01 .
CREATE MATRIX AND PERFORM MATRIX OPERATIONS
PROGRAM :
A=matrix(c(1:9),nrow=3,byrow=TRUE)
B=matrix(c(1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,1),nrow=3,byrow=TRUE)
print(A+B)
print(A-B)
print(A%*%B)
print(A/B)
print(A%%B)
OUTPUT :
print(A+B)
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 2 5 7
[2,] 9 11 13
[3,] 15 17 10
print(A-B)
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 0 -1 -1
[2,] -1 -1 -1
[3,] -1 -1 8
print(A%*%B)
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 35 42 21
[2,] 77 96 57
[3,] 119 150 93
print(A/B)
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1.000 0.6666667 0.7500000
[2,] 0.800 0.8333333 0.8571429
[3,] 0.875 0.8888889 9.0000000
Print(A%%B)
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 0 2 3
[2,] 4 5 6
[3,] 7 8 0
04. GRAPHICAL DISPLAY OF POISSON DISTRIBUTION
PROGRAM :
# Set the seed for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
# Generate a poisson-distributed dataset
larbda <- 5 # Average rate of events
poisson_data <- rpois(100, larbda)
# Create a bar plot to visualize the probability mass function
barplot(table(poisson_data)/length(poisson_data),
col = "Skyblue",
main = "Poisson Distribution PMF",
xlab = "Number of Events",
ylab = "Probaility",
ylim = c(0,0.15))
#Add a red line reoresention the theoretical poisson PMF
OUT PUT :
02. HISTOGRAM
PROGRAM :
v <- c(19, 23, 11, 5, 16, 21, 32, 14, 19, 27, 39)
hist(v, xlab = "No.of Articles",
col = "red", border = "black")
OUTPUT :
3. PIE – CHART
PROGRAM :
geeks<- c(23, 56, 20, 63)
labels <- c("Mumbai", "Pune", "Chennai", "Bangalore")
pie(geeks, labels, main = "City pie chart",
col = rainbow(length(geeks)))
OUTPUT :
15. ANOVO – TWO WAY
PROGRAM :
data<-data.frame(
plant=c(“Hibiscus”,”Marigold”,”Rose”),
number=c(5,5,5),
average_span=c(12,16,20)
anova_result<-aov(Average_span~Plant,data=data)
summary(anova_result)
OUTPUT :
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq
Plant 2 32 16
14. SMALL SAMPLE FOR F – TEST
PROGRAM :
set.seed(123)
group1<-rnorm(20,mean=5,sd=2)
group2<-rnorm(20,mean=4,sd=2)
var.test(group1,group2)
OUTPUT :
F test to compare two variances
data: group1 and group2
F = 1.3735, num df = 19, denom df = 19, p-value = 0.4957
alternative hypothesis: true ratio of variances is not equal to 1
95 percent confidence interval:
0.5436557 3.4701298
sample estimates:
ratio of variances
1.37352
13. PAIRED T – TEST
PROGRAM :
Before<-c(23,25,27,29,31)
After<-c(22,24,26,28,30)
Result<-t.test(Before,After,paired=TRUE)
print(Result)
OUTPUT :
Paired t-test
data: Before and After
t = -0.75, df = 4, p-value = 0.495
alternative hypothesis: true mean difference is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
-14.10578 8.10578
sample estimates:
mean difference
-3
12. TWO SAMPLE T – TEST
PROGRAM :
group1<-c(15,16,18,20,22)
group2<-c(12,14,16,18,20)
t_test_result<-t.test(group1,group2)
print(t_test_result)
OUTPUT :
Welch Two Sample t-test
data: group1 and group2
t = 1.1531, df = 7.9225, p-value = 0.2825
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
-2.207077 6.607077
sample estimates:
mean of x mean of y
18.2 16.0
11. SMALL SAMPLE FOR T – TEST
PROGRAM :
sample_data<-c(1.8,1.7,1.9,1.6,1.8)
Mu<-2
t_test_result<-t.test(sample_data,mu=mu)
print(t_test_result)
OUTPUT :
One Sample t-test
data: sample_data
t = -4.7068, df = 4, p-value = 0.009262
alternative hypothesis: true mean is not equal to 2
95 percent confidence interval:
1.618429 1.901571
sample estimates:
mean of x
1.76
10. LARGE SAMPLE-TEST FOR EQUALITY OF STANDAR
DEVIATION
PROGRAM :
n1<-500
n2<-600
sd1<-25
sd2<-35
test_result<-bartlett.test(list(x=rep(0,n1),y=rep(1,n2)),list(sd=c(sd1,sd2)))
print(test_result)
OUTPUT :
Bartlett test of homogeneity of variances
data: list(x = rep(0, n1), y = rep(1, n2))
Bartlett's K-squared = NaN, df = 1, p-value = NA
9. LARGE SAMPLE-TEST FOR EQUALITY OF TWO POPULATION
PROPORTION
PROGRAM :
n1<-600
n2<-900
x1<-450
x2<-450
test_result<-prop.test(x=c(x1,x2),n=c(n1,n2),alternative=”two.sided”
print(test_result)
OUTPUT :
Data: c(x1,x2)out of c(n1,n2)
X-squared = 92.711, df = 1, p-value < 2.2e.16
Alternative hypothesis: two.sided
95 percent confidence interval
0.2009925 0.2990075
Sample estimates:
Prop 1 prop 2
0.75 0.50
08. LARGE SAMPLE - TEST FOR SPECIFIED PROTIONAL
PROGRAM :
total_tosses<-900
heads_count<-490
sample_proportion<-heads_count/total_tosses
test_result<-prop.test(x=heads_count,n=total_toses,p=0.5,
alternative=”two.sided”)
print(test_result)
OUTPUT :
1-sample proportions test with continuity correction
data: heads_count out of total_tosses, null probability 0.5
X-squared = 6.9344, df = 1, p-value = 0.008455
alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
95 percent confidence interval:
0.5112311 0.5772736
sample estimates:
0.5444444
07. SPEARMAN’S RANK CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
PROGRAM :
# Vectors with same length
x= c(15, 18, 21, 15, 21)
y = c(25, 25, 27, 27, 27)
# Calculating
# Correlation coefficient
# Using cor() method
result = cor(x, y, method = "spearman")
# Print the result
cat("Spearman correlation coefficient is:", result)
OUTPUT :
Spearman correlation coefficient is: 0.4564355
06. MEASURE OF DISPERSION – STANDARD DEVIATION, MEAN
DEVIATION
PROGRAM :
# R Program to calculate
# Median Absolute Deviation
# Creating a vector
x <- c(1, 4, 2, 3, 7, 3, 7, 3, 8, 9, 2)
# Calling mad() Function
mad(x)
OUTPUT :
[1] 1.4826
05. MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY – MEAN, MEDIAN MODE
PROGRAM :
# vector of marks
Marks <- c(97, 78, 57, 64, 87)
# calculate average marks
Result <- mean(marks)
Print(result)
# vector of maks
Marks <- c(97, 78, 57, 64, 87)
# find middle number of marks
Result <- median(marks)
Print(result)
# vector of marks
Marks <- c(97, 78, 57, 78, 97, 66, 87, 64, 87, 78)
# define mode() function
Mode = function() (
# calculate mode of marks
Retun(name(sort(-table(mark)))[1])
)
# call mode () function
Mode ()
OUTPUT :
[1] 76.6
[1] 78
[1] “78”
