WHAT IS AERODYNAMICS?

Fluid
Aerodynamic
MECHANICAL Mechanics
AEE214-
Static - Dynamic
INTRODUCTION TO AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE Rigid Bodies
WEEK 2 Mechanics Strength of
Introductions Units and Dimensions Materials
• Aerodynamics is the way air moves around things. The rules of aerodynamics
explain how an airplane is able to fly. Anything that moves through air reacts to
aerodynamics. A rocket blasting off the launch pad and a kite in the sky react to
aerodynamics. Aerodynamics even acts on cars, since air flows around cars.
• ‘‘The term “aerodynamics” is generally used for problems arising from flight and
Dr. Serhat YILMAZ other topics involving the flow of air’’. Ludwig Prandtl, 1949

AREAS OF INTEREST IN METHODS OF REVIEW OF

AERODYNAMICS AERODYNAMICS

(Airplane, glider, helicopter, RPV, UAV, balloon, airship,

AIR-SPACE TRANSPORTATION VEHICLES rocket, missile, bullet, space shuttle, parachute,) EXPERIMENTAL
LAND TRANSPORTATION VEHICLES (High speed moving cars, buses, trucks, bicycles, • Generally, experiments, measurements and
motorcycles and riders) observations are made in the wind tunnel,
SEA TRANSPORTATION VEHICLES (Hydro/aero problems for hydrofoil boats, catamarans, sometimes in the air (airborn test).
speedboats)
THEORIC
BUILDINGS (Static and dynamic wind loads on buildings, dynamic
loads of suspension bridges, wind loads of massive • Aerodynamic effects are calculated with
ENERGY
buildings, stadiums) mathematical models. (An analytical solution
(Wind power) or an iterative solution with a computer)
(Cooling, ventilation, etc.)
OTHER
UNITS UNITS
• There are two consistent sets of units, SI units (Systeme • In contrast, for more than two centuries the English
International d’Unites) and the English engineering engineering system (or some variant) was the primary
system of units in the United States and England.
system of units. The basic units of force, mass, length,
time, and absolute temperature in these two systems • A familiarity with both systems of units is still important
today.
are given in Table.
• For example, even though most engineering work in the
• For example, units of pressure and shear stress are future will deal with the SI units, there exists a huge bulk of
lb/ft2 or N/m2, units of density are slug/ft2 or kg/m3, present and past engineering literature written in the English
and units of velocity are ft/s or m/s. engineering system, literature that will be used well into the
future.
• The SI system of units (metric units) is the standard • The modern engineering student must be bilingual in these
system of units throughout most of the world today. units, and must feel comfortable with both systems.

UNITS DIMENSIONS
• All terms in an equation must be of the same size.

F: Force
m: M ass
a: Acceleration

L: Force
ʌ: Density
V: Velocity
S: Area
 DEFINITIONS DEFINITIONS
• Weight (W) is the force with which a mass is attracted toward the
• Mass (m) is the quantity of molecular material that center of the earth by gravity.
comprises an object. • Force (F) is mass times acceleration:
• Moment (M) is created when a force is applied at some distance from an axis or
fulcrum, and tends to produce rotation about that point. A moment is a vector
• Volume (v) is the amount of space occupied by an quantity equal to a force (F) times the distance (d) from the point of rotation that is
object. perpendicular to the force (Figure). This perpendicular distance is called the moment
arm.

• Density (ʌ) is mass per unit volume. It is expressed:

DEFINITIONS DEFINITIONS
• Work (W) is done when a force acts on a body and • Potential energy (PE) is the ability of a body to do work because of
moves it. It is a scalar quantity equal to the force (F) its position or state of being. It is a function of mass (m), gravity (g),
times the distance of displacement (s). and height (h):
• Power (P) is the rate of doing work or work done per unit of time. • Kinetic energy (KE) is the ability of a body to do work because of its motion. It is
a function of mass (m) and velocity (V):
• Energy is a scalar measure of a body’s capacity to do work. There are two • Work may be performed on a body to change its position and give it potential
types of energy: potential energy and kinetic energy. Energy cannot be energy or work may give the body motion so that it has kinetic energy. Under
created or destroyed, but may be transformed from one form to another. ideal conditions, potential energy may be completely converted to kinetic energy,
This principle is called conservation of energy. The equation for total and vice versa. The kinetic energy of a glider in forward flight is converted into
energy is: potential energy in a climb. As the glider’s velocity (KE) diminishes, its altitude
(PE) increases.
 SI UNITS SI UNITS

Expression With Definition Customary Unit Expression 7n Some Other Units

Basic Dimensions Basic Units Used
Expression With Definition Customary Expression 7n Some Other Units
Basic Dimensions Unit Basic Units Used Momentum ML2T-2 Force × Length N.m kg m2/s2
Mass M Mass kg kg 1 gr = 10-3 kg Density ML-3 Mass / Volume kg m3 kg m3 1 gr/cm3= 103
kg/m3 kg/m3
Length L Length m m mm, cm, km, ...
Pressure ML-1T-2 Force/Area Pa (Pascal) N/m2=kg/ms2 1 bar = 105 Pa
Time T Time s s 1 h = 3600 s
Work-Energy ML2T-2 Force × Length J (Joule) N.m 1 erg = 10-3 J
Temperature ɽ Temperature °C,°K °C,°K
Power ML2T-3 Work / Time W (Watt) J/s 1kW = 103 W
Velocity LT -1 Length / Time m/s m/s 1 km/h = 1/3.6 m/s
Absolute Viscosity ML-1T-1 Tangential Stress / Pl (Poiseuille) Pa s = N.s/m2 1 Poise = 10-1 Pl
Acceleration LT -2 Velocity / Time m/s2 m/s2 velocity gradient
Kinematic Viscosity L2T-1 Absolute viscosity / m2/s m2/s
Force-Weight MLT -2 Mass × Acceleration N (Newton) kg m/s2 1 dyn = 10-5 N
density

ENGLISH ENGINEERING UNITS ENGLISH ENGINEERING UNITS

ENGLISH SI UNITS UK-SI TRANSITION ENGLISH SI UNITS UK-SI TRANSITION
ENGINEERING UNITS ENGINEERING UNITS
Mass Slug, Libre kg 1 slug = 14.5939 kg Density Slug / ft³ kg / m³ 1 slug/ft³ = 515.38 kg/m³
1 lb = 0.4536 kg
Pressure PSI (lbf/in²) Pa (N / m²) lbf/in² = 6894.8 Pa
Length in, ft, st mile n mile m, cm 1 in = 2.54 cm
lbf/ft² = 47.880 Pa
1 ft = 0.3048 m
1 st mile = 1609.3 m Work-Energy lbf.ft J lbf.ft =1.3558 J
1 n mile = 1853.2 m
Power HP W 1 hp = 745.7 W
Time
Absolute Viscosity Lbf.sec / ft² N s/m²,kg/ms, 1 lbf.sec/ft² = 47.88
Temperature °F °C, °K °T (°F) = 1.8×T (°C) + 32 Pa.s N.s/m²
T (°R) = T (°F) + 459.4
Kinematic Viscosity Ft² / sec m²/s 1 ft²/sec = 0.0929 m²/s
Velocity ft / s, stmile/h, knot m/s, km/hour 1 ft/sec = 0.3048 m/s
1 mph = 0.44704 m/s Acceleration ft / s³ m / s² 1 ft/sec² = 0.3048 m/s²
1 knot = 0.5144 m/s
1 knot = 1.853 km/h Force Pound N 1 lbf = 4.4482 N
 SOME FUNDAMENTAL AERODYNAMIC SOME FUNDAMENTAL AERODYNAMIC
VARIABLES VARIABLES
• The four of the most frequently used words in aerodynamics: • Another important aerodynamic variable is density,
pressure, density, temperature, and flow velocity. defined as the mass per unit volume.
• Pressure is the normal force per unit area exerted on a surface • It is a point property, scalar quantity, that can vary from
due to the time rate of change of momentum of the liquid/gas
molecules impacting on (or crossing) that surface point to point in the fluid.

• Pressure is a point property and can have a different

value from one point to another in the fluid.
• It is a scalar quantity, not a vector.
• It is perpendicular to the surface.
• It acts inward, is toward the surface.

SOME FUNDAMENTAL AERODYNAMIC SOME FUNDAMENTAL AERODYNAMIC

VARIABLES VARIABLES
• Temperature takes on an important role in high-speed • The principal focus of aerodynamics is fluids in motion. Hence,
aerodynamics. flow velocity is an extremely important consideration.
• The temperature T of a gas is directly proportional to the • Velocity is the time rate of change of displacement.
average kinetic energy of the molecules of the fluid. • In contrast to solid, a fluid is a “squishy” substance.
• For a fluid in motion, one part of the fluid may be traveling at a
different velocity from another part.

• We can qualitatively visualize a high-temperature gas as one in which

the molecules and atoms are randomly rattling about at high speeds.
• Temperature is also a point property, scalar quantity, which can vary
from point to point in the gas. • The flow velocity V has both magnitude and direction; hence, it is a vector
quantity, and it is a point property
 SOME FUNDAMENTAL AERODYNAMIC
VARIABLES
• We note that friction can play a role internally in a flow. The shear stress ʏ is the
limiting form of the magnitude of the frictional force per unit area
• Consider two adjacent fluid layers, streamlines. Due to different velocity values, there
will be shear stress on the fluid surfaces.
• It is directly proportional to velocity difference, and inversely proportional to vertical
distance.
• The constant of proportionality is defined as the viscosity coefficient, ʅ;