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Normalization and SQL Concepts

Normalization is essential in database design to eliminate redundancy, avoid anomalies, ensure consistency, and improve efficiency. It consists of several forms: 1NF requires atomic values, 2NF eliminates partial dependencies, 3NF addresses transitive dependencies, and BCNF enforces super key conditions. An example illustrates how dependencies can violate normal forms, emphasizing the importance of maintaining these standards.

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5 views2 pages

Normalization and SQL Concepts

Normalization is essential in database design to eliminate redundancy, avoid anomalies, ensure consistency, and improve efficiency. It consists of several forms: 1NF requires atomic values, 2NF eliminates partial dependencies, 3NF addresses transitive dependencies, and BCNF enforces super key conditions. An example illustrates how dependencies can violate normal forms, emphasizing the importance of maintaining these standards.

Uploaded by

karbhariankita115
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database Normalization and SQL Concepts

Normalization and Its Need

What is the Need of Normalization?

Normalization is a process in database design that helps to:

1. Eliminate data redundancy (repeating data)

2. Avoid update, insert, and delete anomalies

3. Ensure data consistency

4. Improve database efficiency and integrity

5. Organize data into related tables for better structure and scalability

Normalization Forms and Their Conditions

1NF (First Normal Form)

- All attributes must contain atomic (indivisible) values

- No repeating groups or arrays in a single column

2NF (Second Normal Form)

- Must be in 1NF

- No partial dependency: Non-prime attributes must depend on the whole primary key (applies only to

composite keys)

3NF (Third Normal Form)

- Must be in 2NF

- No transitive dependency: Non-prime attributes should not depend on other non-prime attributes

BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form)

- Must be in 3NF

- For every functional dependency X -> Y, X must be a super key

Quick Example:
Database Normalization and SQL Concepts

Assume a table: Student(StudentID, Name, CourseID, CourseName, Instructor)

- If CourseName depends only on CourseID -> it's a transitive dependency

- If Instructor also depends on CourseID -> this violates 3NF

- If CourseID is not a super key and determines Instructor -> violates BCNF

Summary Table:

Normal Form | Focus | Eliminates

------------|------------------------------|--------------------------

1NF | Atomic values, no repetition | Repeating groups

2NF | Full dependency on PK | Partial dependencies

3NF | Non-transitive dependencies | Transitive dependencies

BCNF | Stronger 3NF | Non-superkey dependencies

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