Many file formats are not intended to be read as text.

If such a file is accidentally viewed

as a text file, its contents will be unintelligible. However, some file signatures can be
recognizable when interpreted as text. In the table below, the column "ISO 8859-1"
shows how the file signature appears when interpreted as text in the common ISO 8859-
1 encoding, with unprintable characters represented as the control code abbreviation
or symbol, or codepage 1252 character where available, or a box otherwise. In some
cases the space character is shown as ␠.

Hex signat Offse Extensi

ISO 8859-1 Description
ure t on

Script or data to be passed

23 21 #! 0 to the program following
the shebang (#!)[1]

02 00 5a 57
52 54 00 00 ␂␀ZWRT␀␀␀␀␀␀ Claris Works word
0 cwk
00 00 00 00 ␀␀␀␀ processing doc
00 00 00 00

00 00 02 00
06 04 06 00 ␀␀␂␀␆␄␆␀␈␀␀␀ Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet (v1)
0 wk1
08 00 00 00 ␀␀ file
00 00

00 00 1A 00
Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet (v3)
00 10 04 00 ␀␀␚␀␀␊␄␀␀␀␀␀ 0 wk3
file
00 00 00 00

00 00 1A 00
wk4 Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet (v4,
02 10 04 00 ␀␀␚␀␂␊␄␀␀␀␀␀ 0
wk5 v5) file
00 00 00 00

00 00 1A 00 Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet (v9)

␀␀␚␀␅␊␄ 0 123
05 10 04 file

00 00 03 F3 ␀␀␃ó 0 Amiga Hunk executable file

00 00 49 49
58 50 ␀␀IIXPR
0 qxd Quark Express document
52 (little- ␀␀MMXPR
endian)
Hex signat Offse Extensi
ISO 8859-1 Description
ure t on

00 00 4D 4D
58 50
52 (big-
endian)

Password Gorilla Password

50 57 53 33 PWS3 0 psafe3
Database

D4 C3 B2
A1 (little- Ôò¡ 0 pcap Libpcap File Format[2]
endian)

A1 B2 C3
D4 (big- ¡²ÃÔ 0 pcap Libpcap File Format[2]
endian)

4D 3C B2
Libpcap File Format
A1 (little- M<²¡ 0 pcap
(nanosecond-resolution)[2]
endian)

A1 B2 3C
Libpcap File Format
4D (big- ¡²<M 0 pcap
(nanosecond-resolution)[2]
endian)

PCAP Next Generation

0A 0D 0D 0A ␊␍␍␊ 0 pcapng
Dump File Format[3]

RedHat Package Manager

ED AB EE DB í«îÛ 0 rpm
(RPM) package[4]

53 51 4C 69
sqlitedb
74 65 20 66
SQLite format 3␀ 0 sqlite SQLite Database[5]
6F 72 6D 61
db
74 20 33 00

Amazon Kindle Update

53 50 30 31 SP01 0 bin
Package[6]
Hex signat Offse Extensi
ISO 8859-1 Description
ure t on

internal WAD (main

49 57 41 44 IWAD 0 wad
resource file of Doom)[7]

IBM Storyboard bitmap file

PIC Windows Program
PIF Information File
00 ␀ 0
SEA Mac Stuffit Self-Extracting
YTR Archive
IRIS OCR data file

00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00
␀␀␀␀␀␀␀␀
00 00 00 00 PalmPilot Database/Docum
␀␀␀␀␀␀␀␀ 11 PDB
00 00 00 00 ent File
␀␀␀␀␀␀␀␀
00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00

Palm Desktop Calendar

BE BA FE CA ¾ºþÊ 0 DBA
Archive

00 01 42 44 ␀␁BD 0 DBA Palm Desktop To Do Archive

Palm Desktop Calendar

00 01 44 54 ␀␁DT 0 TDA
Archive

54 44 46 24 TDF$ 0 TDF$ Telegram Desktop File

Telegram Desktop Encrypted

54 44 45 46 TDEF 0 TDEF
File

Palm Desktop Data File

00 01 00 00 ␀␁␀␀ 0
(Access format)

Computer icon encoded

00 00 01 00 ␀␀␁␀ 0 ico
in ICO file format[8]

69 63 6e 73 icns 0 icns Apple Icon Image format

Hex signat Offse Extensi
ISO 8859-1 Description
ure t on

3rd Generation Partnership

66 74 79 70 3gp
ftyp3g 4 Project 3GPP and 3GPP2 mu
33 67 3g2
ltimedia files

66 74 79 70
68 65 69 High Efficiency Image
ftypheic 4 heic
6366 74 79 Container (HEIC)
70 6d

compressed file
z
1F 9D ␟□ 0 (often tar zip) using Lempel-
tar.z
Ziv-Welch algorithm

z Compressed file (often tar

1F A0 ␟⍽ 0
tar.z zip) using LZH algorithm

Lempel Ziv Huffman archive

2D 6C 68 30
-lh0- 2 lzh file Method 0 (No
2D
compression)

Lempel Ziv Huffman archive

2D 6C 68 35
-lh5- 2 lzh file Method 5 (8 KiB sliding
2D
window)

42 41 43 4B
AmiBack Amiga Backup dat
4D 49 4B 45 BACKMIKEDISK 0 bac
a file
44 49 53 4B

AmiBack Amiga Backup inde

49 4E 44 58 INDX 0 idx
x file

62 70 6C 69
bplist 0 plist Binary Property List file
73 74

Compressed file
42 5A 68 BZh 0 bz2
using Bzip2 algorithm
Hex signat Offse Extensi
ISO 8859-1 Description
ure t on

47 49 46 38
Image file encoded in
37 61 GIF87a
0 gif the Graphics Interchange
47 49 46 38 GIF89a
Format (GIF)[9]
39 61

49 49 2A
tif Tagged Image File
00 (little- II*␀ 0
tiff Format (TIFF)[10]
endian)

4D 4D 00
tif Tagged Image File
2A (big- MM␀* 0
tiff Format (TIFF)[10]
endian)

49 49 2B tif
00 (little- II+␀ 0 BigTIFF[11]
endian) tiff

4D 4D 00 tif
2B (big- MM␀+ 0 BigTIFF[11]
endian) tiff

Canon RAW Format Version

49 49 2A 00
2[12]
10 00 00 00 II*␀␐␀␀␀CR 0 cr2
Canon's RAW format is
43 52
based on TIFF.[13]

66 74 79 70
63 72 78 ftypcrx 0 cr3
43 52

80 2A 5F D7 €*_× 0 cin Kodak Cineon image

Compressed file using Rob

52 4E 43 01 RNC␁ Northen Compression
0
52 4E 43 02 RNC␂ (version 1 and 2)
algorithm[14]

4E 55 52 55 NURUIMG nui nuru ASCII/ANSI image and

0
49 4D 47 NURUPAL nup palette files[15]
Hex signat Offse Extensi
ISO 8859-1 Description
ure t on

4E 55 52 55
50 41 4C

53 44 50
58 (big-
SDPX 0 dpx SMPTE DPX image
endian form
at)

58 50 44
53 (little-
XPDS 0 dpx SMPTE DPX image
endian form
at)

76 2F 31 01 v/1␁ 0 exr OpenEXR image

Better Portable
42 50 47 FB BPGû 0 bpg
Graphics format[16]

jpg JPEG raw or in

FF D8 FF DB ÿØÿÛ 0
jpeg the JFIF or Exif file format[17]

FF D8 FF E0
jpg JPEG raw or in
00 10 4A 46 ÿØÿà␀␐JFIF␀␁ 0
jpeg the JFIF or Exif file format[17]
49 46 00 01

jpg JPEG raw or in

FF D8 FF EE ÿØÿî 0
jpeg the JFIF or Exif file format[17]

FF D8 FF
E1 ?? ?? 45 jpg JPEG raw or in
ÿØÿá??Exif␀␀ 0
78 jpeg the JFIF or Exif file format[17]
69 66 00 00

JPEG raw or in
FF D8 FF E0 ÿØÿà 0 jpg
the JFIF or Exif file format[17]

00 00 00 0C jp2
6A 50 20 20 ␀␀␀␌jP␠␠␍␊‡␊ 0 j2k JPEG 2000 format[18]
0D 0A 87 0A jpf
jpm
Hex signat Offse Extensi
ISO 8859-1 Description
ure t on

jpg2
j2c
jpc
jpx
mj2

jp2
j2k
jpf
jpm
FF 4F FF 51 ÿOÿQ 0 jpg2 JPEG 2000 format[18]
j2c
jpc
jpx
mj2

QOI - The “Quite OK Image

71 6f 69 66 qoif 0 qoi
Format”[19]

46 4F 52 ilbm
4D ?? ?? ?? ? 0 lbm IFF Interleaved Bitmap
FORM????ILBM
? any ibm Image
49 4C 42 4D iff

8svx
46 4F 52
8sv
4D ?? ?? ?? ? 0
FORM????8SVX svx IFF 8-Bit Sampled Voice
? any
snd
38 53 56 58
iff

46 4F 52
4D ?? ?? ?? ? 0 acbm
FORM????ACBM Amiga Contiguous Bitmap
? any iff
41 43 42 4D

46 4F 52 0 anbm
FORM????ANBM IFF Animated Bitmap
4D ?? ?? ?? ? any iff
Hex signat Offse Extensi
ISO 8859-1 Description
ure t on

?
41 4E 42 4D

46 4F 52
4D ?? ?? ?? ? 0 anim
FORM????ANIM IFF CEL Animation
? any iff
41 4E 49 4D

46 4F 52
faxx
4D ?? ?? ?? ? 0
FORM????FAXX fax IFF Facsimile Image
? any
iff
46 41 58 58

46 4F 52
4D ?? ?? ?? ? 0 ftxt
FORM????FTXT IFF Formatted Text
? any iff
46 54 58 54

46 4F 52 smus
4D ?? ?? ?? ? 0 smu
FORM????SMUS IFF Simple Musical Score
? any mus
53 4D 55 53 iff

46 4F 52
cmus
4D ?? ?? ?? ? 0
FORM????CMUS mus IFF Musical Score
? any
iff
43 4D 55 53

46 4F 52
yuvn
4D ?? ?? ?? ? 0
FORM????YUVN yuv IFF YUV Image
? any
iff
59 55 56 4E

46 4F 52
4D ?? ?? ?? ? 0
FORM????FANT iff Amiga Fantavision Movie
? any
46 41 4E 54
Hex signat Offse Extensi
ISO 8859-1 Description
ure t on

aiff
46 4F 52
aif
4D ?? ?? ?? ? 0 Audio Interchange File
FORM????AIFF aifc
? any Format
snd
41 49 46 46
iff

4C 5A 49 50 LZIP 0 lz lzip compressed file[20]

30 37 30 37
070707 0 cpio cpio archive file[21]
30 37

exe
dll
mui
sys
scr
cpl
DOS MZ executable and its
ocx
4D 5A MZ 0 descendants
ax
(including NE and PE)
iec
ime
rs
tsp
fon
efi

53 4D 53 4E
SMSNF200 0 ssp SmartSniff Packets File [22]
46 32 30 30

DOS ZM executable and its

5A 4D ZM 0 exe
descendants (rare)

zip
50 4B 03 04 aar
50 4B 05 PK␃␄ apk zip file format and formats
06 (empty PK␅␆ 0 docx based on it, such
archive) PK␇␈ epub as EPUB, JAR, ODF, OOXML
50 4B 07 ipa
jar
Hex signat Offse Extensi
ISO 8859-1 Description
ure t on

08 (spanned kmz
archive) maff
msix
odp
ods
odt
pk3
pk4
pptx
usdz
vsdx
xlsx
xpi

whl

52 61 72 21 Roshal ARchive compressed

Rar!␚␇␀ 0 rar
1A 07 00 archive v1.50 onwards[23]

52 61 72 21 Roshal ARchive compressed

Rar!␚␇␁␀ 0 rar
1A 07 01 00 archive v5.00 onwards[24]

none,
.axf, .bin,
.elf, .o, Executable and Linkable
7F 45 4C 46 ␡ELF 0
.out, .prx, Format[25]
.puff, .ko,
.mod, .so

Image encoded in
89 50 4E 47
‰PNG␍␊␚␊ 0 png the Portable Network
0D 0A 1A 0A
Graphics format[26]

Data stored in version 4 of

hdf4
0E 03 13 01 ␅␃␓␁ 0 the Hierarchical Data
h4
Format.
Hex signat Offse Extensi
ISO 8859-1 Description
ure t on

0, 512, Data stored in version 5 of

89 48 44 46 hdf5
‰HDF␍␊␚␊ 1024, the Hierarchical Data
0D 0A 1A 0A h5
2048, ... Format.

CP/M 3 and higher with

C9 É 0 com
overlays[27]

Java class file, Mach-O Fat

CA FE BA BE Êþº¾ 0 class
Binary

UTF-8 byte order mark,

txt
EF BB BF  0 commonly seen in text
others
files.[28][29][30]

UTF-16LE byte order mark,

txt
FF FE ÿþ 0 commonly seen in text
others
files.[28][29][30]

UTF-16BE byte order mark,

txt
FE FF þÿ 0 commonly seen in text
others
files.[28][29][30]

txt UTF-32LE byte order mark

FF FE 00 00 ÿþ␀␀ 0
others for text[28][30]

txt UTF-32BE byte order mark

00 00 FE FF ␀␀þÿ 0
others for text[28][30]

2B 2F 76 38 +/v8
2B 2F 76 39 +/v9 UTF-7 byte order mark for
0
2B 2F 76 2B +/v+ text[31][30]
2B 2F 76 2F +/v/

txt SCSU byte order mark for

0E FE FF ␎þÿ 0
others text[31][30]

UTF-EBCDIC byte order

DD 73 66 73 Ýsfs 0
mark for text[31][30]
Hex signat Offse Extensi
ISO 8859-1 Description
ure t on

0
FE ED FA CE þíúÎ Mach-O binary (32-bit)
0x1000

0
FE ED FA CF þíúÏ Mach-O binary (64-bit)
0x1000

FE ED FE ED þíþí 0 JKS Javakey Store[32]

Mach-O binary (reverse byte

CE FA ED FE Îúíþ 0
ordering scheme, 32-bit)[33]

Mach-O binary (reverse byte

CF FA ED FE Ïúíþ 0
ordering scheme, 64-bit)[33]

25 21 50 53 %!PS 0 ps PostScript document

25 21 50 53
2D 41 64 6F
62 65 2D 33 %!PS-Adobe-3.0 eps Encapsulated PostScript file
0
2E 30 20 45 ESPF-3.0 epsf version 3.0[34]
50 53 46 2D
33 2E 30

25 21 50 53
2D 41 64 6F
62 65 2D 33 %!PS-Adobe-3.1 eps Encapsulated PostScript file
0
2E 31 20 45 ESPF-3.0 epsf version 3.1[35]
50 53 46 2D
33 2E 30

49 54 53 46
03 00 00 00 ITSF␃␀␀␀`␀␀␀ 0 chm MS Windows HtmlHelp Data
60 00 00 00

3F 5F ?_ 0 hlp Windows 3.x/95/98 Help file

25 50 44 46
%PDF- 0 pdf PDF document[36]
2D
Hex signat Offse Extensi
ISO 8859-1 Description
ure t on

30 26 B2 75
asf
8E 66 CF 11 Advanced Systems
0&²uŽfÏ␑¦Ù␀ª␀bÎl 0 wma
A6 D9 00 AA Format[37]
wmv
00 62 CE 6C

System Deployment Image,

24 53 44 49
$SDI0001 0 a disk image format used
30 30 30 31
by Microsoft

ogg
Ogg, an open source media
4F 67 67 53 OggS 0 oga
container format
ogv

Photoshop Document
38 42 50 53 8BPS 0 psd file, Adobe Photoshop's
native file format

52 49 46
46 ?? ?? ?? ? Waveform Audio File
RIFF????WAVE 0 wav
? Format[38]
57 41 56 45

52 49 46
46 ?? ?? ?? ? Audio Video Interleave video
RIFF????AVI␠ 0 avi
? format[39]
41 56 49 20

MPEG-1 Layer 3 file without

FF FB ÿû
an ID3 tag or with an ID3v1
FF F3 ÿó 0 mp3
tag (which is appended at
FF F2 ÿò
the end of the file)

MP3 file with an ID3v2

49 44 33 ID3 0 mp3
container

BMP file, a bitmap format

bmp
42 4D BM 0 used mostly in
dib
the Windows world
Hex signat Offse Extensi
ISO 8859-1 Description
ure t on

0x8001
43 44 30 30 ISO9660 CD/DVD image
CD001 0x8801 iso
31 file[40]
0x9001

43 44 30 30 0x5EAC
CD001 cdi CD-i CD image file
31 9

6D 61 69 6E Nintendo Game &

main.bs 0 mgw
2E 62 73 Watch image file

Nintendo Entertainment
4E 45 53 NES 0 nes
System image file

A0 32 41 A0 0x165A Commodore 64 1541 disk

2A d64
A0 A0 4 image (D64 format)

47 53 52 2D Commodore 64 1541 disk

GCR-1541 0 g64
31 35 34 31 image (G64 format)

A0 33 44 A0 0x6181 Commodore 64 1581 disk

3D d81
A0 9 image (D81 format)

43 36 34 20
74 61 70 65
C64 tape image
20 69 6D 61 0 t64 Commodore 64 tape image
file
67 65 20 66
69 6C 65

43 36 34 20
43 41 52 54 C64 Commodore 64 cartridge
0 crt
52 49 44 47 CARTRIDGE␠␠␠ image
45 20 20 20

53 49 4D 50
4C 45 20 20 SIMPLE␠␠
3D 20 20 20 =␠␠␠␠␠␠␠ Flexible Image Transport
0 fits
20 20 20 20 ␠␠␠␠␠␠␠␠ System (FITS)[41]
20 20 20 20 ␠␠␠␠␠T
20 20 20 20
Hex signat Offse Extensi
ISO 8859-1 Description
ure t on

20 20 20 20
20 54

Free Lossless Audio

66 4C 61 43 fLaC 0 flac
Codec[42]

mid
4D 54 68 64 MThd 0 MIDI sound file[43]
midi

Compound File Binary

Format, a container format
defined by Microsoft COM. It
can contain the equivalent
doc
of files and directories. It is
xls
D0 CF 11 E0 used by Windows
ÐÏ␑ࡱ␚á 0 ppt
A1 B1 1A E1 Installer and for documents
msi
in older versions
msg
of Microsoft Office.[44] It can
be used by other programs
as well that rely on the COM
and OLE API's.

64 65 78 0A
dex␊035␀ 0 dex Dalvik Executable
30 33 35 00

4B 44 4D KDM 0 vmdk VMDK files[45][46]

23 20 44 69
73 6B 20 44 VMware 4 Virtual Disk
# Disk Descripto 0 vmdk
65 73 63 72 description file (split disk)
69 70 74 6F

Google
43 72 32 34 Cr24 0 crx Chrome extension[47] or
packaged app[48]

41 47 44 33 AGD3 0 fh8 FreeHand 8 document[49][50]

Hex signat Offse Extensi
ISO 8859-1 Description
ure t on

05 07 00 00
42 4F 42 4F
␅␇␀␀BOBO
05 07 00 00
␅␇␀␀␀␀␀␀ 0 cwk AppleWorks 5 document
00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00 ␀␀␀␀␀␁
00 01

06 07 E1 00
42 4F 42 4F
␆␇á␀BOBO
06 07 E1 00
␆␇á␀␀␀␀␀ 0 cwk AppleWorks 6 document
00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00 ␀␀␀␀␀␁
00 01

45 52 02 00
ER␂␀␀␀ 0 toast Roxio Toast disc image file
00 00

8B 45 52 02
‹ER␂␀␀␀ 0 toast Roxio Toast disc image file
00 00 00

end–
6B 6F 6C 79 koly dmg Apple Disk Image file
512

78 61 72 21 xar! 0 xar eXtensible ARchive format[51]

Windows Files And Settings

Transfer Repository[52] See
50 4D 4F 43
PMOCCMOC 0 dat also USMT 3.0 (Win
43 4D 4F 43
XP)[53] and USMT 4.0 (Win
7)[54] User Guides

Nintendo Entertainment
4E 45 53 1A NES␚ 0 nes
System ROM file[55]

75 73 74 61
72 00 30 30 ustar␀00
257 tar tar archive[56]
75 73 74 61 ustar␠␠␀
72 20 20 00
Hex signat Offse Extensi
ISO 8859-1 Description
ure t on

OAR file archive format,

4F 41 52 ?? OAR? 0 oar where ?? is the format
version.

Open source portable voxel

74 6F 78 33 tox3 0 tox
file[57]

4D 4C 56 49 MLVI 0 MLV Magic Lantern Video file[58]

44 43 4D 01
DCM␁PA30 Windows Update Binary
50 41 33 30 0
PA30 Delta Compression file[59]
50 41 33 30

37 7A BC AF
7z¼¯'␜ 0 7z 7-Zip File Format
27 1C

gz
1F 8B ␟‹ 0 GZIP compressed file[60]
tar.gz

FD 37 7A 58 xz XZ compression utility
ý7zXZ␀ 0
5A 00 tar.xz using LZMA2 compression

LZ4 Frame Format[61]

Remark: LZ4 block format
04 22 4D 18 ␄"M␘ 0 lz4
does not offer any magic
bytes.[62]

4D 53 43 46 MSCF 0 cab Microsoft Cabinet file

Microsoft compressed file

in Quantum format, used
prior to Windows XP. File can
be decompressed using
53 5A 44 44 Extract.exe or Expand.exe
SZDDˆð'3 0 ??_
88 F0 27 33 distributed with earlier
versions of Windows. After
compression, the last
character of the original
filename extension is
Hex signat Offse Extensi
ISO 8859-1 Description
ure t on

replaced with
an underscore, e.g.
‘Setup.exe’ becomes
‘Setup.ex_’.

46 4C 49 46 FLIF 0 flif Free Lossless Image Format

mkv
mka
Matroska media container,
1A 45 DF A3 ␚Eߣ 0 mks
including WebM
mk3d
webm

"SEAN : Session Analysis"

Training file. Also used in
compatible software
4D 49 4C 20 MIL␠ 0 stg "Rpw : Rowperfect for
Windows" and "RP3W :
ROWPERFECT3 for
Windows".

DjVu document
41 54 26 54
The following byte is
46 4F 52 4D AT&TFORM????D djvu
0 either 55 (U) for single-page
?? ?? ?? ?? JV djv
or 4D (M) for multi-page
44 4A 56
documents.

DER encoded X.509

30 82 0‚ 0 der
certificate

2D 2D 2D 2D
2D 42 45 47
49 4E 20 43
-----BEGIN crt PEM encoded
45 52 54 49 0
CERTIFICATE----- pem X.509 certificate
46 49 43 41
54 45 2D 2D
2D 2D 2D
Hex signat Offse Extensi
ISO 8859-1 Description
ure t on

2D 2D 2D 2D
2D 42 45 47
49 4E 20 43
45 52 54 49 -----BEGIN PEM encoded
csr
46 49 43 41 CERTIFICATE 0 X.509 Certificate Signing
pem
54 45 20 52 REQUEST----- Request
45 51 55 45
53 54 2D 2D
2D 2D 2D

2D 2D 2D 2D
2D 42 45 47
49 4E 20 50
-----BEGIN key PEM encoded X.509 PKCS#8
52 49 56 41 0
PRIVATE KEY----- pem private key
54 45 20 4B
45 59 2D 2D
2D 2D 2D

2D 2D 2D 2D
2D 42 45 47
49 4E 20 44
53 41 20 50 -----BEGIN DSA key PEM encoded X.509
0
52 49 56 41 PRIVATE KEY----- pem PKCS#1 DSA private key
54 45 20 4B
45 59 2D 2D
2D 2D 2D

2D 2D 2D 2D
2D 42 45 47
49 4E 20 52
53 41 20 50 -----BEGIN RSA key PEM encoded X.509
0
52 49 56 41 PRIVATE KEY----- pem PKCS#1 RSA private key
54 45 20 4B
45 59 2D 2D
2D 2D 2D

50 75 54 54 PuTTY-User-Key- PuTTY private key file version

0 ppk
59 2D 55 73 File-2: 2
Hex signat Offse Extensi
ISO 8859-1 Description
ure t on

65 72 2D 4B
65 79 2D 46
69 6C 65 2D
32 3A

50 75 54 54
59 2D 55 73
65 72 2D 4B PuTTY-User-Key- PuTTY private key file version
0 ppk
65 79 2D 46 File-3: 3
69 6C 65 2D
33 3A

2D 2D 2D 2D
2D 42 45 47
49 4E 20 4F
50 45 4E 53 -----BEGIN
53 48 20 50 OPENSSH 0 OpenSSH private key file
52 49 56 41 PRIVATE KEY-----
54 45 20 4B
45 59 2D 2D
2D 2D 2D

2D 2D 2D 2D
2D 42 45 47
49 4E 20 53 -----BEGIN SSH2
0 pub OpenSSH public key file
53 48 32 20 PUBLIC KEY-----
4B 45 59 2D
2D 2D 2D 2D

44 49 43 4D DICM 128 dcm DICOM Medical File Format

77 4F 46 46 wOFF 0 woff WOFF File Format 1.0[63]

77 4F 46 32 wOF2 0 woff2 WOFF File Format 2.0[64]

0 xml (UTF-
3C 3F 78 6D eXtensible Markup
<?xml␠ after B 8 or other
6C 20 Language[29][65]
OM 8-bit
Hex signat Offse Extensi
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encoding
s)

3C 00 3F 00 0
xml (UTF- eXtensible Markup
78 00 6D 00 <␀?␀x␀m␀l␀␠␀ after B
16LE) Language[29][65]
6C 00 20 OM

00 3C 00 3F 0
xml (UTF- eXtensible Markup
00 78 00 6D ␀<␀?␀x␀m␀l␀␠ after B
16BE) Language[29][65]
00 6C 00 20 OM

3C 00 00 00
3F 00 00 00
<␀␀␀?␀␀␀ 0
78 00 00 00 xml (UTF- eXtensible Markup
x␀␀␀m␀␀␀ after B
6D 00 00 00 32LE) Language[29][65]
l␀␀␀␠␀␀␀ OM
6C 00 00 00
20 00 00 00

00 00 00 3C
00 00 00 3F
␀␀␀<␀␀␀? 0
00 00 00 78 xml (UTF- eXtensible Markup
␀␀␀x␀␀␀m after B
00 00 00 6D 32BE) Language[29][65]
␀␀␀l␀␀␀␠ OM
00 00 00 6C
00 00 00 20

0
4C 6F A7 94 xml eXtensible Markup
Lo§”“@ after B
93 40 (EBCDIC) Language[29][65]
OM

WebAssembly binary
00 61 73 6D ␀asm 0 wasm
format[66]

Lepton compressed JPEG

CF 84 01 Ï„␁ 0 lep
image[67]

43 57 53 CWS 0 swf Adobe Flash .swf

46 57 53 FWS 0 swf Adobe Flash .swf

Hex signat Offse Extensi
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21 3C 61 72
!<arch>␊ 0 deb linux deb file
63 68 3E 0A

52 49 46 Google WebP image file,

46 ?? ?? ?? ? where ?? ?? ?? ?? is the file
RIFF????WEBP 0 webp
? size. More information
57 45 42 50 on WebP File Header

U-Boot / uImage. Das U-

27 05 19 56 '␅␙V 0 Boot Universal Boot
Loader.[68]

7B 5C 72 74
{\rtf1 0 rtf Rich Text Format
66 31

54 41 50 45 TAPE 0 Microsoft Tape Format

0
0xBC ts
0x178 tsv
MPEG Transport Stream
47 G ... tsa
(MPEG-2 Part 1)[69]
(every mpg
188th mpeg
byte)

m2p MPEG Program Stream

vob (MPEG-1 Part 1 (essentially
00 00 01 BA ␀␀␁º 0
mpg identical) and MPEG-2 Part
mpeg 1)

MPEG-1 video and MPEG-2

mpg
00 00 01 B3 ␀␀␁³ 0 video (MPEG-1 Part 2 and
mpeg
MPEG-2 Part 2)

66 74 79 70 ISO Base Media file (MPEG-

ftypisom 4 mp4
69 73 6F 6D 4)

66 74 79 70
ftypMSNV 4 mp4 MPEG-4 video file
4D 53 4E 56
Hex signat Offse Extensi
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No Compression (no preset

78 01 x␁ 0 zlib
dictionary)

Best speed (no preset

78 5E x^ 0 zlib
dictionary)

Default Compression (no

78 9C xœ 0 zlib
preset dictionary)

Best Compression (no

78 DA xÚ 0 zlib
preset dictionary)

No Compression (with
78 20 x␠ 0 zlib
preset dictionary)

Best speed (with preset

78 7D x} 0 zlib
dictionary)

Default Compression (with

78 BB x» 0 zlib
preset dictionary)

Best Compression (with

78 F9 xù 0 zlib
preset dictionary)

LZFSE - Lempel-Ziv style

data compression algorithm
62 76 78 32 bvx2 0 lzfse
using Finite State Entropy
coding. OSS by Apple.[70]

Apache ORC (Optimized

4F 52 43 ORC 0 orc
Row Columnar) file format

Apache Avro binary file

4F 62 6A 01 Obj␁ 0 avro
format

53 45 51 36 SEQ6 0 rc RCFile columnar file format

3C 72 6F 62
<roblox! 0 rbxl Roblox place file [71]
6C 6F 78 21
Hex signat Offse Extensi
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p25
65 87 78 56 e‡xV 0 PhotoCap Object Templates
obt

55 55 AA AA UUªª 0 pcv PhotoCap Vector

pbt
pdt
pea
peb
pet
78 56 34 xV4 0 PhotoCap Template
pgt
pict
pjt
pkt
pmt

Apache Parquet columnar

50 41 52 31 PAR1 0
file format

Emulator
45 4D 58 32 EMX2 0 ez2
Emaxsynth samples

ez3
45 4D 55 33 EMU3 0 Emulator III synth samples
iso

1B 4C 75 61 ␛Lua 0 luac Lua bytecode[72]

62 6F 6F 6B
00 00 00 00 book␀␀␀␀mark␀ macOS file
0 alias
6D 61 72 6B ␀␀␀ Alias[73] (Symbolic link)
00 00 00 00

5B 5A 6F 6E
65 54 72 61 Microsoft Zone Identifier for
[ZoneTransfer] 0 Identifier
6E 73 66 65 URL Security Zones[74][75]
72 5D
Hex signat Offse Extensi
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52 65 63 65
Email Message var5[citation
69 76 65 64 Received: 0 eml needed]
3A

20 02 01 62
A0 1E AB 07 ␠␂␁b⍽␞«␇␂␀␀␀ 0 tde Tableau Datasource
02 00 00 00

37 48 03 02
00 00 00 00 7H␃␂␀␀␀␀X509K
0 kdb KDB file
58 35 30 39 EY
4B 45 59

85 ?? ?? 03 …??␃ 0 pgp PGP file [76]

28 B5 2F FD (µ/ý 0 zst Zstandard compress[77][78]

52 53 56 4B QuickZip rs compressed
RSVKDATA 0 rs
44 41 54 41 archive[79][80]

3A 29 0A :)␊ 0 sml Smile file

4A 6F 79 21 Joy! 0 Preferred Executable Format

VPK file, used to store game

34 12 AA 55 4␒ªU 0 vpk data for some Source
Engine games

2A 2A 41 43 ACE (compressed file

**ACE** 7 ace
45 2A 2A format)[citation needed]

60 EA `ê 0 arj ARJ

InstallShield CAB Archive

49 53 63 28 ISc( 0 cab
File

Windows 3.1x Compressed

4B 57 41 4A KWAJ 0 ??_
File
Hex signat Offse Extensi
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Windows 9x Compressed
53 5A 44 44 SZDD 0 ??_
File

5A 4F 4F ZOO 0 zoo Zoo (file format)

50 31 0A P1␊ 0 pbm Portable bitmap ASCII

50 34 0A P4␊ 0 pbm Portable bitmap binary

50 32 0A P2␊ 0 pgm Portable Gray Map ASCII

50 35 0A P5␊ 0 pgm Portable Gray Map binary

50 33 0A P3␊ 0 ppm Portable Pixmap ASCII

50 36 0A P6␊ 0 ppm Portable Pixmap binary

D7 CD C6 9A ×ÍÆš 0 wmf Windows Metafile

67 69 6D 70
gimp xcf 0 xcf XCF (file format)
20 78 63 66

2F 2A 20 58
50 4D 20 2A /* XPM */ 0 xpm X PixMap
2F

41 46 46 AFF 0 aff Advanced Forensics Format

EnCase EWF version 2

45 56 46 32 EVF2 0 Ex01
format

EnCase EWF version 1

45 56 46 EVF 0 e01
format

51 46 49 QFI 0 qcow qcow file format

52 49 46
46 ?? ?? ?? ?
RIFF????ACON 0 ani Animated cursor
?
41 43 4F 4E
Hex signat Offse Extensi
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52 49 46
46 ?? ?? ?? ?
RIFF????CDDA 0 cda .cda file
?
43 44 44 41

52 49 46
46 ?? ?? ?? ? Qualcomm PureVoice file
RIFF????QLCM 0 qcp
? format
51 4C 43 4D

52 49 46
58 ?? ?? ?? ?
?
RIFX????FGDM 0 dcr Adobe Shockwave[81][82][83]
46 47 44
4D (big-
endian)

58 46 49
52 ?? ?? ?? ?
?
XFIR????MDGF 0 dcr Adobe Shockwave[81][82][83]
4D 44 47
46 (little-
endian)

52 49 46
58 ?? ?? ?? ?
dir
? Macromedia Director file
RIFX????MV93 0 dxr
4D 56 39 format[84][82][83]
drx
33 (big-
endian)

58 46 49
52 ?? ?? ?? ?
dir
? Macromedia Director file
XFIR????39VM 0 dxr
33 39 56 format[84][82][83]
drx
4D (little-
endian)
Hex signat Offse Extensi
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46 4C 56 FLV 0 flv Flash Video file

3C 3C 3C 20
4F 72 61 63
6C 65 20 56
<<< Orac
4D 20 56 69
le VM Vi
72 74 75 61 VirtualBox Virtual Hard Disk
rtualBox 0 vdi
6C 42 6F 78 file format
Disk Im
20 44 69 73
age >>>
6B 20 49 6D
61 67 65 20
3E 3E 3E

63 6F 6E 65 Windows Virtual PC Virtual

conectix 0 vhd
63 74 69 78 Hard Disk file format[85]

Windows Virtual
76 68 64 78
vhdxfile 0 vhdx PC Windows 8 Virtual Hard
66 69 6C 65
Disk file format

49 73 5A 21 IsZ! 0 isz Compressed ISO image

Direct Access
44 41 41 DAA 0 daa
Archive PowerISO

Windows Event Viewer file

4C 66 4C 65 LfLe 0 evt
format

45 6C 66 46 Windows Event Viewer XML

ElfFile 0 evtx
69 6C 65 file format

Windows customized
73 64 62 66 sdbf 8 sdb
database

Windows 3.x Program

50 4D 43 43 PMCC 0 grp Manager Program Group file
format

4B 43 4D 53 KCMS 0 icm ICC profile

Hex signat Offse Extensi
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dat
72 65 67 66 regf 0 Windows Registry file
hiv

Microsoft Outlook Personal

21 42 44 4E !BDN 0 pst
Storage Table file

44 52 41 43 3D model compressed with

DRACO 0 drc
4F Google Draco[86]

Gridded data (commonly

weather observations or
grib
47 52 49 42 GRIB 0 forecasts) in
grib2
the WMO GRIB or GRIB2 for
mat[87]

42 4C 45 4E
BLENDER 0 blend Blender File Format[88]
44 45 52

00 00 00 0C
Image encoded in the JPEG
4A 58 4C 20 ␀␀␀␌JXL␠␍␊‡␊ 0 jxl
XL format[89]
0D 0A 87 0A

Image encoded in the JPEG

FF 0A ÿ␊ 0 jxl
XL format[89]

ttf
00 01 00 00
␀␁␀␀␀ 0 tte TrueType font
00
dfont

4F 54 54 4F OTTO 0 otf OpenType font[90]

23 25 4D 6F Modulefile for Environment

#%Module 0
64 75 6C 65 Modules[91]

4D 53 57 49
wim
4D 00 00 00 MSWIM␀␀␀Ð␀␀␀ Windows Imaging
0 swm
D0 00 00 00 ␀ Format file
esd
00
Hex signat Offse Extensi
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Slob (sorted list of Object

21 2D 31 53 storages) is a read-only,
!-1SLOB␟ 0 slob
4C 4F 42 1F compressed data store with
dictionary-like interface[92]

AC ED ’ 0 Serialized Java Data[93]

43 72 65 61
74 69 76 65
20 56 6F 69 Creative Voice
0 voc Creative Voice file
63 65 20 46 File
69 6C 65 1A
1A 00

au
2E 73 6E 64 .snd 0 Au audio file format
snd

OpenGL Iris Perfomer .PFB

DB 0A CE 00 0
(Performer Fast Binary)[94]

48 5a 4c 52 hazelrule
HZLR 0 Noodlesoft Hazel [95]
00 00 00 18 s

46 4C 68 64 FLhd 0 flp FL Studio Project File

31 30 4C 46 10LF 0 flm FL Studio Mobile Project File

52 4b 4d 43 Vormetric Encryption DPM

RKMC210 0
32 31 30 Version 2.1 Header[96]

00 01 00 00
4D 53 49 53
␀␁␀␀MSISAM
41 4D 20 44 0 mny Microsoft Money file
Database
61 74 61 62
61 73 65

00 01 00 00 ␀␁␀␀Standard Microsoft Access 2007

53 74 61 6E 0 accdb
ACE DB Database
64 61 72 64
Hex signat Offse Extensi
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20 41 43 45
20 44 42

00 01 00 00
53 74 61 6E
␀␁␀␀Standard
64 61 72 64 0 mdb Microsoft Access Database
Jet DB
20 4A 65 74
20 44 42

01 FF 02 04 Micrografx vector graphic

␁ÿ␂␄␃␂ 0 drw
03 02 file

Digital Speech Standard

02 64 73 73 ␂dss 0 dss (Olympus, Grundig, &
Phillips) v2

Digital Speech Standard

03 64 73 73 ␃dss 0 dss (Olympus, Grundig, &
Phillips) v3

03 00 00 00
␃␀␀␀APPR 0 adx Approach index file
41 50 50 52

06 06 ED F5
D8 1D 46 E5 ␆␆íõØ␝Få½1ïçþt·
0 indd Adobe InDesign document
BD 31 EF E7 ␝
FE 74 B7 1D

06 0E 2B 34
02 05 01 01 ␆␎+4␂␅␁␁␍␁␂␁ 0-65535 Material Exchange Format
mxf
0D 01 02 01 ␁␂ (run-in) file
01 02

07 53 4B 46 ␇SKF 0 skf SkinCrafter skin file

07 64 74 32
␇dt2ddtd 0 dtd DesignTools 2D Design file
64 64 74 64

0A 16 6F 72 ␊␖org.bitcoin.pr 0 wallet MultiBit Bitcoin wallet file

67 2E 62 69
Hex signat Offse Extensi
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74 63 6F 69
6E 2E 70 72

0D 44 4F 43 ␍DOC 0 doc DeskMate Document file

0E 4E 65 72
␎NeroISO 0 nri Nero CD Compilation
6F 49 53 4F

0E 57 4B 53 ␎WKS 0 wks DeskMate Worksheet

0F 53 49 42
45 4C 49 55 ␏SIBELIUS 0 sib Sibelius Music - Score file
53

23 20 4D 69
63 72 6F 73
6F 66 74 20
# Microsoft Microsoft Developer Studio
44 65 76 65 0 dsp
Developer Studio project file
6C 6F 70 65
72 20 53 74
75 64 69 6F

Adaptive Multi-Rate ACELP

(Algebraic Code Excited
23 21 41 4D
#!AMR 0 amr Linear Prediction) Codec,
52
commonly audio format
with GSM cell phones.

23 21 53 49 Audio compression format

#!SILK␊ 0 sil
4C 4B 0A developed by Skype

23 3F 52 41
Radiance High Dynamic
44 49 41 4E #?RADIANCE␊ 0 hdr
Range image file
43 45 0A

23 40 7E 5E #@~^ 0 vbe VBScript Encoded script

MikroTik WinBox Connection

0D F0 1D C0 ␍ð�À 0 cdb
Database (Address Book)
Hex signat Offse Extensi
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23 45 58 54 m3u
#EXTM3U 0 Multimedia playlist
4D 33 55 m3u8

M2 Archive, used by game

6D 64 66 00 mdf␀ 0 m
developer M2

Capcom RE Engine game

4B 50 4B 41 KPKA 0 pak
data archives

Capcom MT
41 52 43 ARC 0 arc Framework game data
archives

arc
41 72 43 ArC 0 FreeArc file
cdx

Interleaf PrinterLeaf /
WorldView document
D0 4F 50 53 ÐOPS 0 pl format
(now Broadvision QuickSilve
r)

Single file NIfTI format, used

6E 2B 31 00 n+1 344 nii extensively in biomedical
imaging.

Header file of a .hdr/.img

pair in NIfTI format, used
6E 69 31 00 ni1 344 hdr
extensively in biomedical
imaging.

52 41 46 36 Report Builder file

RAF64 0
34 from Digital Metaphors

Resource file Visionaire 3.x

56 49 53 33 VIS3 0
Engine
Hex signat Offse Extensi
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Health Level Seven (HL7)

4D 53 48 7C MSH|
0 hl7 Standard for electronic data
42 53 48 7C BSH|
exchange [1]

70 77 72 64 SAP Power Monitor (version

pwrdata 0 pwrdata
61 74 61 1.1.0 and higher) data file

1a 08 .. 0 arc ARC archive file

2d 2d 2d 2d
2d 42 45 47
49 4e 20 50
47 50 20 50 -----BEGIN PGP
55 42 4c 49 PUBLIC KEY 0 asc Armored PGP public key
43 20 4b 45 BLOCK-----
49 20 42 4c
4f 43 4b 2d
2d 2d 2d 2d

3a 42 61 73 Windows 3.x - Windows 95

:Base 0 cnt
65 20 Help Contents

52 49 46
46 ?? ?? ?? ? RIFF????VDRM 0 vdr VirtualDub
? 56 44 52 4d

52 59 46
46 ?? ?? ?? ? RIFF????TRID 0 trd TrID
? 54 52 49 44

52 49 46
46 ?? ?? ?? ? RIFF????shw4 0 shw Corel SHOW! 4.0
? 73 68 77 34

52 49 46
46 ?? ?? ?? ? RIFF????shw5 0 shw Corel SHOW! 5.0
? 73 68 77 35
Hex signat Offse Extensi
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52 49 46
46 ?? ?? ?? ? RIFF????shr5 0 shr Corel SHOW! 5.0 player
? 73 68 72 35

52 49 46
Corel SHOW! 5.0
46 ?? ?? ?? ? RIFF????shb5 0 shb
background
? 73 68 62 35

52 49 46 MacroMind Multimedia
46 ?? ?? ?? ? RIFF????RMMP 0 mmm Movie or Microsoft
? 52 4d 4d 50 Multimedia Movie

41 53 54 4d
ASTM-E57 0 e57 ASTM E57 3D file format
2d 45 35 37

aa aa aa aa ªªªª 0 sys Crowdstrike Channel File

Unreal Engine Compressed

8C 0A 00 Œ.. 0 ucas
Asset Storage file

2D 3D 3D 2D
2D 3D 3D 2D Unreal Engine Table of
-==--==--==--==- 0 utoc
2D 3D 3D 2D Contents file
2D 3D 3D 2D

Commodore 64 binary file

43 36 34 46 P00 (P01, (source:
C64File 0
69 6C 65 00 P02,...) *.P00 format for Power64
emulator)

DuckDB database file

44 55 43 4B DUCK 8 (source:

Source code)