Structural Analysis 1–11 C (CE-Sem-5)
Que 1.7. What do you mean by static indeterminacy ? Explain
giving at least two examples with reference to trusses.
OR
What do you mean by static indeterminacy ? Explain with examples.
AKTU 2012-13, Marks 05
Answer
A. Static Indeterminacy : For a structure, if available equilibrium
equations are less than the unknown forces then structure is known as
statically indeterminate structure.
1. For a coplanar rigid frame structure if :
i. 3m = 3j – r Structure is statically determinate.
ii. 3m > 3j – r Structure is statically indeterminate.
where, m = Number of members in a structure.
r = Total number of forces and moment reaction
components.
2. Static indeterminacy = 3m – (3j – r)
3. Degree of static indeterminacy for truss = Total number of unknowns
(external and internal) forces – Number of independent equations of
equilibrium.
If, j = Number of pin (hinge) joints connecting these
members.
i. Total number of unknown forces = (m + r)
ii. Total number of independent equilibrium equations = 2j
iii. Degree of static indeterminacy = (m + r) – 2j
B. Examples :
1. For the truss as shown in Fig. 1.7.1, we have
m = 18, j = 10, and r = 3.
Fig. 1.7.1. Indeterminate truss.
Degree of static indeterminacy = (m + r) – 2j
= (18 + 3) – 2 × 10
= 21 – 20 = 1
So, degree of static indeterminacy = 1.
2. For the truss as shown in the Fig. 1.7.2, we have
m = 17, j = 10, and r = 4.
Fig. 1.7.2. (Externally) indeterminate truss.
Classification of Structures 1–12 C (CE-Sem-5)
Degree of static indeterminacy = (m + r) – 2j
= (17 + 4) – 2 × 10
= 21 – 20 = 1
So, degree of static indeterminacy = 1.
Que 1.8. Explain external and internal indeterminacy of
structure.
Answer
A. External Indeterminacy of Structure (Ie) :
1. Let r be the total number of external reaction components at supports
and e be the total number of equations of statical equilibrium available
for the given structure then there may arise three different cases.
i. r = e Structure is externally determinate.
ii. r > e Structure is externally indeterminate.
iii. r < e Structure is externally unstable.
Thus external indeterminacy Ie = r – e.
B. Internal Indeterminacy of Structure (Ii) :
i. It is defined in terms of the internal member forces that can not be
determined from simple statical relations if the structure is taken as
externally determinate.
ii. This type of internal indeterminacy is seen in articulated (pin joined
frames) and rigid frame structure.
iii. In case of beams it is equal to zero.
1. Articulated Structures :
i. If a truss consist of m number of pin connected members (it means the
truss is having m number of unknown member forces) through ‘j’
number of joints in the truss where ‘r’ number of external support
reactions are developed and ‘e’ number of equation of statical
equilibrium are available then,
ii. Total number of equations of equilibrium available at joints.
e = 2j [ 0, V = 0]
iii. Total number of unknown = Internal member forces + Reaction at
supports = m+r
iv. Then for determinacy of the truss, m + r = 2j or m = 2j – r
v. In case of externally determinate 2-Dimensional plane truss
r=3 (r = e = 3)
hence m = 2j – 3
Total indeterminacy, It = m – [2j – r] ...[It = Ie + Ii]
vi. For externally determinate 3 dimensional truss
m = 3j – r (at each joint, equations available = 3j)
m = 3j – 6 ( r = 6)
Structural Analysis 1–13 C (CE-Sem-5)
vii. Now in case of 2-D trusses :
If m > 2j – 3, then the truss has additional member and it is
known as redundant truss.
m = 2j – 3, the truss is internally determinate and is a
perfect truss.
m < 2j – 3, the truss is imperfect truss, it has deficiency of
members and its configuration is unstable
under certain loading condition.
Degree of internal indeterminacy, Ii = m – (2j – 3)
viii. In case of 3-D space trusses :
If, m = 3j – 6, Internally determinate space truss
m > 3j – 6, Internally indeterminate space truss
m < 3j – 6, Internally unstable truss
Degree of internal indeterminacy, Ii = m – (3j – r) = m – (3j – 6),
2. Rigid Frames :
i. These frames have rigid joint and may be a 2-dimensional or 3-
dimensional figure. In a member of rigid frame there exist 3 stress
resultants or member forces which need to be determined.
Hence, total number of unknown = (3m + r).
ii. Since at each joint of rigid frame three equations of equilibrium are
available then,
Total number of equations of equilibrium = 3j
Then for a frame to be internally determinate, 3j = 3m + r
iii. If 3m > 3j – r, the frame becomes internally indeterminate.
If 3m < 3j – r, the frame becomes internally unstable or deficient.
Ii = 3m – (3j – r) = 3m – (3j – 3) for 2D frame.
iv. Similarly in case of 3 dimensional frame total number of unknown
becomes (6m + r) and a total of 6j equations of equilibrium are available
for analysis.
v. Then the frame will be internally determinate,
if 6j = 6m + r
and if 6m > 6j – r, the frame becomes internally indeterminate
and when 6m < 6j – r, the frame becomes internally unstable.
= 6m – (6j – r) = 6m – (6j – 6) for 3D frame
C. Total Indeterminacy of Rigid Frame Structure (It) :
1. A structure may be indeterminate internally or externally or both in
terms of member forces or external reactions.
2. Hence, the total indeterminacy of a structure is the sum of internal and
external indeterminacy,
i.e., It = le + It
It = [3m – (3j – r)] for 2 dimensional frame.
It = [6m – (6j – r)] for 3 dimensional frame.
Classification of Structures 1–14 C (CE-Sem-5)
Que 1.9. What is the difference between statically determinate
and statically indeterminate structure ?
AKTU 2014-15, Marks 05
Answer
S. No. Statically Determinate Statically Indeterminate
Structures Structures
1. Conditions of equilibrium are Conditions of equilibrium are
sufficie nt to analyze the insufficie nt to analyze the
structure completely. structure completely.
2. The bending moment at a The bending moment at a section
section or the force in any or the force in a member depends
member is independent of upon the mate rial o f the
the mate rial o f the components of the structure.
components of the structure.
3. The bending moment at a The bending moment at a section
section or the force in any or the force in a member depends
member is independent of upon the cross-sectional areas of
the cross-sectional areas of the components.
the components.
4. No stresses are caused due Stresses are generally caused
to temperature changes. due to temperature variations.
5. No stresses are caused due Stresses are caused due to lack
to lack of fit. of fit.
Que 1.10. Find the external and internal degree of redundancy of
the structures as shown in Fig. 1.10.1. AKTU 2014-15, Marks 05
A B C
A.
F E D
G
A B C
B.
H D
G F E
Fig. 1.10.1.
Structural Analysis 1–15 C (CE-Sem-5)
Answer
A. Unknown support reactions, r = 4
Number of equilibrium equations, e = 3
Number of members, m = 13
Number of joints, j = 7
Degree of external redundancy,
Ie = r – e = 4 – 3 = 1
Degree of internal redundancy,
Ii = m – [2j – 3] = 13 – [2 × 7 – 3] = 2
B. Unknown support reactions, r = 4
Number of equilibrium equations, e = 3
Number of members, m = 14
Number of joints, j = 8
Degree of external redundancy, Ie = r – e = 4 – 3 = 1
Degree of internal redundancy,
Ii = m – [2j – 3] = 14 – [2 × 8 – 3] = 1
PART-2
Analysis of Cable with Concentrated Load and Continuous Loadings,
Effect of Temperature upon Length of Cable.
CONCEPT OUTLINE : PART-2
Cables : Cables are used as support as well as for transmission of
loads from one member to the other. Cable stands for a flexible tension
member.
Cable Theorem : In a cable subjected to vertical loading, the product
of the horizontal component of the cable and the vertical intercept
between a point on the cable and a point directly above it on the chord
is equal to the moment at the corresponding point in a simple beam of
the same span supporting the same loads.
Analysis of Cable : In analysis of cable, following terms are calculated,
2
1. Horizontal Reaction : H = wL
8d
2. Tension at the Ends : TA = VA2 H 2
TB = VB2 H 2
3. Shape of Cable : The cable generally found in the shape of
parabola when subjected to uniformly distributed load, equation
of curve,
4hx
y= (L – x)
L2
