Solving Circuit Problems

Using Fourier Series

©Dr. James S. Kang
Professor
ECE Department
Cal Poly Pomona

1
 LTI System
LTI
f(t) y(t)
H(ω)

• 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝜔𝜔0 𝑡𝑡) 𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴 𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔0 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝜔𝜔0 𝑡𝑡 + ∠𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔0 )

• 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 𝑡𝑡) 𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴 𝐻𝐻 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 𝑡𝑡 + ∠𝐻𝐻 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 )
• 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑐𝑐0 + ∑∞ 𝑛𝑛=1 𝑐𝑐𝑛𝑛 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜃𝜃𝑛𝑛 )
• 𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑐𝑐0 𝐻𝐻 0 + ∑∞ 𝑛𝑛=1 𝑐𝑐𝑛𝑛 𝐻𝐻 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜃𝜃𝑛𝑛 + ∠𝐻𝐻 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0
• 𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦0 + ∑∞ 𝑛𝑛=1 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑦𝑦𝜃𝜃𝑛𝑛
• 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦0 = 𝑐𝑐0 𝐻𝐻 0 , 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛 = 𝑐𝑐𝑛𝑛 𝐻𝐻 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 , 𝑦𝑦𝜃𝜃𝑛𝑛 = 𝜃𝜃𝑛𝑛 + ∠𝐻𝐻 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0

2
 LTI System
• 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑎𝑎0 + ∑∞ 𝑛𝑛=1 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 𝑡𝑡
• 𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑎𝑎0 𝐻𝐻(0) + ∑∞ 𝑛𝑛=1�𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝐻𝐻 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 𝑡𝑡 + ∠𝐻𝐻 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 +
𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 𝐻𝐻 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 𝑡𝑡 + ∠𝐻𝐻 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 �
• 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 = ∑∞ 𝐹𝐹
𝑛𝑛=−∞ 𝑛𝑛 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔0 𝑡𝑡

• 𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 = ∑∞ 𝐹𝐹
𝑛𝑛=−∞ 𝑛𝑛 𝐻𝐻 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔 0 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔0 𝑡𝑡

• 𝑌𝑌𝑛𝑛 = 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 𝐻𝐻 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0

• 𝑌𝑌𝑛𝑛 = 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 × 𝐻𝐻 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0
• ∠𝑌𝑌𝑛𝑛 = ∠𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 + ∠𝐻𝐻 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0

3
 EXAMPLE
• A rectangular pulse train with amplitude A = 1 V, period T0 = 1 ms,
and pulse width τ = 0.5 ms shown below is applied to an RC circuit
with R = 1 kΩ, and C = 0.1 µF shown below.
• f0 = 1/T0 = 1 kHz 1

0.5

f(t)
• ω0 = 2π/T0 = 6283.1853 rad/s 0

• d = τ/T0 = 0.5
-2 -1.75 -1.5 -1.25 -1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2
t (ms)
R
• a0 = c0 = Ad = 0.5 V 1k
+

• Even symmetry: bn = 0 f (t)

C
0.1uF
y (t)

• an = 2Ad sinc(nd) = sinc(0.5n) -

0
4
 EXAMPLE
0, 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(0.5𝑛𝑛) ≥ 0
• cn = |an| = |sinc(0.5n)|, 𝜃𝜃𝑛𝑛 = �
180𝑜𝑜 , 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 0.5𝑛𝑛 < 0
1 1
𝑌𝑌(𝑠𝑠) 1 10000
• 𝐻𝐻 𝑠𝑠 = = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
1 = = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
1 =
𝐹𝐹(𝑠𝑠) 𝑅𝑅+𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅+1 𝑠𝑠+𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑠𝑠+10000
10000
• 𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 = 𝐻𝐻(𝑠𝑠)|𝑠𝑠=𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔 =
𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔+10000
10000
• 𝐻𝐻 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 = = 𝐻𝐻 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗∠𝐻𝐻 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔0 +10000
104 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0
• 𝐻𝐻 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 = , ∠𝐻𝐻 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 = −𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1
10000
𝑛𝑛2 𝜔𝜔𝑜𝑜2 +108

5
 EXAMPLE
• n: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
• an : 0.5 0.6366 0 -0.2122 0 0.1273 0 -0.09095 0 0.07074 0
• cn : 0.5 0.6366 0 0.2122 0 0.1273 0 0.09095 0 0.07074 0
• θn(rad) 0 0 0 π 0 0 0 π 0 0 0
• θn(deg) 0 0 0 180 0 0 0 180 0 0 0
• |H| 1 0.8467 0.6227 0.4686 0.3697 0.3033 0.2564 0.2217 0.1951 0.1741 0.1572
• ∠H(rad) 0 -0.561 -0.899 -1.083 -1.192 -1.263 -1.312 -1.347 -1.374 -1.396 -1.413
• ∠H(deg) 0 -32.14 -51.49 -62.05 -68.30 -72.34 -75.14 -77.19 -78.75 -79.97 -80.96
• yc 0.5 0.539 0 0.0995 0 0.0386 0 0.0202 0 0.0123 0
• yθ(rad) 0 -0.561 0 2.0586 0 -1.263 0 1.794 0 -1.396 0
• yθ(deg) 0 -32.14 0 117.95 0 -72.34 0 102.81 0 -79.97 0

• f(t) = 0.5 + 0.6366 cos(2π1000t) - 0.2122 cos(2π3000t) + 0.1273 cos(2π5000t) - 0.09095 cos(2π7000t) + 0.07074 cos(2π9000t).
• y(t) = 0.5 + 0.539 cos(2π1000t – 32.13o) + 0.0995 cos(2π3000t + 117.95o) + 0.0386 cos(2π5000t – 72.34o) + 0.0202 cos(2π7000t +
102.81o) + 0.0123 cos(2π9000t – 79.97o).

6
 0.8
180
0.6
0.4

θn (deg)
0.2 90
n
c

0
-0.2
-0.4 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
f (kHz) f (Hz)

0
1
0.8

∠H(nω0) (deg)
|H(nω )|

0.6
0

-45
0.4
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -90
f (kHz)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
f (kHz)
0.8
0.6
0.4
90
n

0.2
yc

y θ (deg)
-0.2
0

n
-0.4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
f (kHz)
-90
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
f (kHz)

7
 Approximation of f(t) with DC + Upto 10th Harmonic
1.5

f∧(t)
0.5

-0.5
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
t -3
x 10
Approximation of y(t) with DC + Upto 10th Harmonic
1.5

1
y ∧(t)

0.5

-0.5
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
t -3
x 10 8
 EXAMPLE
• A sawtooth pulse train f(t) with amplitude 1 V and period 1 ms, shown
below, is applied to a series RLC circuit shown below. Represent f(t) and y(t)
by Fourier series up to 5th harmonic.
• a0 = 0.5, an = 0 1

• bn = -A/(πn) = -1/(πn), n ≥ 1
0.5

f(t)
1 −1
• 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 = + ∑∞
𝑛𝑛=1 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑛2𝜋𝜋1000𝑡𝑡
2
• f(t) = 0.5 – 0.3183 sin(2π1000t) 0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

• – 0.1592 sin(2π2000t) L
t -3
x 10

• – 0.1061 sin(2π3000t)
C

+
28mH 0.1uF

• – 0.07958 sin(2π4000t) f (t)

R y (t)

• – 0.06366 sin(2π5000t)
35

0
9
 EXAMPLE
𝑅𝑅
𝑠𝑠 1250𝑠𝑠
• 𝐻𝐻 𝑠𝑠 = 𝐿𝐿
𝑅𝑅 1 = , 𝜔𝜔0 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝑠𝑠2 + 𝐿𝐿 𝑠𝑠+𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑠𝑠 2 +1250𝑠𝑠+3.5714×108
1250𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗.2
• 𝐻𝐻 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔0 =
−𝑛𝑛2 3.9478×107 +1250𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗.2+3.5714×108
•n 0 1 2 3 4 5
• |H(jnω0)| 0 0.0247 0.0786 0.997 0.1137 0.06223

• ∠H(jnω0) 0 88.5837o 85.4919o 4.4583o -83.4713o -86.4322o

10
 EXAMPLE
• y(t) = – 0.007868 sin(2π1000t + 88.5837o) – 0.01251 sin(2π2000t +
85.4919o) – 0.1058 sin(2π3000t + 4.4583o) – 0.009048 sin(2π4000t –
83.4713o) – 0.003962 sin(2π5000t – 86.4322o) V

11
 EXAMPLE
• A rectangular pulse train g(t) with amplitude A = 1 V, period T0 = 1 ms,
and pulse width τ = 0.5 ms shown below is applied to an RC circuit
with C = 0.1 µF, and R = 800 Ω shown below. td = 0.25 ms.
1

0.5 R
f(t)

+
0 800
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
t 10
-3 g(t) C y (t)
0.1uF

1
-

0.5
g(t)

0
0

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

t 10
-3

12
 EXAMPLE
1 rad 𝜏𝜏
• 𝑓𝑓0 = = 1 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝜔𝜔0 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓0 = 6283.1853 ,d = = 0.5
𝑇𝑇0 s 𝑇𝑇0
𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2
• 𝑎𝑎0 = 𝑐𝑐0 = 0.5, 𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 = 0, 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 = 2𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 0.5𝑛𝑛 = 𝜋𝜋𝑛𝑛 = 2
𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
2

0𝑜𝑜 , 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(0.5𝑛𝑛) ≥ 0 2
• 𝑐𝑐𝑛𝑛 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(0.5𝑛𝑛) , 𝜃𝜃𝑛𝑛 = � 𝑜𝑜 , 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 0.5𝑛𝑛 < 0, 𝑎𝑎1 = , 𝑎𝑎2 = 0,
180 𝜋𝜋
−2 2
• 𝑎𝑎3 = , 𝑎𝑎4 = 0, 𝑎𝑎5 = , 𝑎𝑎6 = 0, …
3𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋
• 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔0 = 𝑔𝑔𝑐𝑐0 = 𝑐𝑐0 = 𝑎𝑎0 = 0.5
• 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑛𝑛 = 𝑐𝑐𝑛𝑛 = 2𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(0.5𝑛𝑛)
13
 EXAMPLE
0𝑜𝑜 , 2𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛) ≥ 0
• 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑛𝑛 = −𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 𝑡𝑡𝑑𝑑 + 𝜃𝜃𝑛𝑛 = −𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 𝑡𝑡𝑑𝑑 + �
180𝑜𝑜 , 2𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 < 0
2𝜋𝜋 𝑇𝑇0 𝑛𝑛𝜋𝜋 0𝑜𝑜 , 2𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛) ≥ 0
• 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑛𝑛 = −𝑛𝑛 + 𝜃𝜃𝑛𝑛 = − + �
𝑇𝑇0 4 2 180𝑜𝑜 , 2𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 < 0
1 1
𝑌𝑌(𝑠𝑠) 1 12500
• 𝐻𝐻 𝑠𝑠 = = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
1 = = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
1 =
𝐹𝐹(𝑠𝑠) 𝑅𝑅+𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅+1 𝑠𝑠+𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑠𝑠+12500
12500
• 𝐻𝐻 𝜔𝜔 = 𝐻𝐻(𝑠𝑠)|𝑠𝑠=𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔 =
𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔+12500
12500
• 𝐻𝐻 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 = = 𝐻𝐻 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗∠𝐻𝐻 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔0 +12500
12500 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0
• 𝐻𝐻 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 = , ∠𝐻𝐻 𝑛𝑛𝜔𝜔0 = −𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1
12500
𝑛𝑛2 𝜔𝜔𝑜𝑜2 +1.5625×108

14
 EXAMPLE
• n: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
• gcn: 0.5 0.6366 0 0.2122 0 0.1273 0 0.09095 0 0.07074 0
• gθn(rad) 0 -1.5708 0 -1.5708 0 -1.5708 0 -1.5708 0 -1.5708 0
• gθn(deg) 0 -90 0 -90 0 -90 0 -90 0 -90 0
• |H| 1 0.8935 0.7052 0.5527 0.4453 0.3697 0.3147 0.2734 0.2413 0.216 0.1951
• ∠H(rad) 0 -0.466 -0.788 -0.985 -1.1093 -1.1921 -1.2506 -1.2939 -1.3271 -1.353 -1. 374
• ∠H(deg) 0 -26.69 -45.15 -56.45 -63.56 -68.30 -71.66 -74.13 -76.04 -77.54 -78.75
• yc 0.5 0.5688 0 0.1173 0 0.0471 0 0.0249 0 0.0153 0
• yθ(rad) 0 -2.0366 0 -2.556 0 -2.7629 0 -2.8647 0 -2.924 0
• yθ(deg) 0 -116.69 0 -146.45 0 -158.3 0 -164.13 0 -167.54 0

• g(t) = 0.5 + 0.6366 cos(2π1000t-90o) + 0.2122 cos(2π3000t-90o) + 0.1273 cos(2π5000t-90o) + 0.09095 cos(2π7000t-90o) + 0.07074
cos(2π9000t-90o).
• y(t) = 0.5 + 0.5688 cos(2π1000t – 116.69o) + 0.1173 cos(2π3000t – 146.45o) + 0.0471 cos(2π5000t – 158.3o) + 0.0249 cos(2π7000t -
164.13o) + 0.0153 cos(2π9000t – 167.54o).

15
 0.7 0
0.6
0.5

(deg)
0.4 -45
n

0.3
gc

n
0.2

g
0.1 -90
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

f (Hz) f (Hz)

1 0

0.8

)(deg)
)|

0.6
0

-45

0
0.4
|H(n

H(n
0.2

∠
0 -90
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
f (Hz) f (Hz)

0.6 0

0.4

(deg)
-90
yc n

0.2

n
y
-180
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
f (Hz)
f (Hz)

16
 EXAMPLE
• 𝑔𝑔 𝑡𝑡 = 0.5 + 0.6366cos(2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 − 90𝑜𝑜 ) + 0.2122cos(2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 −
90𝑜𝑜 ) + 0.1273cos(2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 − 90𝑜𝑜 ) + 0.0909cos(2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 −
90𝑜𝑜 ) + 0.07073cos(2𝜋𝜋9000𝑡𝑡 − 90𝑜𝑜 )
• 𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 = 0.5 + 0.5688cos(2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 − 116.69𝑜𝑜 ) +
0.1173cos(2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 − 146.45𝑜𝑜 ) + 0.0471cos(2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 −
158.3𝑜𝑜 ) + 0.0249cos(2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 − 164.13𝑜𝑜 ) +
0.0153cos(2𝜋𝜋9000𝑡𝑡 − 167.54𝑜𝑜 )

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 EXAMPLE
Approximation of g(t) with DC + up to 10th Harmonic

g (t)
0.5

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

t 10
-3

Approx of y(t) with dc + up to 10th Harmonic

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
y (t)

0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.002 -0.0015 -0.001 -0.0005 0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002
t

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