal perimeter in order to get into a better shooting angle at the goal.
Teams usually try to occupy the left position with a right-handed player and vice versa.

 Left and right backcourt. Goal attempts by these players are typically made by jumping high and
shooting over the defenders. Thus, it is usually advantageous to have tall players with a powerful
shot for these positions.

 Centre backcourt. A player with experience is preferred on this position who acts as playmaker
and the handball equivalent of a basketball point guard.

 Pivot (left and right, if applicable), also commonly called "line player". This player tends to
intermingle with the defence, setting picks and attempting to disrupt the defence's formation.
This position requires the least jumping skills; but ball control and physical strength are
advantages.

Sometimes, the offense uses formations with two pivot players.

Defense

There are many variations in defensive formations. Usually, they are described as n:m formations,
where n is the number of players defending at the goal line and m the number of players defending
more offensive. Exceptions are the 3:2:1 defense and n+m formation (e.g. 5+1), where m players defend
some offensive player in man coverage (instead of the usual zone coverage).

 Far left and far right. The opponents of the wingmen.

 Half left and half right. The opponents of the left and right backcourts.

 Back center (left and right). Opponent of the pivot.

 Front center. Opponent of the center backcourt, may also be set against another specific
backcourt player.

Offensive play

Attacks are played with all court players on the side of the defenders. Depending on the speed of the
attack, one distinguishes between three attack waves with a decreasing chance of success:
 Women's handball – a jump shot completes a fast-break.

Men's handball – a jump shot (Kiril Lazarov, world record-holder for

the number of goals scored in one world championship)

First wave

First wave attacks are characterised by the absence of defending players around their goal perimeter.
The chance of success is very high, as the throwing player is unhindered in his scoring attempt. Such
attacks typically occur after an intercepted pass or a steal, and if the defending team can switch fast to
offence. The far left or far right will usually try to run the attack, as they are not as tightly bound in the
defence. On a turnover, they immediately sprint forward and receive the ball halfway to the other goal.
Thus, these positions are commonly held by quick players.

Second wave

If the first wave is not successful and some defending players have gained their positions around the
zone, the second wave comes into play: the remaining players advance with quick passes to locally
outnumber the retreating defenders. If one player manages to step up to the perimeter or catches the
ball at this spot, he becomes unstoppable by legal defensive means. From this position, the chance of
success is naturally very high. Second wave attacks became much more important with the "fast throw-
off" rule.

Third wave

The time during which the second wave may be successful is very short, as then the defenders closed the
gaps around the zone. In the third wave, the attackers use standardised attack patterns usually involving
crossing and passing between the back court players who either try to pass the ball through a gap to
their pivot, take a jumping shot from the backcourt at the goal, or lure the defence away from a
wingman.
The third wave evolves into the normal offensive play when all defenders not only reach the zone, but
gain their accustomed positions. Some teams then substitute specialised offence players. However, this
implies that these players must play in the defence should the opposing team be able to switch quickly
to offence. The latter is another benefit for fast playing teams.

If the attacking team does not make sufficient progress (eventually releasing a shot on goal), the referees
can call passive play (since 1995, the referee gives an advance warning by holding one hand high,
signalling that the attacking team should release a shot soon), turning control over to the other team. A
shot on goal or an infringement leading to a yellow card or two-minute penalty will mark the start of a
new attack, causing the hand to be taken down; but a shot blocked by the defense or a normal free
throw will not. This rule prevents an attacking team from stalling the game indefinitely, as it is difficult to
intercept a pass without at the same time conceding dangerous openings towards the goal.

Defensive play

The usual formations of the defense are 6–0, when all the defense players line up between the 6-metre
(20 ft) and 9-metre (30 ft) lines to form a wall; the 5–1, when one of the players cruises outside the 9-
metre (30 ft) perimeter, usually targeting the center forwards while the other 5 line up on the 6-metre
(20 ft) line; and the less common 4–2 when there are two such defenders out front. Very fast teams will
also try a 3–3 formation which is close to a switching man-to-man style. The formations vary greatly from
country to country, and reflect each country's style of play. 6–0 is sometimes known as "flat defense",
and all other formations are usually called "offensive defense".

Organization

Handball teams are usually organised as clubs. On a national level, the clubs are associated in federations
which organize matches in leagues and tournaments.

International body

The International Handball Federation (IHF) is the administrative and controlling body for international
handball. Handball is an Olympic sport played during the Summer Olympics.[20]

The IHF organizes world championships, held in odd-numbered years, with separate competitions for
men and women.[21] The IHF World Men's Handball Championship 2023 title holders are Denmark.
[22]
The IHF World Women's Handball Championship 2023 title holder is France.[23]

The IHF is composed of five continental federations: Asian Handball Federation, African Handball
Confederation, Pan-American Team Handball Federation, European Handball Federation and Oceania
Handball Federation. These federations organize continental championships held every other second
year. Handball is played during the Pan American Games,[24] All-Africa Games,[25] and Asian Games.[20] It is
also played at the Mediterranean Games. In addition to continental competitions between national
teams, the federations arrange international tournaments between club teams.[26]

International competitions

 Nor.Ca. Handball Championship (men, women)

National competitions
Europe

 Austria: Handball Liga Austria

 Belgium: BENE-League Handball (shared competition with the Netherlands)

 Bosnia and Herzegovina: Handball Championship of Bosnia and Herzegovina

 Croatia: Croatian First League of Handball

 Czech Republic: Czech Handball Extraliga

 Denmark: Damehåndboldligaen (women), Jack & Jones Ligaen (men)

 England: England Handball Association

 Finland: Finnish Handball League

 France: Liqui Moly Starligue (men), Ligue Butagaz Énergie (women)

 Germany: Handball-Bundesliga, Handball-Bundesliga (women)

 Greece: Greek Men's handball championship

 Hungary: Nemzeti Bajnokság I (men), Nemzeti Bajnokság I (women)

 Iceland: Olís deildin

 Israel: Ligat Winner

 Italy: Serie A Gold [it]

 Montenegro: First League (men), First League (women), Second League (men), Second League
(women)

 Netherlands: BENE-League Handball (shared competition with Belgium), Eredivisie (women)

 North Macedonia: Macedonian Handball Super League

 Norway: Eliteserien (men's handball), Eliteserien (women's handball)

 Poland: Polish Superliga (men's handball), Ekstraklasa (women's handball)

 Portugal: Andebol 1 (men), 1ª Divisão Feminino (women)

 Romania: Liga Națională (men), Liga Naţională (women)

 Russia: Men's Championship, Women's Championship, Women's Handball Cup, Men's Handball
Cup, Women's Handball Super Cup, Men's Handball Super Cup

 Scotland: Scottish Handball League

 Serbia: Serbian First League of Handball

 Slovakia: Slovenská hadzanárska extraliga

  Slovenia: Slovenian First League of Handball, Handball Cup of Slovenia

 Spain: Liga ASOBAL, División de Plata de Balonmano

 Sweden: Handbollsligan (men), Svensk handbollselit (women)

 Turkey: Handball Super League (men), Women's Handball Super League (women)

Other

 Angola: Angola Men's Handball League (men), Angola Women's Handball League (women)

 Argentina: Confederación Argentina de Handball

 Australia: Australian Handball Club Championship, Handball League Australia, Australian

National Handball Championship (States)

 Egypt: Egyptian Handball League

 Japan: Japan Handball League

 Korea: Handball Korea League

 Tahiti: Tahitian Handball League

 United States: USA Team Handball Nationals, USA Team Handball College Nationals

Attendance records

The worldwide attendance record for seven-a-side handball was set on 10 January 2024 in Düsseldorf,
Germany, during the two opening matches of the 2024 European Men's Handball Championship. The
two games (France versus North Macedonia and Germany against Switzerland) were played in front of
53,586 spectators.[27]

Commemorative coins

Handball events have been selected as a main motif in numerous collectors' coins. One of the recent
samples is the €10 Greek Handball commemorative coin, minted in 2003 to commemorate the 2004
Summer Olympics. On the coin, the modern athlete directs the ball in his hands towards his target, while
in the background the ancient athlete is just about to throw a ball, in a game known as cheirosphaira, in
a representation taken from a black-figure pottery vase of the Archaic period.[28]

The most recent commemorative coin featuring handball is the British 50 pence coin, part of the series
of coins commemorating the London 2012 Olympic Games.[29]

See also

 Sports portal

 Beach handball

 Czech handball
  Field handball

 Handball at the Summer Olympics

 Handball in the United States

 Handball (schoolyard game), an Australian variant often played by school children

 Water polo, a similar sport played in water

References

1. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Pazen, Björn (31 October 2017). "Handball in Germany celebrates
100th anniversary". European Handball Federation. Retrieved 5 March 2020.

2. ^ "8 Things You Didn't Know About Handball". Olympics. IOC. 10 June
2016. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2018.

3. ^ Barbara Schrodt (6 October 2011). "Team Handball". The Canadian Encyclopedia.

Historica-Dominion Institute.

4. ^ "IHF Rules of the Game: Regulations on Protective Equipment and Accessories" (PDF).
Nederlands Handbal Verbond. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2019.
Retrieved 3 January 2019.

5. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Laver, L.; Landreau, P.; Seil, R.; Popovic, N. (2018). Handball Sports
Medicine: Basic Science, Injury Management and Return to Sport. Springer Berlin
Heidelberg. p. xxv. ISBN 978-3-662-55892-8. Retrieved 14 May 2022.

6. ^ Jump up to:a b Nestler, Stefan (24 January 2019). "Handball: Will the winter fairytale
last?". DW.com. Retrieved 5 March 2020.

7. ^ Jump up to:a b Laver, L.; Landreau, P.; Seil, R.; Popovic, N. (2018). Handball Sports
Medicine: Basic Science, Injury Management and Return to Sport. Springer Berlin
Heidelberg. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-3-662-55892-8. Retrieved 14 May 2022.

8. ^ Jump up to:a b "Montreal Olympics photo flashback: More women competed thanks to
three new events | Montreal Gazette". 24 May 2018. Archived from the original on 24
May 2018.

9. ^ "Member Federations". International Handball Federation.

10. ^ Gardiner, E. Norman, 'Ball play' in Athletics of the Ancient World, Oxford: OUP, 1967,
pp. 230–238

11. ^ John Anthony Cuddon, The Macmillan Dictionary of Sports and Games, p. 393,
Macmillan, 1980, ISBN 0-333-19163-3

12. ^ Serinex.NET, SegaAlex in. "Handball History : HAND-BALL.ORG". www.hand-ball.org.

Retrieved 28 November 2017.
 13. ^ "Legacy". USA Team Handball. Archived from the original on 28 March 2015.
Retrieved 7 May 2022.

14. ^ "The official Handball rules (PDF)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 August
2020. Retrieved 30 July 2012.

15. ^ "Rules of the Game" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2020.

16. ^ Official rules, rule 17:11

17. ^ Official rules, hand signal 16:2

18. ^ Official rules 16:7

19. ^ Official rules 16:8

20. ^ Jump up to:a b "Handball The Official Website of the 16th Asian Games". Guangzhou
Asian Games. 21 August 2008. Archived from the original on 8 October 2017.
Retrieved 2 February 2009.

21. ^ "Regulations for IHF Competitions" (PDF). International Handball Federation.

September 2007. p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 2
February 2009.

22. ^ "Flawless Denmark claim first world title". 27 January 2019.

23. ^ "Six talking points after a stunning 2023 IHF Women's World Championship". 21
December 2023.

24. ^ "Deportes Panamericanos – Balonmano" (in Spanish). Guadalajara 2011. Archived

from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved 2 February 2009.

25. ^ "Handball at the 2007 All Africa Games in Algiers". International Handball Federation.
20 July 2007. Archived from the original on 15 November 2008. Retrieved 2
February 2009.

26. ^ "Bylaws" (PDF). International Handball Federation. September 2007.

p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2009.

27. ^ "World-record crowd witnesses Men's EHF EURO 2024 opening". eurohandball.com.
10 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.

28. ^ "Athens 2004 – Series F coins". Fleur de Coin. Retrieved 3 September 2016.

29. ^ "London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games". RoyalMint.com. 2012. Archived
from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.

Sources

 "Team handball". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 3 May 2017.